Devido ao aumento populacional e industrial nos grandes centros urbanos aumentou também a quantidade de lodo de esgoto gerada, a qual constitui, hoje, um dos grandes problemas da sociedade moderna. A alternativa mais viável, atualmente, é a disposição do lodo no solo, por se tratar de uma fonte de nutrientes como N, P, Ca, matéria orgânica (MO) etc. Porém, o uso indiscriminado pode causar danos ao meio ambiente, como a eutrofização dos corpos d´água, causada pelo acúmulo de fósforo no solo. Pesquisas envolvendo o comportamento de P no solo são diversas, porém são escassas as que utilizam lodo de esgoto como fonte de P e quantificam adsorção, biodisponibilidade, espécies na solução e perdas no meio ambiente. O presente estudo foi conduzido em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) coletadas em experimento da Embrapa Meio-Ambiente, localizado em Jaguariúna (SP), no qual foi adicionado lodo de esgoto desde 1999. A coleta foi realizada no ano de 2003, após a aplicação do lodo de esgoto, nas profundidades de 0-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,4m. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = Testemunha absoluta; T2 = Lodo de esgoto com base na sua concentração de nitrogênio; T3 = Duas vezes a quantidade de lodo de esgoto aplicada no T2, e T4 = Quatro vezes a quantidade de lodo de esgoto aplicada no T2. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar a especiação iônica do fósforo da solução do solo e o risco de perdas de P do LVdf por meio do Grau de Saturação de Fósforo (GSP) do solo. Foram também comparados os valores de P disponível extraído com Mehlich 1, resina trocadora de íons e tiras impregnadas com ferro. A adsorção do fósforo foi menor na camada mais superficial (0-0,1 m), devido ao maior teor de MO do que o das amostras subsuperficiais. A seqüência de predominância das espécies de fósforo foi: P livre >>P-Al > P-Fe = P-Ca. Os valores de P extraídos com as tiras impregnadas com óxidos de Fe tiveram correlação positiva e significativa com o P extraído com Mehlich-1 e com a resina. O GSP expressou bem a capacidade de adsorção de P do LVdf tratado com o lodo de esgoto industrial e teve correlação positiva com os três extratores utilizados. / Because of the population and industrial increase in the great urban centers, the amount of generated sewage sludge (SS) has also increased, and it constitutes, today, one of the great problems of modern society. The most viable alternative seems to be the land disposal of the sludge, since it is a source of nutrients as N, P, Ca, organic matter (OM) etc. However, the indiscriminate use can cause damages to the environment, as the eutrophication of aquifers, caused by phosphorus accumulation in the soil. Research regarding the behavior of P in soil is of common occurrence. However, the ones that quantify the adsorption, bioavailability, speciation of soil solution and losses of nutrients in areas amended with SS are scarce. The present study was carried out with samples of a Rhodic Hapludox, (RH) collected in a field experiment of the Embrapa Meio-Ambiente, located in Jaguariúna (SP), in which SS was added since 1999. Samples were collected in 2003, at the depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.4m, after five years of SS application. Treatments were: T1 = absolute control; T2 = Amount of SS calculated on basis of N concentration; T3 = Twice of SS amount applied in the T2, and T4 = Four times the SS amount in the T2. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ionic speciation of P in soil solution and the risk of P losses in the RH by means of the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). The values of available P extracted by Melhlich 1, ionic exchangeable resin, and strips impregnated with iron were also compared. Soil P adsorption was lower in upper layer (0-0.1 m) than in the subsurface ones, probably to its larger OM content. The sequence of predominance of P species in soil solution was: Free P >> P-Al > P-Fe = P-Ca. Values of P extracted by the Festrips had positive and significant correlation with the P extracted with Mehlich-1 and the resin. The DPS expressed well the capacity of P adsorption by the RH amended with SS and had positive correlation with the P extracted by the three studied extractors.

Devido ao aumento populacional e industrial nos grandes centros urbanos aumentou também a quantidade de lodo de esgoto gerada, a qual constitui, hoje, um dos grandes problemas da sociedade moderna. A alternativa mais viável, atualmente, é a disposição do lodo no solo, por se tratar de uma fonte de nutrientes como N, P, Ca, matéria orgânica (MO) etc. Porém, o uso indiscriminado pode causar danos ao meio ambiente, como a eutrofização dos corpos d´água, causada pelo acúmulo de fósforo no solo. Pesquisas envolvendo o comportamento de P no solo são diversas, porém são escassas as que utilizam lodo de esgoto como fonte de P e quantificam adsorção, biodisponibilidade, espécies na solução e perdas no meio ambiente. O presente estudo foi conduzido em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) coletadas em experimento da Embrapa Meio-Ambiente, localizado em Jaguariúna (SP), no qual foi adicionado lodo de esgoto desde 1999. A coleta foi realizada no ano de 2003, após a aplicação do lodo de esgoto, nas profundidades de 0-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,4m. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = Testemunha absoluta; T2 = Lodo de esgoto com base na sua concentração de nitrogênio; T3 = Duas vezes a quantidade de lodo de esgoto aplicada no T2, e T4 = Quatro vezes a quantidade de lodo de esgoto aplicada no T2. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar a especiação iônica do fósforo da solução do solo e o risco de perdas de P do LVdf por meio do Grau de Saturação de Fósforo (GSP) do solo. Foram também comparados os valores de P disponível extraído com Mehlich 1, resina trocadora de íons e tiras impregnadas com ferro. A adsorção do fósforo foi menor na camada mais superficial (0-0,1 m), devido ao maior teor de MO do que o das amostras subsuperficiais. A seqüência de predominância das espécies de fósforo foi: P livre >>P-Al > P-Fe = P-Ca. Os valores de P extraídos com as tiras impregnadas com óxidos de Fe tiveram correlação positiva e significativa com o P extraído com Mehlich-1 e com a resina. O GSP expressou bem a capacidade de adsorção de P do LVdf tratado com o lodo de esgoto industrial e teve correlação positiva com os três extratores utilizados. / Because of the population and industrial increase in the great urban centers, the amount of generated sewage sludge (SS) has also increased, and it constitutes, today, one of the great problems of modern society. The most viable alternative seems to be the land disposal of the sludge, since it is a source of nutrients as N, P, Ca, organic matter (OM) etc. However, the indiscriminate use can cause damages to the environment, as the eutrophication of aquifers, caused by phosphorus accumulation in the soil. Research regarding the behavior of P in soil is of common occurrence. However, the ones that quantify the adsorption, bioavailability, speciation of soil solution and losses of nutrients in areas amended with SS are scarce. The present study was carried out with samples of a Rhodic Hapludox, (RH) collected in a field experiment of the Embrapa Meio-Ambiente, located in Jaguariúna (SP), in which SS was added since 1999. Samples were collected in 2003, at the depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.4m, after five years of SS application. Treatments were: T1 = absolute control; T2 = Amount of SS calculated on basis of N concentration; T3 = Twice of SS amount applied in the T2, and T4 = Four times the SS amount in the T2. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ionic speciation of P in soil solution and the risk of P losses in the RH by means of the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). The values of available P extracted by Melhlich 1, ionic exchangeable resin, and strips impregnated with iron were also compared. Soil P adsorption was lower in upper layer (0-0.1 m) than in the subsurface ones, probably to its larger OM content. The sequence of predominance of P species in soil solution was: Free P >> P-Al > P-Fe = P-Ca. Values of P extracted by the Festrips had positive and significant correlation with the P extracted with Mehlich-1 and the resin. The DPS expressed well the capacity of P adsorption by the RH amended with SS and had positive correlation with the P extracted by the three studied extractors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaCPAM.pdf: 984936 bytes, checksum: 2ad822e0048cda570ce57a014ed42a7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The tanning industries are those which transform animal hide or skin into leather. Due to the complexity of the transformation process, greater quantities of chemicals are being used which results in the generation of effluents with residual solids. The chromium in the residual waters generated by tanning tend to be a serious problem to the environment, therefore the recovery of this metal could result in the reduction of manufacturing costs. This metal is usually found in a trivalent form which can be converted into a hexavalent compound under acidic conditions and in the presence of organic matter. The present study was carried out with the objective to recover chromium through an extraction/re-extraction process using micro emulsions. Micro emulsions are transparent and thermodynamically stable system composed of two immiscible liquids, one forming the continuous phase and the other dispersed into micro bubbles, established by an interfacial membrane formed by surface active and co-surface active molecules. The process of recovering the chromium was carried out in two stages. The first, an extraction process, where the chromium was extracted in the micro emulsion phase and the aqueous phase in excess was separated. In the second stage, a concentrated acid was added to the micro emulsion phase rich in chromium in order to obtain a Winsor II system, where the water that formed in the micro emulsion phase separates into a new micro emulsion phase with a higher concentration of chromium, due to the lowering of the hydrophiles as well as the ionisation of the system. During the experimental procedure, a study was initiated with a synthetic solution of chromium sulphate passing onto the effluent. A Morris extractor was used in the extraction process. Tests were carried out according to the plan and the results were analysed by statistical methods in order to optimise the main parameters that influence the process: the total rate of flow (Q), stirring speed (w) and solvent rate (r). The results, after optimization, demonstrated that the best percentuals in relation to the chromium extraction (99 %) were obtained in the following operational conditions: Q= 2,0 l/h, w= 425 rpm and r= 0,375. The re-extraction was carried out at room temperature (28 ?C), 40 ?C and 50?C using hydrochloric acid (8 and 10 M) and sulphuric acid (8 M) as re-extracting agents. The results obtained demonstrate that the process was efficient enough in relation to the chromium extraction, reaching to re-extraction percentage higher than 95 %. / Os Curtumes s?o ind?strias que transformam peles em couro. Devido a complexidade do processo de transforma??o s?o utilizadas grandes quantidades de agentes qu?micos e gerados grandes volumes de efluentes e res?duos s?lidos. O cromo presente nas ?guas residu?rias geradas pelos curtumes constitui um s?rio problema ambiental e sua recupera??o poder? representar uma redu??o nos custos do processo. Normalmente encontra-se na forma trivalente podendo ser convertido a cromo hexavalente sob condi??es ?cidas e na presen?a de mat?ria org?nica. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de recuperar o cromo atrav?s de um processo de extra??o/reextra??o utilizando microemuls?es. As microemuls?es s?o sistemas transparentes, termodinamicamente est?veis, constitu?dos por dois l?quidos imisc?veis, um formando a fase cont?nua e o outro disperso na forma de microgot?culas, estabilizadas por uma membrana interfacial formada por mol?culas de tensoativo e cotensoativo. O processo de recupera??o do cromo ocorre em duas etapas. Na primeira, a extra??o, o cromo ? extra?do para a fase microemuls?o e a fase aquosa em excesso ? separada. A segunda etapa, ? realizada adicionando-se a fase microemuls?o, rica em cromo, um ?cido concentrado visando a obten??o de um sistema Winsor II, em que parte da ?gua que formava a fase microemuls?o, devido a diminui??o da hidrofilia e ioniza??o do sistema, se desloca formando uma nova fase aquosa, mais concentrada em cromo. Durante o procedimento experimental, iniciou-se o estudo com uma solu??o sint?tica de sulfato de cromo passando-se, em seguida, ao efluente. No processo de extra??o do cromo em escala semi-piloto utilizou-se o extrator Morris. Os ensaios foram efetuados seguindo um planejamento experimental e os resultados obtidos foram analisados, atrav?s de m?todos estat?sticos, visando a otimiza??o dos principais par?metros que influenciam no processo: vaz?o total (Q), velocidade de agita??o (w) e taxa de solvente (r). Os resultados obtidos, ap?s a otimiza??o, demonstraram que os maiores percentuais de extra??o (99 %) s?o obtidos nas seguintes condi??es operacionais: Q=2,0 l/h, w= 425 rpm e r= 0,375. A reextra??o foi realizada a temperatura ambiente (28 ?C) e a 40?C e 50?C utilizando-se como agente reextratante ?cido clor?drico (8 e 10 M) e ?cido sulf?rico (8 M). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o processo foi eficiente com rela??o ao cromo, obtendo-se percentuais de reextra??o acima de 95%

PALÁN Robert, Production of support forming.A graduation thesis of master´s studies, Mechanical engineering, Department M2307 Metal forging technology, Specialization 02 Forming, Welding, 2. graduate, 2. year, school – year 2007/2008. FSI VUT Brno, ÚST Department of Metal Forging Technology, May 2008, page NO 66, picture NO 36, chart NO 8, suplement NO 12 The graduation thesis, drew up with in the frame of engeneering studies department M2307, submits a concept of a production by forming. A materiál of a forget piece is steel ČSN 12 050, provided as a semi – finished product in a form of a bar 210 mm, lenght 4 000 mm. The particular dimension stocks with be cut from it to forge out a part. Production work is 100 000 pcs. Based on studies of technologies, suitable for producing the part a specific two stage technology of a drop forging was chozen on a vertical forging press LMZ 6 500, with induction heating of the semi – finished product and a product – trim of fin and pellicle or a trimming press LDO 315 A/S. For this alternate all the required calculations are realized of swages and all the necessary machines for the production of are quested enganget part.

The objective of this licentiate thesis is to develop novel algorithms and improve existing methods for urban land cover mapping and urban extent extraction using multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. Past studies have demonstrated that synthetic aperture radar (SAR) have very good properties for the analysis of urban areas, the synergy of SAR and optical data is advantageous for various applications. The specific objectives of this research are: 1. To develop a novel edge-aware region-growing and -merging algorithm, KTH-SEG, for effective segmentation of SAR and optical data for urban land cover mapping; 2. To evaluate the synergistic effects of multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR and HJ-1B multi-spectral data for urban land cover mapping; 3. To improve the robustness of an existing method for urban extent extraction by adding effective pre- and post-processing. ENVISAT ASAR data and the Chinese HJ-1B multispectral , as well as TerraSAR-X data were used in this research. For objectives 1 and 2 two main study areas were chosen, Beijing and Shanghai, China. For both sites a number of multitemporal ENVISAT ASAR (30m C-band) scenes with varying image characteristics were selected during the vegetated season of 2009. For Shanghai TerraSAR-X strip-map images at 3m resolution X-band) were acquired for a similar period in 2010 to also evaluate high resolution X-band SAR for urban land cover mapping. Ten  major landcover classes were extracted including high density built-up, low density built-up, bare field, low vegetation, forest, golf course, grass, water, airport runway and major road. For Objective 3, eleven globally distributed study areas where chosen, Berlin, Beijing, Jakarta, Lagos, Lombardia (northern Italy), Mexico City, Mumbai, New York City, Rio de Janeiro, Stockholm and Sydney. For all cities ENVISAT ASAR imagery was acquired and for cities in or close to mountains even SRTM digital elevation data. The methodology of this thesis includes two major components, KTH-SEG and KTH-Pavia Urban Extractor. KTH-SEG is an edge aware region-growing and -merging algorithm that utilizes both the benefit of finding local high frequency changes as well as determining robustly homogeneous areas of a low frequency in local change. The post-segmentation classification is performed using support vector machines. KTH-SEG was evaluated using multitemporal, multi-angle, dual-polarization ASAR data and multispectral HJ-1B data as well as TerraSAR-X data. The KTH-Pavia urban extractor is a processing chain. It includes: Geometrical corrections, contrast enhancement, builtup area extraction using spatial stastistics and GLCM texture features, logical operator based fusion and DEM based mountain masking. For urban land cover classification using multitemporal ENVISAT ASAR data, the results showed that KTH-SEG achieved an overall accuracy of almost 80% (0.77 Kappa ) for the 10 urban land cover classes both Beijign and Shanghai, compared to eCognition results of 75% (0.71 Kappa) In particular the detection of small linear features with respect to the image resolution such as roads in 30m resolved data went well with 83% user accuracy from KTH-SEG versus 57% user accuracy using the segments derived from eCognition. The other urban classes which in particular in SAR imagery are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity were classified superiorly by KTH-SEG. ECognition in general performed better on vegetation classes such as grass, low vegetation and forest which are usually more homogeneous. It is was also found that the combination of ASAR and HJ-1B optical data was beneficial, increasing the final classification accuracy by at least 10% compared to ASAR or HJ-1B data alone. The results also further confirmed that a higher diversity of SAR type images is more important for the urban classification outcome. However, this is not the case when classifying high resolution TerraSAR-X strip-map imagery. Here the different image characteristics of different look angles, and orbit orientation created more confusion mainly due to the different layover and foreshortening effects on larger buildings. The TerraSAR-X results showed also that accurate urban classification can be achieved using high resolution SAR data alone with almost 84% for  eight classes around the Shanghai international Airport (high and low density built-up were not separated as well as roads and runways). For urban extent extraction, the results demonstrated that built-up areas can be effectively extracted using a single ENVISAT ASAR image in 10 global cities reaching overall accuracies around 85%, compared to 75% of MODIS urban class and 73% GlobCover Urban class. Multitemporal ASAR can improve the urban extraction results by 5-10% in Beijing. Mountain masking applied in Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro increased the accuracy by 3-5%.The research performed in  this thesis has contributed to the remote sensing community by providing algorithms and methods for both extracting urban areas and identifying urban land cover in a more detailed fashion. / <p>QC 20140625</p>

Nos últimos anos o mundo tem vivenciado uma avalanche de novas tecnologias para auxílio ao diagnóstico médico. Esses esforços buscam um diagnóstico rápido e preciso através de exames e informações sobre a condição física do paciente. Através do uso de imagens médicas, a radiologia busca a visualização de órgãos ou estruturas internas do corpo humano para encontrar respostas às suspeitas de problemas físicos expressos por sinais e sintomas relatados pelo paciente. Nessa área, os Sistemas de Comunicação e Armazenamento de Imagens (PACS) têm ajudado no armazenamento e organização do crescente número de imagens geradas pelos exames realizados nos hospitais. Trabalhos de pesquisa médica têm evidenciado o potencial de uso dessas imagens como auxílio à prática da Medicina Baseada em Casos Similares (MBCS). Por esse motivo, há na literatura um esforço contínuo em desenvolver técnicas computacionais para recuperação de imagens baseada em conteúdos similares (CBIR) em grandes conjuntos de dados. As consultas por similaridade são essenciais para apoiar a prática da MBCS e a descoberta de comportamentos de lesões causadas por diversas doenças. A evolução e intensificação das pesquisas em CBIR têm encontrado vários desafios. Um desses é a divergência entre os resultados obtidos automaticamente e aqueles esperados pelos radiologistas (descontinuidade semântica). Outro desafio é a falta de estudos sobre a viabilidade clínica dessas ferramentas como forma de auxílio ao diagnóstico. Esses obstáculos são dois dos principais responsáveis pela não efetivação dessa tecnologia no ambiente médico-hospitalar. Mediante o exposto acima, este trabalho de pesquisa propõe um mecanismo para contornar essa descontinuidade semântica e ao mesmo tempo aproximar o CBIR do ambiente real de aplicação. A contribuição principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia baseada em parâmetros perceptuais que aproximam o sistema ao nível de percepção do usuário médico. Em seguida, foi realizado um estudo sobre a viabilidade clínica do sistema CBIR no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada e os resultados comprovaram a aplicabilidade de Sistemas CBIR como ferramenta de auxílio ao diagnóstico em um ambiente clínico real / In recent years the world has experienced an avalanche of new technologies to aid medical diagnosis. These efforts seek a quick and accurate diagnosis through exams and information about the patient\'s physical condition. The radiology studies the visualization of the organs or structures through the use of images. In this area, the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) have helped in the storage and organization of the growing number of images generated by exams performed in hospitals. Medical research papers have shown the potential use of these images as an aid to the Similar Case-Based Reasoning (SCBR) practice in Medicine. For this reason, there is an ongoing effort in the literature to develop computational techniques for Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) in large data sets. Similarity queries are essential to support the practice of SCBR. The evolution and intensification of research in CBIR have encountered several challenges. One of these is the discrepancy between the results obtained automatically and those expected by radiologists (semantic gap). Another challenge is the lack of studies on the clinical viability of these tools as a way to assist in diagnosis. These obstacles are the two main responsible for reservation in using this technology in the medical hospital environment. Considering this scenario, this research proposes a mechanism to overcome this semantic gap and bring the real environment to the CBIR application. The main contribution for this research was the development of a methodology based on Perceptual Parameters to approximate the system to the level of user perception. Then we conducted a study on the clinical viability of a CBIR system at the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto. The proposed methodology was applied and the results showed the applicability of CBIR systems as a computer aided diagnosis tool in a real clinical environment

Au-dessus d’une certaine température appelée température de trouble (Tc), les solutions aqueuses de la majorité des tensioactifs non ioniques polyéthoxylés se séparent en deux phases liquides en équilibre : la phase diluée et le coacervat. Grâce à la solubilisation micellaire de composés hydrophobes, amphiphiles ou même ioniques et à leur concentration dans le (faible) volume de coacervat, une extraction à deux phases aqueuses (extraction par point de trouble ou par coacervat)peut être réalisée et appliquée à des opérations de dépollution d'effluents industriels ou à la concentration ou encore à la séparation de substances à haute valeur ajoutée. L’extraction par point de trouble (CPE) est une technique relativement simple et écologique pour l'élimination des matières toxiques de l'environnement, qui s’est avérée efficace dans le traitement de divers contaminants (organiques et inorganiques dissous ou dispersés) de l’eau. Une première partie de cette thèse consiste à rappeler quelques notions sur la pollution industrielle des eaux et quelques généralités sur les tensioactifs (TA) et sur l’extraction liquide-liquide. Elle est suivie d’une description des réactifs, du matériel et des méthodes utilisées au cours de ce travail, comme préliminaire à la mise au point d'un procédé d'extraction par coacervat. Quelques propriétés thermodynamiques superficielles (adsorption) et d’association (micellisation) de deux tensioactifs non ioniques industriels (le Simulsol NW342 et le Tergitol 15-S-7) ont été déterminées. Les courbes de démixtion des systèmes binaires (eau/TA) ainsi que l’effet de divers additifs (sel, composés organiques, tensioactifs ioniques) sur le point de trouble sont étudiés. Le diagramme isotherme du système ternaire (eau/TA/ phénol) est tracé. Une application du modèle de Flory-Huggins-Rupert pour la prédiction des courbes de démixtion des tensioactifs non ioniques a été expérimentée. L’extraction à un seul contact, à partir de solutions modèles, utilise des alcools oxo éthoxylés biodégradables (Simulsol NW342 et Tergitol 15-S-7) pour des polluants organiques dissous (phénol, 1-phényléthanol et alcool benzylique) et un mélange de tensioactifs non ionique (Simulsol NW342) et ionique (SDS ou CTAB) pour des polluants métalliques solubles (plomb(II), molybdène(VI)). On cherche le meilleur compromis entre le pourcentage de soluté extrait (E%),la fraction volumique du coacervat (фv), et les pourcentages de soluté et de tensioactif restants dans la phase diluée (Xs,d et XTA, d), en utilisant un plan d'expériences de type Scheffé et un lissage empirique des courbes. Les résultats sont très prometteurs car les pourcentages d’extraction varient de 60 à 95% pour les solutés organiques et de 40 à 85% pour les solutés métalliques, les meilleures performances étant obtenues pour le phénol et le plomb. D’autre part, il est possible, en jouant sur le pH, d’améliorer les séparations et de recycler le tensioactif après désextraction des solutés. Les cinétiques d’extraction, de séparation et de clarification ont été aussi étudiées pour une meilleure compréhension de ces systèmes. Enfin, l’extraction continue du phénol à partir du mélange eau/4%Simulsol NW342/0,2%phénol (mass.) a été testée sur deux appareillages (extracteur centrifuge et mélangeurdécanteur)thermostatés. Dans un procédé multi-étagé à courants croisés sur un mélangeur-décanteur, on arrive à réduire la concentration du phénol à moins de 0,3ppm (concentration limite selon la législation) après six étages. / Above a certain temperature called cloud point (Tc), aqueous solutions of most nonionic polyethoxylated surfactants separate into two liquid phases in equilibrium: the dilute phase and the coacervate. Thanks to the micellar solubilization of hydrophobic, amphiphilic or even ionic compounds and their concentration in the low volume of coacervate, two-aqueous phase extraction (cloud-point or coacervate extraction) can be performed and applied to the removal of pollutants from aqueous industrial effluents or to the concentration or even separation of high added-value chemicals. Cloud point extraction (CPE) is a relatively simple and ecologically-safe technique for the removal of toxic materials from the environment; this process has proved efficient in treating water for various contaminants including dissolved or dispersed organic and inorganic chemicals. The first part of this thesis consists of recalling some notions on industrial wastewater, some generalities about surfactants (TA) and liquid-liquid extraction, followed by a description of all the reagents, materials and methods used in this work as a preliminary study of a coacervate extraction process. Some surface thermodynamic (adsorption) and association (micellization) properties of two industrial nonionic surfactants (Simulsol NW342 and Tergitol 15-S-7) were determined. The cloud point curves of water /TA binary systems are drawn and the effect of various additives (salt, organic compounds, ionic surfactants) on the cloud point is studied. The isothermal diagram of a water/TA/phenol ternary system is drawn. An application of the Flory-Huggins-Rupert model for the prediction of cloud point curves of nonionic surfactants is discussed. Single contact extraction, from model solutions, uses biodegradable polyethoxylated nonionic surfactants (Simulsol NW342 and Tergitol 15-S-7) for dissolved organic pollutants (phenol, 1-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol) and mixed micelles of nonionic (Simulsol NW342) and ionic (SDS, CTAB) surfactants for soluble electolytes (lead (II), molybdenum (VI)). We search for the best compromise between the percentage of solute extracted (E%), the coacervate volume fraction (фc) and the percentages of solute and surfactant remaining in the dilute phase (Xs,d and XTA,d), These experimental results are subject to an empirical smoothing through a Scheffé-type experimental design, and an empirical curve fitting procedure. The results are very promising, due to the percentage of solute extracted, which varies between 60 and 95% for organic solutes and from 40 to 85% for electrolytes, the best performances being obtained for phenol and lead. On the other hand, it is possible, by adjusting pH, to improve the separation and recycle the surfactant after back-extraction. The kinetics of extraction yield and phase separation and clarification were also investigated for a better understanding of these systems. Finally, the continuous extraction of phenol from a model solution (water/4wt.% Simulsol NW342/0.2wt.% phenol) on two thermostated equipments (a centrifugal extractor and a mixer-settler) was attempted. In a multi-stage process on a cross-current mixer-settler, the concentration of residual phenol in the dilute phase could be reduced to less than 0.3 ppm (concentration allowed by standard European regulations) after six stages.

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude d'extracteurs d'air hybrides éoliens. Il se décompose en des investigations amont et appliquées. Dans la partie amont, des simulations fines ont été effectuées en conduite carrée avec et sans rotation, pour des nombres de Reynolds turbulents de l'ordre de 600, afin d'analyser l'impact de la rotation sur la turbulence. Elles ont montré que la rotation rompt la symétrie de l'écoulement. La partie appliquée est dédiée à la conception d'une nouvelle géométrie d'extracteur d'air. Cette géométrie a été proposée à partir de l'analyse de simulations RANS. Ses performances ont été confirmées par des mesures expérimentales sur banc d'essais. Les tests en soufflerie d'un système de captage d'énergie éolienne, conçu pour l'extracteur, ont mis en évidence son adéquation au régime de fonctionnement de l'extracteur. Les essais expérimentaux de l'extracteur complet, montrent que le système de captage apporte une part significative de l'énergie. Des essais en soufflerie ont permis d'observer le comportement global de l'extracteur. / This PhD work concerns the study of hybrid air extractors. It is composed of upstream and applied investigations. In the upstream part, fine simulations are realized in square duct flow with and without rotation to analyse the impact of rotation on turbulence. It is found that rotation removes symmetry property of the flow with turbulent Reynolds number of 600. The applied part is dedicated to the conception of a new air extractor geometry. This geometry is proposed from the analyse of RANS simulations. Its performances are confirmed by experimental measurements on test rig. Wind tunnel tests of a wind power capturing system, designed for the extractor, show a good adequation to the operating regime of the extractor. Experimental investigations on the complete air extractor, show the wind power capturing system brings a significant part of the energy. Wind tunnel tests allow to observe the complete air extractor behaviour.

Nos últimos anos o mundo tem vivenciado uma avalanche de novas tecnologias para auxílio ao diagnóstico médico. Esses esforços buscam um diagnóstico rápido e preciso através de exames e informações sobre a condição física do paciente. Através do uso de imagens médicas, a radiologia busca a visualização de órgãos ou estruturas internas do corpo humano para encontrar respostas às suspeitas de problemas físicos expressos por sinais e sintomas relatados pelo paciente. Nessa área, os Sistemas de Comunicação e Armazenamento de Imagens (PACS) têm ajudado no armazenamento e organização do crescente número de imagens geradas pelos exames realizados nos hospitais. Trabalhos de pesquisa médica têm evidenciado o potencial de uso dessas imagens como auxílio à prática da Medicina Baseada em Casos Similares (MBCS). Por esse motivo, há na literatura um esforço contínuo em desenvolver técnicas computacionais para recuperação de imagens baseada em conteúdos similares (CBIR) em grandes conjuntos de dados. As consultas por similaridade são essenciais para apoiar a prática da MBCS e a descoberta de comportamentos de lesões causadas por diversas doenças. A evolução e intensificação das pesquisas em CBIR têm encontrado vários desafios. Um desses é a divergência entre os resultados obtidos automaticamente e aqueles esperados pelos radiologistas (descontinuidade semântica). Outro desafio é a falta de estudos sobre a viabilidade clínica dessas ferramentas como forma de auxílio ao diagnóstico. Esses obstáculos são dois dos principais responsáveis pela não efetivação dessa tecnologia no ambiente médico-hospitalar. Mediante o exposto acima, este trabalho de pesquisa propõe um mecanismo para contornar essa descontinuidade semântica e ao mesmo tempo aproximar o CBIR do ambiente real de aplicação. A contribuição principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia baseada em parâmetros perceptuais que aproximam o sistema ao nível de percepção do usuário médico. Em seguida, foi realizado um estudo sobre a viabilidade clínica do sistema CBIR no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada e os resultados comprovaram a aplicabilidade de Sistemas CBIR como ferramenta de auxílio ao diagnóstico em um ambiente clínico real / In recent years the world has experienced an avalanche of new technologies to aid medical diagnosis. These efforts seek a quick and accurate diagnosis through exams and information about the patient\'s physical condition. The radiology studies the visualization of the organs or structures through the use of images. In this area, the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) have helped in the storage and organization of the growing number of images generated by exams performed in hospitals. Medical research papers have shown the potential use of these images as an aid to the Similar Case-Based Reasoning (SCBR) practice in Medicine. For this reason, there is an ongoing effort in the literature to develop computational techniques for Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) in large data sets. Similarity queries are essential to support the practice of SCBR. The evolution and intensification of research in CBIR have encountered several challenges. One of these is the discrepancy between the results obtained automatically and those expected by radiologists (semantic gap). Another challenge is the lack of studies on the clinical viability of these tools as a way to assist in diagnosis. These obstacles are the two main responsible for reservation in using this technology in the medical hospital environment. Considering this scenario, this research proposes a mechanism to overcome this semantic gap and bring the real environment to the CBIR application. The main contribution for this research was the development of a methodology based on Perceptual Parameters to approximate the system to the level of user perception. Then we conducted a study on the clinical viability of a CBIR system at the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto. The proposed methodology was applied and the results showed the applicability of CBIR systems as a computer aided diagnosis tool in a real clinical environment

The topic of this thesis is an audio recording classification with 15 different acoustic scene classes that represent common scenes and places where people are situated on a regular basis. The thesis describes 2 approaches based on GMM and i-vectors and a fusion of the both approaches. The score of the best GMM system which was evaluated on the evaluation dataset of the DCASE Challenge is 60.4%. The best i-vector system's score is 68.4%. The fusion of the GMM system and the best i-vector system achieves score of 69.3%, which would lead to the 20th place in the all systems ranking of the DCASE 2017 Challenge (among 98 submitted systems from all over the world).