My dissertation explores the parodic Biblical language employed by medieval and early modern staged heretics. The plays' coupling of parody and heresy forges ideological connections between the two, as when they disrupt authorized, orthodox models of the Word, as both the Scriptures and the Host. My Introduction addresses the theological controversies over the relationship between language and meaning that arise from Lollard, Catholic, and Protestant heresies. Chapter two analyzes how, in the Chester cycle, Antichrist's theological and verbal dissents are eerily similar to orthodox models. That framework forces the audience to depend on the context of the heretic's words and deeds, rather than the words and deeds themselves, to interpret meaning. Chapter three examines Mankind's construction of orthodox and parodic registers of language and its mapping of Mankind's fall and ascent through his transition from one register to the other. Chapter four addresses how the Croxton Play of the Sacrament defends the doctrine of the Real Presence by aligning the transformative power of the consecratory words with the transformative power of believers' confessions at conversion, wherein both enact a transubstantiation. Chapter five argues that John Bale's Three Laws relies on the dichotomy of the letter and the spirit to characterize his parodic Catholic vices as legalistic adherents to the Word and his Protestant heroes as spiritually-enlightened believers. Chapter six analyzes how Falstaff's Puritan parody, in the Henry IV plays, locates meaning in the audience rather than the speaker, particularly through dramatic irony, equivocation, and allusions. Lastly, chapter seven examines how, in Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, the spectrum of orthodox and parodic language use collapses into Faustus's idiom, and I contend that Faustus's heresy is ultimately his indecision. My conclusion ultimately finds that the univocity between language and meaning is a specious construction, and, collectively, these texts demonstrate that language may be a marker but not a maker of meaning.

Este trabalho discutiu o estudo da inferência de carregamento e a reconstrução fratográfica da taxa de propagação da trinca por fadiga em histórias de vôos simulados do tipo Twist, mini-Twist, Falstaff e mini-Falstaff. O material estudado foi uma liga de alumínio de grau aeronáutico SAE-AMS 7475 T7351 na qual foram obtidas as propriedades mecânicas a partir dos ensaios de tração e dureza, análise química, metalográfica. Foram realizados ensaios de amplitude constante de carregamento em corpos de prova com geometria tipo C(T) extraídos de um bloco e ensaios de amplitude variável em corpos de prova com geometria tipo M(T) extraídos de uma placa. Corpos de prova do tipo C(T) foram extraídos da orientação L-T e T-L, à temperatura ambiente com diferentes espessuras para a realização de ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga (da/dN vs. &#916K) com distintos valores de razão de carregamento,R (0,1;0,3; 0,5; 0,7 e 0,8) de acordo com a norma ASTM-E647 (1993). Foram realizados dois tipos de ensaios de fadiga com amplitude constante de carregamento. Primeiro, o ensaio com &#916P constante para obtenção dos dados dos estágios II e III das curvas da/dN vs. &#916K para distintos valores de R e, posteriormente, o ensaio com &#916K constante e R crescente para ser utilizado no estudo da inferência de carregamento de amplitude constante a partir da relação entre a morfologia da estria, H/s e a razão de carregamento R. Adicionalmente foram realizados ensaios de tenacidade à fratura, nas direções L-T e T-L, conforme a norma ASTME1820 (1999). As taxas de propagação macroscópica e microscópica foram comparadas e boas correlações foram obtidas para um intervalo entre 0,1 a 1,0 &#956m/ciclo, mesmo com distintos R. Através da técnica proposta por Berkovitz (1995), o espectro de carregamento foi estimado para distintos valores de R, através da técnica de parametrização do fator K e os resultados foram comparados ao espectro de carregamento real imposto pela máquina de ensaio. Após os ensaios de amplitude constante de carregamento foram realizados ensaios de amplitude variável com a aplicação em corpos de prova M(T) de espectros de vôos simulados padronizados pela NLR do tipo Twist e Falstaff e seus vôos reduzidos, mini-Twist e mini- Falstaff, em uma máquina servohidráulica de ensaios dinâmicos. A partir destes ensaios notou-se que suprimir os vôos com os carregamentos menos severos influencia muito a vida da propagação da trinca de fadiga, quando vôos simulados do tipo Twist e mini-Twist, fato este não observado para o Falstaff e mini-Falstaff. Foi possível observar também o efeito da aceleração e desaceleração da trinca por fadiga observando os gráficos de d2a/dvôo vs. a obtidos dos ensaios de amplitude variável. Foi realizado um estudo da superfície de fratura do CP05 por meio da técnica fractográfica do reconhecimento de blocos marcadores sendo possível mostrar uma satisfatória reconstituição da taxa de propagação da trinca por fadiga de vôo simulado do tipo Falstaff por meio de medidas das marcações na superfície de fratura dos vôos mais severos, realizadas em imagens obtidas por MEV. / The loading inference and the fractographic reconstruction of fatigue crack propagation rate in simulated flight stories, as Twist, mini-Twist, Falstaff and mini-Falstaff were investigated in this work. The studied material was an aluminum alloy SAE-AMS 7475 T7351. Tensile and hardness tests were carried out in order to determine mechanical properties, as well as chemical and microstructure analysis of the material. C(T) specimens were extracted from a block of material for constant amplitude load testing and M(T) specimens were extracted from a plate and were tested in variable amplitude loading. The curves (da/dN vs. &#916K) for constant-amplitude loading were obtained from fatigue crack propagation tests performed in L-T and T-L directions in C(T) specimens for R (0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 and 0.8), at room temperature, according to ASTM-E647 (1993). Two different constant loading fatigue tests were performed. At constant &#916P and distinct values of R for obtaining data of stages II and III of da/dN - &#916K curves; and at constant &#916K and increasing the R ratio to be used in the inference of constant amplitude loading in the relation of H/s striation morphology (obtained from fractographic images) and the loading ratio, R. Additionally, fracture toughness tests were executed in T-L and L-T directions, according to ASTM-E1820 (1999). The macroscopic and microscopic fatigue crack propagations were compared and good correlation was obtained for the range 0.1-1.0 &#956m/cycle, for all R values. By using the K factor parametrization method, Berkovitz (1995), the loading spectrum was estimated for the distinct R-values and the results were compared to the actual spectrum imposed by the test machine. Variable amplitude tests were performed in M(T) specimens by applying simulating flight spectra normalized by NLR, as Twist, mini-Twist, Falstaff and mini-Falstaff, in a servohydraulic test machine MTS, in which a Flextest GT controller was coupled. The suppression of less severe loading flights showed a great influence in fatigue crack propagation life, in simulated flight tests Twist and mini-Twist, but not in Falstaff and mini-Falstaff. The acceleration and slowing down of fatigue crack were observed in the d2a/dflight - a curve obtained from variable loading tests. The fractured surfaces of some samples were examined by the fractographic technique of blocking marks recognition. A good reconstitution of fatigue crack propagation rate of a simulated flight like Falstaff was obtained by the measurements of marks in the fracture surfaces of the more severe flights, in MEV images.

Theatre history has long interwoven with the production, consumption, and peddling of alcohol. While the seedier aspects of our past generally go unremembered, we can find traces of them in the culture of the times. If we read Shakespeare through the lens of drinking culture, what can we discover about the play and what can that tell us about how to produce his works today? By looking at the rules and customs surrounding alehouses during the English Renaissance I have analyzed the three plays contained within the Falstaffiad (1 Henry IV, 2 Henry IV, and Merry Wives of Windsor).

Recent scholarship has explored the “Machiavellian” actions of Prince Hal in Henry IV, Part 1 ; yet the classical rhetorical pedagogy of Renaissance Britain suggests that the speeches in the play lead to a transformation in Hal that is antithetical to the emergent understanding of Hal as a great manipulator. Falstaff uses the ruse of rhetoric instructor in order to construct a classical rhetorical argument for his own ends, and Henry IV gives a passionate yet formally adept (and classically rhetorical) plea to his son in order to incite change. An analysis of Falstaff and Henry’s arguments as well as Hal’s responses provides the framework of understanding the play not as an example of what has been called “Machiavellianism” but rather as a testament to the power of what Cicero calls the "good man skilled in speaking.”

As Shakespeare composed the three history plays discussed here, English culture faced a shift in its dominant belief system from an animistic perspective that valued nature and superstition to a humanistic perspective based on reason and personal relationships. In Richard II, Shakespeare creates characters that fall on either side of this divide, and he shows humanism triumph over animism when Henry deposes Richard. In 1 Henry IV, Shakespeare shows that this binary is not so easily reconciled, and Hal (the future Henry V) creates a dual nature that subsumes the tenets of both animism and humanism. After the death of his father and his rejection of Falstaff in 2 Henry IV, Hal demonstrates that the only solution to the humanism/animism debate is to entirely reject the tenets of both and, instead, blend the two viewpoints together. The result is a newly formed conception of kingship and a hero-king.

No description available.