The thesis is based on an empirical, longitudinal study of the experiences of 186 first-time, British mothers in dual earner households. These mothers who resumed full-time employment under the statutory maternity leave provisions, are compared with a smaller group of 70 'traditional' British mothers who expected to remain at home, at least for the first year of their children's lives. The study investigates women's experiences at four points after birth, the first when the children were 4-5 months old and the last when they reached three years old. The thesis is focused around four main substantive themes: the resumption of full-time employment following childbirth; the transition to motherhood in the context of the return to paid work; mothers' definitions of their partners' household and childcare contributions; and the availability and experience of support from informal social networks. The data were collected by means of extended interviews with the mothers. A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted, both in the fieldwork method and the analysis of the data. The thesis explores the issue of choice versus constraint: the ways in which women construct their experiences of combining motherhood and employment, and the ways in which these experiences are structured and constrained by ideological and situational factors relating to the labour market, marriage, parenthood and social networks.

Tuberculosis is a world-wide problem in less developed countries. In this thesis I report the evaluation of impact, process and objectives of a mass media health education campaign for tuberculosis control developed in Cali, Colombia. The campaign aimed at reducing levels of prejudice against people with this disease and at increasing demand for diagnostic tests. I assessed impact on levels of prejudice using two cross sectional surveys as sources of data. I assessed impact on demand for diagnostic tests with a quasi-experimental evaluation design relying on epidemiological data. I used qualitative and quantitative techniques for assessing the process of the campaign. I used text analysis for assessing the objectives of the campaign, and for identifying the values underpinning these objectives. The results show that the campaign significantly reduced the prejudice, and increased the demand for tests. Process evaluation shows that the campaign managers applied satisfactorily the programme theory of the intervention, that around half of the population was exposed to the campaign, and that it aimed exclusively at reinforcing a medical approach to tuberculosis control, which promoted compliance with medical surveillance, instead of contributing to the creation of an educated public regarding this disease. Assessment of objectives showed that the values underpinning the campaign are Utilitarian which define the worth of human life in terms of its economic productivity. This thesis demonstrates that current evaluation models of health education, which draw only on impact and process, are inappropriate for all those who have an interest at stake in the programme in order to judge its worth and to take policy decisions. Health education programmes are responses to social problems based on a specific idea of what is worthwhile to be pursued by individuals and society. Thus, evaluation research in health education should include not only assessment of impact and process but also assessment of their objectives in order to unveil the values underpinning such responses.

This thesis reports the development in mid-adolescence of a group of children raised in institutions until at least 2 years of age, then adopted or restored to a biological parent. These children were previously followed up at four and a half and at eight years of age. They were compared with a group of individually matched adolescents who had never been in institutional care. IQ depended largely on the type of family placement, and did not appear to be adversely affected by institutionalisation, at least so long as this did not extend beyond age four and a half. The experience of multiple changing caregivers during the period of institutionalisation did not necessarily prevent the children from forming strong and lasting attachment relationships to parents once placed in families, but this too depended on family environment, being much more common in adoptive families. However, some long-term effects of early institutionalisation were apparent. Ex-institutional adolescents showed more behaviour and emotional difficulties than matched comparisons, according to teacher questionnaires and interviews with the adolescents and their parents. They also showed greater orientation towards adult attention, and had more difficulties with peers and fewer close or confiding peer relationships than comparison adolescents, again indicating some long term effects of early institutional experience.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santoro_d_me_bauru.pdf: 1154487 bytes, checksum: 2e4fd13e37aee6cd0f6bb9f7a9d01467 (MD5) / A família passa por diferentes estágios ao longo da vida e, em cada um deles, seus integrantes precisam se adaptar e vencer os novos desafios. A intergeracionalidade e a transmissão de valores são pontos comuns em todas as fases do desenvolvimento familiar e em todos os tipos de família. O ciclo de vida familiar das pessoas que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade social, apesar de diferente em relação à classe média, não é ruim ou inadequado. Ele se organiza de maneira diferente devido á falta de apoio e grande número de eventos estressores. Tendo como base a abordagem bioecológica, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi o de investigar as concepções de família e se há transmissão desse conceito considerado três gerações de famílias que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade social: avós, genitores e filhos. Os objetivos específicos foram: (a) identificar o conceito de família nas três gerações; (b) identificar o que eles julgam ser uma boa/má família; (c) identificar o que eles julgam ser um bom/mau pai/mãe/filho; (d) verificar quem eles consideram ser sua família e o quanto estão satisfeitos com elas; (e) verificar se há diferença, nas respostas obtidas, entre os sexos. Este estudo foi realizado parte em um Centro de Formação da Criança e do Adolescente que atende exclusivamente o público infanto juvenil que vive em situação de vulnerabilidade social e parte nas casas dos participantes. O critério utilizado para selecionar as famílias foi ter uma criança ou adolescente que frequentasse o centro, seus respectivos pai/padrasto ou mãe/madrasta ou ambos, ou o(s) responsável(is), além de pelo menos um dos avós, desde que tivesse contato semanal com as crianças ou adolescentes. Participaram 20 famílias, com renda per capta média de 0,39 salário mínimo... / Family goes through different stages throughout life and, in each of them, its members need to adapt and overcome new challenges. The intergenerationality and the trasmission of values are common points in all stages of family development and in all types of family. The family life cycle of the people who live in situations of social vulnerability, although different in relation to the middle class, is not bad or inappropriate. It is organized differently due to the lack of support and a great number of stressful events. Having as base the bioecologic approach, the aim of this research was to investigate the concepts of family and if there is transmission of this concept considering the theree generations of families who live in situations of social vulnerability; grandparantes, parents and children. Specific objectives were: (a) identify the concept of family in the three generations; (b) identify what they believe to be a good/bad family; (c) identify what they believe to be a good/bad father/mother/son; (d) check who they consider to be his family and how much they are satisfied with them; (e) check if there is no difference on the answers between the sexes. This study was carried out part in a Training Center of Child and Adolescent that exclusively serves the public children and youth who live in situations of social vulnerability and part in the houses of the participants. The criterion used to select families was having a child or adolescent who was a member of the Center, their respective fathers/stepfathers or mother/stepmothers or both, or the responsible, in addition, at least one of the grandparents was asked to be present since they had weekly contact with the children or adolescents. Twenty families participated, with income average of 0.39 minimum salary, 20 children with an average age of 10 years, seven fathers/stepfathers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

As our major cities increase in size, more and more families may be expected to prefer central housing in the form of an apartment to the outlying single family house. In the major cities the need to achieve greater densities in order to make more economical use of our land is another factor of growing importance. Although the rate of construction of apartment buildings hag increased in recent years, there has been little recognition of the fact that certain families with children may increasingly wish to live in apartments due to the benefits offered by housing located close to employment, social and cultural facilities. The social values of families differ, depending on the orientation and interests of the members, and may be expected to affect the housing type desired. The group which might be better served by apartment housing may be larger than expected. However, at the present time apartment houses have certain disadvantages for family living. Some complaints which are commonly raised are discussed in this thesis. Clearly any improvements aimed at making the apartment environment suitable for family living must take into account the social needs and roles of the family and its members. A thorough study of sociological literature on the family and its needs was carried out. These needs ape discussed and interpreted in terms of their housing significance and implications for the apartment environment. It is concluded that with some changes in the present way of building apartments, and with the provision of various facilities necessary for family development on a communal or community basis, the apartment environment could be adapted to family living. Additional proof of the feasibility of making the apartment environment acceptable for family life can be seen in the Swedish housing situation. There a large proportion of families with children are housed in three and four story walk-up apartments, without suffering any hardship. The stress in Sweden, moreover, is on community planning with all the requirements of the people in mind, rather than on one isolated aspect of the total picture (i.e. the construction of dwellings). The dwelling unit alone is not considered to be adequate to take care of all the social needs of the family. Facilities for outdoor recreation, hobbies, cultural and other activities, are seen as a necessary extension of the home. They are provided outside the home, but as close as possible to it. Since the Canadian people have lived traditionally in their own houses, some prejudice against other housing types can be expected to linger. However, if the apartment environment provided as many of the amenities popularly associated with the single family home as possible, in addition to being centrally located, public prejudice may be expected to disappear in time. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

"Dependency" like many other concepts in social welfare needs careful and explanatory definition. The present study approached this first through a discussion of various meanings of dependency, and then by an examination of the characteristics of a representative sample of recipients of Social Allowance in a particular area of British Columbia. The area is the District of Coquitlam, a typical 'intermediate', semi-rural municipality. The sample includes some complete families, some broken or incomplete families, with only one parent, and a number of single persons. The "setting" 'of the study is described in two parts, (a) the eligibility requirements of the Social Assistance Act, and (b) the general characteristics of Coquitlam. The statistical survey of this group covers the following attributes: (1) family and non-family groups, and number of children; (2) period on assistance; (3) types of disability and (4) occupational background. Characteristic groups and problems are illustrated by case extracts. Several well marked patterns evolve from the statistical survey and are as follows: (a) family formation; (b) disability; (c) children in public assistance families; (d) the length of time that persons were in receipt of assistance, and (e) earning capacity. Implications for social welfare are considered with other comparable studies, including a number of University of British Columbia Social Work theses, as supporting references. The principal areas are (a) the need for better recording and information in certain areas critical for understanding needs and giving help; (b) the use of the welfare committee of the municipal council as a medium for better community participation in social welfare programs, and (c) a consideration of rehabilitation resources, both legislative and 'self-help'. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

In recent years a considerable amount of research has been done on the subject of the multi-problem family. The realization that some families were utilizing most of the communities services, time and money and still showing little change lead social agencies to study and experiment with new ways of serving these families. In 1959 the Community Chest and Councils of Vancouver recommended that a special project be developed in one area of the city to demonstrate co-ordination and integration of services to the multi-problem family. From this proposal the Area Development Project of Vancouver was established. This project has co-ordinated health, welfare and recreational services to families with complex problems. One part of the project is concerned with direct treatment of multi-problem families and this part of the program is called Integrated Family Services. Five caseworkers provide service to 100 families selected on the basis of chronic and multiple agency use. Each worker provides basic welfare services to the family as a whole and carries out functions delegated by several agencies. The second part of the service is carried out by two social workers and views the neighbourhood as the focus of service. In addition to the demonstration services provided by the project, there is a strong research component. The experimental design calls for 100 families in the treatment group, and 200 families in two control groups, in order to test the assumption that the demonstration services of the project are more effective in improving the functioning of families with complex problems than the "usual services" of health and welfare agencies. The present study is intended to study changes in social functioning between the treatment and control group of the Area Development Project and to measure the effects of selected family characteristics on the changes in social functioning. Although definite conclusions cannot be reached as the writers touched on only a limited area of the total project we feel that the observations and proposals deserve closer consideration. The introductory chapter gives a brief, summary, of the problems the community encounters in dealing with the multi-problem family and the rationale Behind experimental projects designed to study these families. In Chapter II a summary of several studies and projects on the multi-problem family in the United States offers a means of comparison to the local scene. It also illustrates the various approaches that can be taken toward the families with complex problems and defines the term "multi-problem" as utilized in this study. The purpose of the study, its scope, and the methods utilized are outlined in greater detail in Chapter III. In Chapter IV, the research data are classified and presented in table form where appropriate. A brief analysis of the data is also presented. The chapter also contains observations on the research project and its findings as a whole. The thesis concludes by presenting some implications and outlining further areas of study based on the findings of the thesis. This area of study was suggested by the staff of the Area Development Project and it was hoped that the findings of the thesis would provide added implications and observations for their project. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

"Factors Associated With Crime and Juvenile Delinquency, Economic Dependency, and Inadequate Child Care In Multi-Problem Families". A thesis presented by Collin Carlile, John Cushnie, Roy Fong, Kenneth Pauli, Helen Ruckle, Ailsa Walker and Arthur Veroba. The purpose of this study was to explore associations between the factors of child care, crime and juvenile delinquency, and economic dependency, and selected family functioning variables. These family functioning variables were chosen from the scale utilized by Geismar-Ayres in the St. Paul Study on Multi-Problem Families. Simple random sampling was used to select 100 cases from a group of 250 cases previously selected and in use by the Vancouver Area Development Project. The source material consisted of Area Development Project case profiles and score sheets, and selected case file material. The collected data was sorted and tabulated in such a manner as to allow comparison of the association between the specific variables. The reliability of the ratings used was assumed as all data was previously recorded by Vancouver Area Development Project Staff who had been trained in utilizing the rating scale. This study was an "ex-post-facto” survey and therefore was not intended to necessarily delineate any complex etiological patterns. No factors were found to be highly associated with any of the family functioning variables though several incidents of moderate association were found. The family functioning factor most closely associated with economic dependency was the absence of one parent from the home. The factor most closely associated with inadequate child care was the inadequate behaviour of the mother. The factor most closely associated with delinquency and crime was inadequacy in the behaviour of the mother and inadequacy in marital relationships respectively. The major significant findings of this study would seem to indicate that it has fulfilled its purpose by underlining the need for further studies of family functioning variables within the context of multi-problem families. Such future studies would necessarily be intensified both in depth and focus. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

It has been suggested that 25% of marriages in Canada are remarriages (Schlesinger, 1981). In such remarriages it has been recommended that the non-custodial parent have minimal contact with the new family (Goldstein, Freud & Solnit, 1973). More recently, therapists have begun to recognise the importance of having permeable boundaries in remarriage families which allow all significant family members to stay involved (Messinger, 1985; Sager et al., 1983). This research study Included 33 families in which the wife had remarried after a divorce, and had children from the previous marriage. A total of 105 subjects participated including 33 wives, 30 stepfathers and 42 adolescents. Employing an anonymous questionnaire format, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) There is a significant relationship between the wife's contact with her former spouse and family cohesion. (2) There is a relationship between contact with the former spouse and marital adjustment. (3) There is a positive relationship between balanced cohesion and marital adjustment. (4) There will be less variance between family members on cohesiveness when there is moderate contact with the former spouse. The total frequency of contact was assessed over a three month period, and subjects were grouped according to No Contact, Telephone Contact Only and Personal Contact. Eighty-two percent of the children were found to have contact with their non-custodial father once per month or less. Statistical analysis supported the relationship between marital adjustment and former spouse contact. Pearson Correlation Coefficients revealed a significant relationship between cohesion and marital adjustment. The strongest relationships were found in the husband scores in both cases. The relationship between cohesion and frequency of contact with the former spouse was not statistically significant. No significant difference in variance on cohesion scores was found between groups with No Contact or Personal Contact with the former spouse. The sample was found to be within the norms (Spanier, 1976) on the marital adjustment measure, and significantly below established norms (Olson et al., 1985) on cohesion. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

The work began as a response to a question put forth by a person involved with housing for single parents, "What is the best kind of housing for one parent families?" In answer to this question the accommodation requirements of this group must be explored. The purpose of this thesis is to delineate these needs and to suggest ways in which these housing needs should be met. The Canadian work on single parents (Canadian Council on Social Development, 1972; Guyatt, 1972; Schlesinger, 1975) does not focus specifically on housing but does identify it as a problem or issue for the single parent group. In keeping with the methodologies of the first two studies cited, a survey of organizations which serve one parent families was conducted. In addition two case studies of housing projects in the Vancouver-Victoria area, the YWCA Group Homes and the Bishop Cridge Xejntre for jthe_jFjrm£ly^ formed part of the research design. Findings were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and group meetings. Some of the encounters were video-taped to be used later in feeding back the results to the study participants. Through these feedback sessions and analysis of the findings of a literature review, the survey of organizations and the two case studies, a number of conclusions were drawn. These conclusions about the housing needs of one parent families were presented in terms of four issues which repeatedly emerged in the research: Income Discrimination Isolation versus Integration Childcare and Support Services. Insufficient income was found to be the greatest housing problem for the one parent family. A universal income maintenance scheme would ameliorate this problem with the fewest possible distasteful side affects for the client group. However, if this is not feasible alternate schemes for single parent families are suggested. Discrimination because they are parents on their own and because they have children was also a great concern. Landlord rejection because of single parent status can be discouraged by bringing such injustices to the attention of the Human Rights Commission. The real answer to this problem however lies in a societal change in attitude towards single parenthood. Isolation versus Integration refers to the controversy about housing designed especially for a client group or housing people unidentifiably within the context of the rest of the community. It was found that both approaches not either alone, are required to meet the divergent needs of one parent families. An integrated approach to the delivery of services for single parent families is required with both patterns of housing. Co-ordination would ensure that through the private and public sectors a system of services from crisis or transition shelters to housing subsidies would be available. Childcare and support services are the second greatest need expressed by the single parent. Both of these services permit the parent to gain independence. The integration of these into the residential environment would achieve this in the most efficient way possible. Suggestions regarding the funding and the location of service facilities are also proffered. All of these issues have been discussed elsewhere. What is significant is that these issues are identified as housing needs. These issues are inextricably linked in the minds of the single parents who must make decisions about housing. This interrelationship points to the holistic approach necessary in the delivery of housing services to one parent families. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate