published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994. / Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Hope Jensen Leichter. Dissertation Committee: Herve Varenne. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 384-407).

The problem of this dissertation was to examine certain changes in the age and sex hierarchy, extending from the traditional family to the family in Nationalist China and Communist China, with special emphasis from 1959 to 1975, and the relationship between education and the family. Discrepancies between the ideal and the actual structures in those changes are noted. Chapter XI is the summary and conclusions of the study. Possible future trends of the Chinese family are examined and further studies are suggested.

The main purpose of the study was to look at possible differences in perceptions between the older and the younger generation of the boat people about marriage and the family. The respondents for this study were the boat people from the Shaukiwan Fish Market of Hong Kong. A questionnaire using a number of items pertaining to marriage and family living from the large scale project of The Urban Family Life Survey Of Hong Kong was developed. The questionnaire consisted of sixty-three questions, employing both closed and open-ended responses. The interpretative questions of attitudes and perceptions include: the courtship and marriage process, husband and wife relationship, family size and family planning, parent and child relationships, kin network, and career choices. Data for this study were collected in the summer of 1981, and were analysed using a chi-square statistical test. The level of significant was set at .05. The total number of respondents who participated in this study was 60. The two independent groups studied were an older male generation (aged 45 to 79) and a younger male generation (aged 20 to 35). The results indicate that there were statistically significant differences in the attitudes and perceptions of older and younger male boat people of Hong Kong in many aspects of marriage and family living. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

Lee Ka-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-88). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Members of Thesis Committee --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Chinese Abstract --- p.v / Acknowledgements --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction to the Research Question --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.2 --- Life Course Perspective / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Basic Principles of the Life Course Perspective / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Timings of life events / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Cohort Analysis to Study Social Change / Chapter 1.3. --- Determinants of Family Timing / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Analytical framework --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2 --- Gender Comparison / Chapter 2.3 --- Cohort Comparison / Chapter 2.4 --- Determinants of Family Timings / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Extension of Education / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Work Career Development / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Migration History / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Family Formation in a Changing Social Context --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2 --- Migration Experiences / Chapter 3.3 --- Education Expansion / Chapter 3.4 --- Increased Labour Force Participation / Chapter 3.5 --- First Marriage / Chapter 3.6 --- First Birth / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data and Method --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data and Measures / Chapter 4.2 --- Method / Chapter Chapter 5 --- First Marriage --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2 --- Gender Comparison / Chapter 5.3 --- Cohort Comparison / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary / Chapter Chapter 6 --- First Birth --- p.62 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 6.2 --- Transition to Parenthood since Age15 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Gender Comparison / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Cohort Comparison / Chapter 6.3 --- Transition into First birth since Marriage / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Gender Comparison / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Cohort Comparison / Chapter 6.4 --- Summary / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter 7.1 --- Research Questions / Chapter 7.2 --- Key Findings / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications for Future Studies / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Sibling Order and Number of Sibling / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Parents' Educational Attainment and Occupational Status / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Residential Arrangement / Bibliography --- p.80

交叉傳遞被定義為人際間的一種壓力傳遞過程。本研究的目的在於考察中國雙職工夫妻的交叉傳遞效應。具體而言，我將探討個體的工作-家庭關係（工作-家庭衝突與工作-家庭豐富）如何影響其配偶的結果變量（心理壓力，生活滿意度，婚姻滿意度，與工作滿意度）。本研究包括兩部分，研究一為問卷調查，研究二為深度訪談。本研究致力於回答三個研究問題：（1）交叉傳遞效應獨立於個體內效應而存在嗎？對象互依性模型分析顯示，妻子的工作-家庭豐富顯著預測丈夫的四個結果變量，丈夫的工作-家庭衝突與工作-家庭豐富顯著預測妻子的婚姻滿意度，交叉傳遞效應確實獨立於個體內效應而存在。（2）交叉傳遞的可能機制是什麼？我進行了三組探索。在A部分，通過考察一有影響力的交叉傳遞模型，我檢視了負性與正性的交叉傳遞機制。對於負性傳遞機制，我發現共同壓力源直接影響夫妻雙方的工作-家庭衝突，妻子的工作-家庭衝突直接影響丈夫的幸福感，而妻子所知覺到的下降的關係品質在丈夫的工作-家庭衝突與妻子的幸福感之間起到了中介的作用。對於正性傳遞機制，我發現共同壓力源僅顯著預測妻子的工作-家庭豐富。個體所知覺到的改善的關係品質在其配偶的工作-家庭豐富與個體的幸福感之間起到了中介的作用。在B部分，我發現妻子的觀點採擇能夠緩解丈夫的工作-家庭衝突對妻子心理壓力的影響，以及強化丈夫的工作-家庭豐富對妻子婚姻滿意度的影響，但該效應需要進一步驗證。在C部分，我發現個體的工作-家庭角色融合這一特質在其配偶的工作-家庭衝突（豐富）與個體的工作-家庭衝突（豐富）之間起到了部分中介的作用。（3）交叉傳遞過程有無性別化的傳遞模式？結果顯示交叉傳遞過程是一種雙向過程：由丈夫傳遞至妻子，以及由妻子傳遞至丈夫。但在特定情況下，傳遞路徑的強度可能不盡相同。訪談內容的分析加深了我們對交叉傳遞現象的理解。 / Crossover is defined as the interpersonal process that occurs when job stress or strain experienced by one person affects the level of strain of another person in the same social environment. The purpose of the present study is to examine the crossover effects in a sample of Chinese dual-earner couples. Specifically, I examined how one partner’s work-family interface (work-family conflict/WFC and work-family enrichment/WFE) might affect the other partner’s outcomes (psychological strain, life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and job satisfaction). Altogether, two studies were conducted. Study 1 was a questionnaire survey, and Study 2 was a qualitative interview. Overall, the present study aims at answering three research questions: (1) Do crossover effects exist independent of within-individual effects? The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) analysis showed that wives’ WFE emerged as a significant predictor of husbands’ four outcome variables in the expected direction. Husbands’ WFC and WFE were predictive of wives’ marital satisfaction. Results demonstrated that the crossover effects do exist independent of established within-individual effects. (2) What are the possible mechanisms of the crossover process? In this part, three sets of investigations were conducted. In Section A, I examined the mechanisms of both negative and positive crossover through testing an influential crossover model. For the mechanisms of negative crossover, I found that common stressors directly influenced both husbands’ and wives’ WFC. Wives’ WFC had a direct impact on husbands’ well-being, whereas the relationship between husbands’ WFC and wives’ well-being was mediated by wives’ perception of impaired relationship quality. For the mechanisms of positive crossover, I found that common stressors were a significant predictor of wives’ WFE, but not that of husbands’ WFE. Analysis highlights a strong indirect transfer from husbands’ WFE to wives’ well-being through wives’ perception of improved relationship quality, as well as from wives’ WFE to husbands’ well-being through husbands’ perception of improved relationship quality. In Section B, I further looked into the role of empathy in the direct crossover paths and found that wives’ perspective taking buffered the negative effect of husbands’ WFC on wives’ psychological strain, and strengthened the relationship between husbands’ WFE and wives’ marital satisfaction. To note, the interaction effects are not strong and may require further investigation. In Section C, I examined the role of personal attribute (i.e., work-family role integration) in the crossover process and found that wives’ work-family role integration partially mediated the relationship between husbands’ WFC and wives’ WFC, as well as between husbands’ WFE and wives’ WFE. Likewise, husbands’ work-family role integration partially mediated the relationship between wives’ WFC and husbands’ WFC, as well as between wives’ WFE and husbands’ WFE. (3) What are the gendered crossover patterns in Chinese dual-earner couples? Results from various research models suggested that the crossover process is a two-way phenomenon: from husbands to wives and vice versa. However, under specific circumstances, the two crossover paths might not be equally strong. Interview responses in Study 2 deepened our understanding of the crossover phenomenon. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Liu, Huimin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-144). / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix A in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Work-Family Interface (WFI) --- p.2 / Recent Perspective on Work-Family Interface --- p.9 / The Present Study --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Questionnaire Survey (Study 1) --- p.28 / Research Methods --- p.28 / Research Question One --- p.35 / Hypotheses --- p.35 / Results --- p.37 / Research Question Two --- p.42 / Chapter Section A: --- Mechanisms of Crossover --- p.43 / Hypotheses --- p.43 / Results --- p.53 / Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter Section B: --- A Closer Look at the Role of Empathy --- p.70 / Hypotheses --- p.70 / Results --- p.72 / Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Section C: --- Further Examination of Personal Attribute (WFRI) --- p.79 / Hypotheses --- p.79 / Results --- p.86 / Discussion --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Qualitative Interview (Study 2) --- p.95 / Purposes --- p.95 / Participants and Procedure --- p.96 / Data Analysis --- p.97 / Results --- p.98 / Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- General Discussion --- p.117 / A Summary of Research Findings --- p.117 / Limitations and Future Directions --- p.122 / Contributions and Implications --- p.126 / References --- p.129 / Appendices --- p.145 / Chapter Appendix A. --- The Chinese version of the scales used in Study 1. --- p.145 / Chapter Appendix B. --- The coding schemes of the qualitative interview --- p.151