This work seeks to trace the influence of G.W. Leibniz on G.W.F. Hegel and the chapter called ‘Force and the Understanding’ in his Phänomenologie des Geistes. Using Leibniz’s theory of forces developed in texts such as Specimen Dynamicum, in which Leibniz argues against the Cartesians in favour of a ‘dynamic’ view on substances, it is here argued that the notion of biological life is of crucial importance for understanding Hegel’s transition from Consciousness to Self-Consciousness at the end of ‘Force and the Understanding’. For Leibniz, force is posited as that which gives unity to the monad, and this by functioning as their inner source of activity. This infusion of activity into the monad gives rise both to the physical world of bodies, as well as to the mental world of consciousnesses. Leibniz also sees force in direct analogy with biological life, as they share one characteristic feature, namely the capacity for ‘perception’ and ‘desire’. Consequently, organic life is for Leibniz what is most real in the world, uniting all bodies with a conscious soul. This move, I argue, is essential for understanding Hegel in ‘Force and the Understanding. More specifically, when Hegel’s consciousness discovers that, through the dialectic of force and law, organic life has become its new object, it also realizes that its faculty of the Understanding [Verstand] is related to its very own biological nature. The outer world of appearance, consciousness realizes, is thereby intimately connected to the inner of things, the so called supersensible world. Hegel thus regards consciousness of biological life as a sort of bridge that unites the Understanding with the concept, or rather, unites internal thinking with the outside world. This gives rise to Consciousness’ awareness of its own thinking, which is equivalent to it becoming a Self-consciousness.

This thesis explores some key aspects of early Heidegger’s interpretations of Kant from a phenomenological perspective. In general terms, it analyzes Heidegger’s claim that Kant’s faculties share a common root in the transcendental imagination, as a critical development of motives found in Husserl’s phenomenology. More precisely, the thesis argues that the motive for deriving Kant’s first faculty, intuition, from the synthesis of imagination can be understood as an attempt to account for the receptivity of a finite subject, without yielding to a causal description of sensibility. Phenomenology shares this problem with Kant’s critical philosophy. Concerning the claim that the second faculty, understanding, originates from the transcendental imagination, Heidegger connects it to his ambition of liberating Kant from a Cartesian heritage, where understanding is conceived as an independent faculty, disconnected from time and sensibility. The thesis explores this motive in relation to Husserl’s claim that the independent use of understanding in the forming of judgments and concepts –is derived from its function in the service of intuition. The belonging together of intuition and understanding is a core aspect of phenomenology, present from its breakthrough in Husserl’s Logical Investigations to his last writings in The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. A general ambition of the thesis is, through a reading of Heidegger’s interpretations of Kant, to shed some light on this fact, and hopefully thereby – at least to some extent – to deepen our understanding of the phenomenological project as such.       Although the thesis’ primary concern is not polemical, on some occasions it criticizes other interpreters of Heidegger’s relation to Kant for neglecting or wholly rejecting the phenomenological point of departure of Heidegger’s interpretations.

While IoT safety and security incidents continue to increase in frequency, scope and severity, there remains a gap in how the issue will be addressed. While the debate continues within academia, industry standards bodies, government and industry media, new entrants continue to rapidly enter the market with cheaper more powerful products with little incentive to address information security issues. In a free market economy, the supply and the demand would determine the product and services and the associated prices without intervention. Manufacturers are free to innovate, consumers drive choice and competition brings these opposing forces to an equilibrium of market price. But how does this economic system factor in the risk of an event that neither party may ever consider and, yet, it may impact not only impact those involved, but has the potential to have catastrophic harm to others? The downside, the system does not consider “external factors”, i.e. a compromise to accommodate what consumers need. Economists often urge governments to adopt policies that "internalize" an externality, so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them. Such an intervention, however, often comes with many challenges and consequences. Even with the added urgency of growing risk to human safety, regulatory intervention takes time. Likewise, a self-regulating market would undoubtedly also take a significant amount of time to take the necessary actions to address such an externality, even if incentivized. While it continues to be all too easy to defer the blame and risk on consumer, like the industrial revolution, this industry must overcome its own safety challenges like the auto, transportation or energy industries before it. While, consumers must inevitably take some reasonable measures to protect their interests, clearly the accountability must reside elsewhere. There is a potentially increasingly significant influential subset of consumers in the IoT ecosystem, the Enterprise Buyer, specifically marketing and technology executives, who champion consumer needs within their organization’s broader products and services that incorporate IoT. In this thesis, we aim to investigate the following issue: What are the attitudes and potential role for Enterprise Buyers in influencing negative externalities, i.e. IoT security in the IoT market, specifically from the perspective of marketing and technology executives? We believe that this group is uniquely positioned to understand a consumer first mindset and how to articulate value in otherwise negatively perceived field of information security by examining context, business/technical challenges and opportunities and reveal awareness, attitude and accountability. The results of our survey show the majority of marketing and technology executives who responded believe information security awareness is increasingly an executive accountability and priority and Enterprise Buyers hold a highly influential position in their ability to influence the IoT market and its security development and maturation. / Medan IoT- säkerhetsincidenter fortsätter att öka i frekvens, omfattning och svårighetsgrad, finns det fortfarande ett gap i hur problemet ska hanteras. Samtidigt som debatten fortsätter inom akademin, branschstandardorganen, myndigheter i regeringen och industrin fortsätter nya aktörer att snabbt komma in på marknaden med billigare, kraftfullare produkter med få incitament att ta itu med informationssäkerhetsfrågor. I en öppen marknadsekonomi skulle utbud och efterfrågan avgöra produkt och tjänster och tillhörande priser utan intervention. Tillverkare kan obehindrat driva innovation, konsumenterna driver urval och konkurrens ger dessa motstridiga krafter jämvikt genom marknadspriset. Men hur påverkar detta ekonomiska system risken för en händelse som ingen av parterna någonsin kan överväga och som ändå kan påverka inte bara de inblandade som berörs utan även har potential att få katastrofala skador på andra? Nersidan är att systemet inte beaktar "yttre faktorer", det vill säga gör en kompromiss för att leverera vad konsumenterna behöver. Ekonomer uppmanar ofta regeringar att anta policies som "internaliserar" något externt, så att kostnader och fördelar kommer att påverka främst parter som väljer att ådra sig dem. Ett sådant ingrepp kommer emellertid ofta med många utmaningar och konsekvenser. Trots att förhöjda hot mot människors säkerhet ökar angelägenheten tar uppdatering av regelverken tid. På samma sätt skulle en självreglerande marknad utan tvivel också ta väldigt mycket tid på sig för att vidta nödvändiga åtgärder för att hantera en sådan extern faktor, även om det fanns incitament för att göra det. Medan det fortsätter att vara alltför lätt att överlåta ansvaret och risken till konsumenten, såsom under den industriella revolutionen, måste denna industri övervinna sina egna säkerhetsutmaningar såsom bil-, transport- eller energibranschen gjort före den. Samtidigt som konsumenter oundvikligen behöver vidta rimliga åtgärder för att skydda sina intressen, måste yttersta ansvaret ligga någon annanstans. Det finns en potentiellt allt större inflytelserik delmängd av konsumenter i IoT-ekosystemet; företagsköpare, specifikt ledare inom marknadsföring och teknologi, som driver konsumentbehov inom sin organisations bredare produkter och tjänster som innehåller IoT. I denna avhandling strävar vi efter att undersöka följande problem: Vad är företagsköparnas attityder och möjliga roll för att påverka negativa externa effekter, det vill säga IoT-säkerhet på IoT-marknaden, särskilt ur marknadsförings- och teknikledarens perspektiv? Vi tror att denna grupp är unik positionerad för att förstå en konsumenternas första tankegång och hur man kan uttrycka värdet i ett annars negativt uppfattat område för informationssäkerhet genom att undersöka kontext, affärs- / tekniska utmaningar och möjligheter och avslöja medvetenhet, attityd och ansvar. Resultaten av vår undersökning visar de flesta marknadsförings- och teknikchefer som svarade tror att informationssäkerhet blir del av ledningens ansvar och prioriteringar och att företagsköpare har en mycket inflytelserik position i deras förmåga att påverka IoT- marknaden och dess säkerhetsutveckling och mognad.