No description available.

Five species of methanogenic bacteria were analyzed for the presence of plasmid DNA. Several procedures for the detection and isolation of covalently closed circular plasmid DNA were modified for use with the methanogens.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1994. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

No description available.

The soil-dwelling gram-positive coccobacillus Rhodococcus equi is a well-known veterinary pathogen and emerging human pathogen. Although Rhodococcus infection is primarily associated with pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals, these bacteria can also infect other animal species including humans. R. equi pathogenicity is mediated by the conjugative virulence plasmid (pVAP) which promotes intracellular proliferation in host macrophages. Currently R. equi is endemic in horse breeding farms worldwide. No R. equi vaccine is available and both treatment and prophylaxis rely on the administration of a prolonged course with a combination of macrolide antibiotics (typically erythromycin) and rifampicin. These antimicrobials were introduced in the therapy against R. equi in the 1980s and multiresistance has now emerged among foal isolates, increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission. In this thesis, the role of conjugal extrachromosomal replicons in the host adaptation of R. equi was explored. A previous epidemiological study indicated that different variants of the pVAP virulence plasmid are associated with different animal hosts. This PhD project provides experimental confirmation of a R. equi plasmid-driven host tropism. In vivo and in vitro competition assays were performed using a set of isogenic strains only different in the virulence plasmid type, in adapted (horse) and non-adapted (mouse) model species. The data obtained in the horse model provides clear evidence of a significant negative selection of the non-equine virulence plasmids both at a cell and at the animal level, while no selection was observed in the non-adapted mouse model. Furthermore, this project characterized the determinant responsible for macrolide resistance in R. equi, a novel erm methylase gene, erm(46). The erm(46) determinant was shown to be transferable between strains by conjugation and herein the underlying mechanism and how erm(46) becomes stabilized in R. equi is described. PacBio SMRT-sequencing based analysis revealed that the erm(46) gene is carried in a self-replicating conjugative plasmid of about 80 kb, that we designated pRErm46. The conjugation machinery of pRErm46 was hypothesized to be responsible for bringing the erm(46) determinant into R. equi. However, some erythromycin resistant isolates lack pRErm46 but erm(46) transfer is still observed. This reflects the observation that erm(46) is present in a mobile element that, upon acquisition with the pRErm46 replicon, transposes at a high frequency and to multiple locations of the host genome. If the erm(46) mobile element transposes to the chromosome, no further transfer of the resistance is observed at a detectable frequency in the absence of pRErm46. On the other hand, if the erm(46) element transposes to the R. equi virulence plasmid, the erm(46) determinant co-opts the pVAPA conjugal transfer machinery and gets transferred at the same high frequency as the virulence plasmid (10-2). This constitutes a unique example of efficient co-transfer, in the same genetic vehicle, of virulence and antimicrobial determinants, two key niche-adaptive traits required for within-host survival of bacterial pathogen.

Les éléments transposables (ET) sont des éléments génétiques ubiquitaires et potentiellement mobiles dans les génomes eucaryotes. Les génomes hôtes ont développé des mécanismes épigénétiques pour contrôler et prévenir la prolifération des ET. Néanmoins, certains ET semblent capables de s’activer en réponses à des stress ou à des facteurs développementaux. Les méthodes disponibles pour détecter l’activité transpositionnelle d’un ET sont souvent limitées au stade transcriptionnel ou sont adaptées à des génomes de petite taille. Relativement peu d’ET sont actuellement connus pour être actifs et les mécanismes spécifiques qui les contrôlent ne sont pas clairement identifiés.Durant mes travaux de thèse, nous avons développé une stratégie de séquençage à haut débit qui permet la détection d’ADN extrachromosomique circulaire (ADNecc) témoignant notamment de l’activité des ET et de la stabilité d’un génome. Ainsi nous avons pu caractériser chez plusieurs espèces le mobilome, défini comme l’ensemble des ADNecc présents dans un tissu.La technique du mobilome-seq s’est avérée être un outil puissant pour la détection des ET actifs notamment chez le riz asiatique Oryza sativa. Notre analyse du mobilome a permis l’identification d’un rétrotransposon PopRice actif dans l’albumen (tissu nourricier du grain) chez différentes variétés de riz. Pour la première fois chez les plantes, nous avons également détecté des insertions somatiques d’ET par re-séquençage de génome entier. À partir de nos résultats, nous avons combiné nos données mobilomiques avec une analyse GWAS pour proposer des pistes afin d’identifier de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation de cet élément.En parallèle, nous avons appliqué la technique du mobilome-seq à différents organismes animaux et végétaux révélant ainsi des spécificités de mobilome propre à chaque espèce. Nos travaux en collaboration avec d’autres équipes ont notamment contribué à préciser le rôle de l’ARN polymérase II dans le contrôle des ET chez O. sativa et à mettre en évidence le lien entre la présence d’ADNecc viral et la réponse immunitaire chez Drosophila melanogaster.Mes travaux de thèse ouvrent des perspectives pour l’étude du mobilome, ce répertoire génomique encore largement inexploré et qui se révèle être à la fois une source d’information au niveau des mouvements des ET mais aussi de la stabilité des génomes. L’étude future des mobilomes promet d’apporter des réponses sur notre compréhension de la dynamique des génomes. / Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that constitute a major part of eukaryotic genomes. Host genomes have developed epigenetic mechanisms to control and prevent their proliferation. While efficiently silenced by the epigenetic machinery, they can be reactivated upon stress or at precise developmental stages. However, available methods to detect TE activity are often limited to transcriptional level or more adapted to small genomes. Today, only few TEs are known to be active and specific mechanisms controlling TEs are not well defined. 
To address this question during my phD, we developed a strategy of high throughput sequencing that detects extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) forms which reflect TE activity and genome stability. We characterised mobilomes from different organisms defined as all eccDNA in a cell. 
Our mobilome-seq technique successfully identified active TEs especially in asian rice Oryza sativa. We identified an active retrotransposon PopRice in endosperm tissue from different rice varieties. Interestingly and for the first time in plants, we detected somatic insertions from genome- wide resequencing. We combined our mobilome-seq results with a GWAS analysis to propose new PopRice regulation mechanisms. 
 In a second step, we applied our mobilome seq technique to different animal and plant organisms showing mobilome specificities from each species. Our work in collaboration with different labs help contributed to define role of RNA polymerase II in the control of TEs in O. sativa and have revealed a link between presence of eccDNA from virus and immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. 
Altogether, our mobilome-sequencing method opens the possibility to explore unexplored genomic compartment. Future mobilome analysis represents new possibilities to improve our understanding of dynamics of genomes.

No description available.

Orientadores: Aníbal Eugênio Vercesi, Flávio Vieira Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T13:18:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiaratti_MarcosRoberto_D.pdf: 26150066 bytes, checksum: 12cccf5f865b2ef08f186cad0c922cb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) dos mamíferos é composto por cerca de 16.500 pares de bases, tem herança exclusivamente materna, e codifica 13 polipeptídios essenciais para a função mitocondrial. Centenas a milhares de cópias de mtDNA estão presentes nas células somáticas dependendo da necessidade energética do tecido. No entanto, oócitos contêm mais de 150.000 cópias, no mínimo uma ordem de magnitude maior que a quantidade presente na maioria das células somáticas. Além disso, uma vez que o mtDNA não é replicado durante o desenvolvimento inicial, a quantidade de mtDNA por célula diminui a cada ciclo celular. Portanto, o número de cópias presentes no oócito deve ser suficiente para atender às necessidade energéticas das células embrionárias até que a replicação do mtDNA seja restabelecida. Considerando que há uma grande variabilidade da quantidade de mtDNA entre oócitos e que alguns trabalhos têm relacionado infertilidade e cópias de mtDNA no oócito, a quantidade de mtDNA poderia ser utilizada para selecionar embriões mais competentes a se desenvolverem. Para testar esta hipótese utilizou-se como modelo experimental o bovino uma vez que o desenvolvimento embrionário desta espécie é muito mais similar ao do humano que o de camundongo. Para tanto, em um primeiro experimento foram utilizados oócitos bovinos provenientes de folículos de diferentes tamanhos. Oócitos oriundos de folículos pequenos, os quais são sabidamente menos competentes a se desenvolverem a blastocisto, continham menos mtDNA comparado com oócitos oriundos de folículos maiores. No entanto, devido a grande variabilidade do número de cópias, num segundo experimento embriões partenogenéticos no estádio de uma célula sofreram biópsia para se determinar o conteúdo de mtDNA antes de serem cultivados para acessar a capacidade de desenvolvimento. Em contraste com achados prévios, o número de cópias de mtDNA nas biópsias não diferiu entre embriões competentes e incompetentes, indicando que o conteúdo de mtDNA não está relacionado com a competência de desenvolvimento a blastocisto. Para confirmar este achado, embriões no estádio de uma célula foram depletados em mais de 60% do seu conteúdo de mtDNA por centrifugação seguido da remoção de parte da fração citoplasmática rica em mitocôndrias. Surpreendentemente, os embriões depletados desenvolveram-se normalmente a blastocisto, os quais continham número de cópias de mtDNA similar a controles não manipulados. O desenvolvimento dos embriões depletados foi acompanhado por um aumento na expressão de genes (TFAM e NRF1) que controlam a replicação e transcrição do mtDNA, indicando uma habilidade intrínseca do embrião bovino em restaurar o conteúdo de mtDNA no estádio de blastocisto. Em conclusão, embriões bovinos competentes são capazes de regular o conteúdo de mtDNA no estádio de blastocisto independentemente do número de cópias presente no oócito. Estes achados contrariam o que foi descrito em camundongos, ressaltando a necessidade de estudos com espécies mais semelhantes ao homem antes do uso clínico do mtDNA como ferramenta para o diagnóstico de fertilidade em mulheres. Além disso, este trabalho tem implicação na manipulação da herança mitocondrial e, portanto, na prevenção da transmissão de sérias patologias causadas por mutações no mtDNA / Abstract: The mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is composed by only about 16,500 base pairs, is exclusively inherited from the mother, and encodes 13 polypeptides essential for mitochondrial function. Hundreds to thousands mtDNA copies are found in somatic cells depending on the energetic requirement of the tissue. However, oocytes contain more than 150,000 copies, at least an order of magnitude greater than most somatic cells. Moreover, since replication of mtDNA is downregulated during early development, the mtDNA content per cell decreases after each cell cycle. Therefore, mtDNA copy number in oocytes should be enough to support the energetic requirement of embryonic cells until mtDNA replication to be restablished. Considering there is a wide variability of mtDNA copy number among oocytes and there are reports showing a link between infertility and oocyte mtDNA copy number, the content of mtDNA could be used to select embryos more competent to develop. To test this hypothesis we used the bovine as an experimental model since its embryonic development is more similar to human than the murine is. Therefore, in a first experiment bovine oocytes derived from follicles of different sizes were used. Oocytes obtained from small follicles, known to be less competent to develop into blastocysts, contained less mtDNA than those originated from larger follicles. However, due to the high variability in copy number, in a second experiment a more accurate approach was examined in which parthenogenetic one-cell embryos were biopsied to measure their mtDNA content and then cultured to assess development capacity. Contrasting with previous findings, mtDNA copy number in biopsies was not different between competent and incompetent embryos, indicating that mtDNA content is not related to early developmental competence. To further examine the importance of mtDNA on development, one-cell embryos were partially depleted of over than 60% of their mtDNA by centrifugation followed by the removal of the mitochondrial-enriched cytoplasmic fraction. Surprisingly, depleted embryos developed normally into blastocysts, which contained mtDNA copy numbers similar to non-manipulated controls. Development in depleted embryos was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes (TFAM and NRF1) controlling mtDNA replication and transcription, indicating an intrinsic ability to restore the content of mtDNA at the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, competent bovine embryos are able to regulate their mtDNA content at the blastocyst stage regardless of the copy numbers present in oocytes. These findings are in disagreement with that reported for mice, highlighting the need for studies using species more similar to human before the clinical use of mtDNA as a diagnostic tool in woman fertility. Moreover, these findings are important to manipulate mitochondrial inheritance and, therefore, to prevent transmission of important disorders caused by mtDNA mutations / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

No description available.

Backround: Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are ring-like DNA structures physically separated from the chromosomes with 100 bp to several megabasepairs in size. Apart from carrying tandemly repeated DNA, eccDNAs may also harbor extra copies of genes or recently activated transposable elements. As eccDNAs occur in all eukaryotes investigated so far and likely play roles in stress, cancer, and aging, they have been prime targets in recent research—with their investigation limited by the scarcity of computational tools. Results: Here, we present the ECCsplorer, a bioinformatics pipeline to detect eccDNAs in any kind of organism or tissue using next-generation sequencing techniques. Following Illumina-sequencing of amplified circular DNA (circSeq), the ECCsplorer enables an easy and automated discovery of eccDNA candidates. The data analysis encompasses two major procedures: first, read mapping to the reference genome allows the detection of informative read distributions including high coverage, discordant mapping, and split reads. Second, reference-free comparison of read clusters from amplified eccDNA against control sample data reveals specifically enriched DNA circles. Both software parts can be run separately or jointly, depending on the individual aim or data availability. To illustrate the wide applicability of our approach, we analyzed semi-artificial and published circSeq data from the model organisms Homo sapiens and Arabidopsis thaliana, and generated circSeq reads from the non-model crop plant Beta vulgaris. We clearly identified eccDNA candidates from all datasets, with and without reference genomes. The ECCsplorer pipeline specifically detected mitochondrial mini-circles and retrotransposon activation, showcasing the ECCsplorer’s sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: The ECCsplorer (available online at https://github.com/crimBubble/ECCsplorer) is a bioinformatics pipeline to detect eccDNAs in any kind of organism or tissue using next-generation sequencing data. The derived eccDNA targets are valuable for a wide range of downstream investigations—from analysis of cancer-related eccDNAs over organelle genomics to identification of active transposable elements.