With the current demand for more products, our natural resources will not last for long. Eachyear we consume about 120-130 billion tons of natural resources, which has a high probability ofincreasing as the human population is estimated to be more than nine billion people by the endof 2050. It is necessary to adapt to a circular economy and prioritize material recycling so thatone may stop this depletion of natural resources. The main purpose of this study was to examinehow material recycling works in multi-family housing and whether it differs between real estatecompanies within Umeå municipality. In addition, the amount of incorrectly sorted waste wascompared between the companies. Two surveys were constructed to get the necessary answers,one for tenants and one for property managers. Results from the two surveys showed nosignificant connection between how property managers work regarding recycling and tenants’satisfaction with their current recycling conditions. There were significant differences in howmany fractions the real estate companies offered to collect and how satisfied their tenants werewith the recycling rooms. The tenants wished for cleaner recycling rooms, more informationregarding how to recycle and what happens with the waste as well as sorting equipmentincluded in their apartments. To further improve material recycling in multi-family housing it isnecessary to offer smart recycling solutions in the apartments, regular cleaning of all therecycling rooms and distribute recurring multi-language information regarding recycling.

xi, 63 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Walking, bicycling, and other modes of active transportation can be utilitarian modes of personal transport, but barriers exist that limit the ability of groups of people to use these modes. This research looks at the walking and bicycling behaviors and attitudes of residents of suburban multifamily housing, a housing type identified in previous literature as needing research. Particularly, the roles of pedestrian route distance and directness as well as physical route characteristics are explored in their effects on walking and bicycling behavior. Results show that both the pedestrian network distance and major arterials are significantly correlated with a person's mode choice. Recommendations include increasing density around suburban commercial centers and encouraging pedestrian and bicycle connections between developments to limit arterial interaction. / Committee in Charge: Nico Larco, Chair; Dr. Marc Schlossberg; Dr. Kathryn A. Lynch

Urban water use arises from a mix of scale-dependent biophysical and socioeconomic factors. In Portland, Oregon, single-family residential water use exhibits a tightly coupled relationship with summertime weather, although this relationship varies with land use patterns across households and neighborhoods. This thesis developed a multilevel regression model to evaluate the relative importance of weather variability, parcel land use characteristics, and neighborhood geographic context in explaining single-family residential water demand patterns in the Portland metropolitan area. The model drew on a high-resolution panel dataset of weekly mean summer water use over five years (2001-2005) for a sample of 460 single-family households spanning an urban-to-suburban gradient. Water use was found to be most elastic with respect to parcel-scale building size. Building age was negatively related to water use at both the parcel and neighborhood scale. Half the variation in water use can be attributed to between-household factors. Between-neighborhood variation exerted a modest but statistically significant effect. The analysis decomposed household temperature sensitivity into four components: a fixed effect common to all households, a household-specific deviation from the fixed effect, a separate extreme heat effect, and a land use effect, where lot size exaggerated the effect of temperature on water use. Results suggested that land use planning may be an effective non-price mechanism for long-range management of peak demand, as land use decisions have water use implications. The combined effects of population growth, urbanization, and climate change expose water providers to risk of water stress. Modeling fine-grain relationships among heat, land use, and water use across scales plays a role in long-range climate change planning and adaptation.

Undersökningen har bearbetat förväntningar och förbättringar på planlösningar i flerbostadshus. Enkätundersökning bland allmänheten och de boende i Vikaholm, Växjö, samt intervjuer med arkitekter användes för att få synpunkter på förbättringar. Även intervjuer med de boende utfördes för att få mer utvecklande och motiverande svar än enbart från enkätundersökningen. Framtagning och utformning av planlösning har utformats efter de önskemål och synpunkter som framkommit i undersökningen. Planlösningarna är yteffektiva och är utformade med hänsyn till bland annat omätbara värden som finns i en bostad, det vill säga rumsliga kvalitéer som är mindre uppenbara och svåra att kvantifiera. Olika punkter som bekvämlighet, bättre möblerbarhet och mer förvaringsmöjlighet har gjort att bostaden har fått en annan utformning än de ursprungliga planlösningarna. Flexibla och generella rum som följer krav vid utformning och som inte har onödiga ytor har varit målet med arbetet. Arbetets resultat kan användas till andra framtida planlösningar än till det flerbostadshus som legat som grund för detta examensarbete. / The survey has processed expectations and improvements on floor plans in a multi-family house. A survey by the public and residents in Vikaholm, Växjö, and interviews with experts were made to get views of improvements. Also interviews with residents were also made to get more developing and motivational answers than just from the opinion poll. The design and layout of the planning has been designed according to the desires and views expressed in the survey. The plan solutions are highly space-efficient and are designed with regard to, inter alia, intangible values that exist in a dwelling, which is spatial qualities that are less obvious and difficult to quantify. Different items such as comfort, better furnishing and more storage have made the accommodation a different design than the original floor plans. Flexible and general spaces that meet design requirements and have no unnecessary surfaces have been the aim of the work. The results of the work can be used for other future floor plans than for the multi-family house that has been the basis for this degree project.

The approval of law NBR15575 in 2013 represented an important milestone in the search for quality buildings in Brazil. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate performance ratings of NBR15575/2013 regarding its contributions to meeting the thermal and luminosity requirements for a multifamily residential building in the city of Maceió-AL. Our research was based on the case study of a 12-story building, located in the Jatiúca neighborhood, Maceió. Simulations were done with the programs Troplux 7.0 and EnergyPlus 8.1.0 for the double rooms in housing units (UHs) on the 1st and 12th floors. The north, south, east and west oriented UHs were evaluated for light performance and east and west for thermal performance. The standard floor plan of the building and surroundings were simulated on the water table to analyze natural ventilation flows generated by the most frequent winds in the city. Results were divided into two groups: Group1, criteria and parameters based on NBR15575/2013 and Group2, based on international standards (ASHRAE 55 and BS EN15251) and scientific studies already carried out in the area. Evaluation of the luminosity performance of Group 1, was restricted to 4 moments of the year. It was observed that the standard distances its evaluation of the reality of use of the building. Considering every day of the year, in Group2, it was possible to identify periods in which the user can avoid artificial lighting as a complement. Coherence was observed between the results of the criteria of percentage of environmental area (PA) and percentage of hours of the environment within the range of UDI (PH), it being possible to evaluate the distribution of light in the environment. With the final classification of Group1 (Superior) and Group2 (Intermediate), it was observed that the minimum limit of illuminance given by the standard may not be enough to guarantee the visual comfort of the users, there being a possible excess of light, strong contrasting in the environment and the consequent probability of discomfort, which recommends establishment of maximum limits of illuminance. Regarding thermal performance, the standard was contradictory when it places fulfillment of user requirements as a condition of performance classification, but does not consider the presence of internal thermal loads in the evaluated environment. The final classification of the case without internal thermal loads was Minimal, while addition of the loads resulted in an Insufficient classification. In results obtained in Group2, cases with exclusive use of natural ventilation obtained an Insufficient rating and with air conditioning (AC), classification increased to Minimum (AC 8h/day) and Intermediate (AC 16h/day). Detailed data for the analyses allowed identifying the time in which the environment remained in comfort and the intensity of discomfort in each month, useful information for improvement of the project. Performance classifications adopted by NBR15575 may not adequately express the level of comfort of the building’s users, it being important to undertake new studies relating to adoption of levels of performance classification associated with user comfort, thus contributing to the qualitative improvement of Brazilian buildings. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A entrada em vigor da NBR15575 em 2013 representou um importante marco na busca por edificações de qualidade no Brasil. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal avaliar as classificações de desempenho da NBR15575/2013 em relação às suas contribuições para o atendimento às exigências de conforto térmico e luminoso de uma edificação residencial multifamiliar, na cidade de Maceió-AL. A investigação baseou-se em um estudo de caso de uma edificação de 12 pavimentos, localizada no bairro de Jatiúca, Maceió. Foram feitas simulações com os programas Troplux 7.0 e EnergyPlus 8.1.0 para o quarto de casal em unidades habitacionais (UHs) no 1º e 12º pavimentos. As UHs orientadas a norte, sul, leste e oeste foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho luminoso e a leste e oeste quanto ao desempenho térmico. Na mesa d’água foi simulado o pavimento tipo e a edificação locada no seu entorno, para análise do fluxo da ventilação natural correspondente aos ventos mais frequentes na cidade. Para a avaliação de desempenho, os resultados foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo1, critérios e parâmetros baseados na NBR15575/2013 e Grupo2, fundamentado em normas internacionais (ASHRAE 55 e BS EN15251) e em estudos científicos já realizados na área. Para a avaliação do desempenho luminoso do Grupo1, restrita a 4 momentos isolados do ano, observou-se que a norma distancia sua avaliação da realidade de uso da edificação. Considerando todos os dias do ano, no Grupo2, foi possível identificar períodos nos quais o usuário pode evitar a iluminação artificial como complemento. Observou-se coerência entre os resultados dos critérios de porcentagem de área do ambiente (PA) e de porcentagem de horas do ambiente dentro do intervalo de UDI (PH), sendo possível avaliar a distribuição da luz no ambiente, Com a classificação final do Grupo1 (Superior) e do Grupo2 (Intermediária), percebeu-se que o limite mínimo de iluminância dado pela norma pode não ser suficiente para garantir o conforto visual dos usuários, podendo haver excesso de luz, grandes contrastes no ambiente e a consequente probabilidade de desconforto, recomendando-se estabelecer um limite máximo de iluminâncias. Com relação ao desempenho térmico, a norma apresentou contradição quando coloca o atendimento às exigências do usuário como condição de classificação de desempenho, mas desconsidera a presença das cargas térmicas internas no ambiente avaliado. A classificação final do caso sem cargas térmicas internas foi Mínima, enquanto a adição das cargas resultou em classificação insuficiente. Nos resultados obtidos no Grupo2, os casos com uso exclusivo de ventilação natural obtiveram classificação Insuficiente e com uso de ar condicionado (AC) a classificação subiu para Mínima (AC 8h/dia) e Intermediária (AC 16h/dia). Os dados detalhados para as análises possibilitaram identificar o tempo em que o ambiente permaneceu em conforto e a intensidade do desconforto em cada mês, informações úteis para a melhoria do projeto. A classificação de desempenho adotada pela NBR15575 pode não expressar adequadamente o nível de conforto dos usuários da edificação, sendo importantes novos estudos sobre a adoção de níveis de classificação de desempenho associados ao conforto dos usuários contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade das edificações brasileiras.

This research aims to evaluate the thermal performance of housing built with the technology of reinforced concrete walls executed on site, for use in Brazilian Bioclimatic Zone 2. The study was conducted through in situ measurements of air temperature inside the four main types of single family housing of social interest of Zilda Arns allotment, in the town of Santa Maria-RS. Measurements were made in winter and summer, with the housing closed and also with the housing closed with sealing in places susceptible to air infiltration. The evaluations were made from the relationship between changes in internal temperatures and outdoor temperatures, and considering the influences of solar orientation and air infiltration, and internal thermal comfort through a comparative analysis of temperatures with ASHRAE (2004) limits. It was observed that the solar orientation has influence during winter and summer, however the air infiltration has little influence on thermal performance of housings. It was also observed that the building system provides good thermal performance for the summer period, but is not suitable to Bioclimatic Zone 2 during winter. As for thermal comfort, the housings presented cold discomfort for the whole period of winter and presented comfort in most of the analyzed summer period. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho térmico e o conforto térmico de habitações construídas com a tecnologia de paredes de concreto armado executadas no local, para uso na Zona Bioclimática 2 brasileira. O estudo foi realizado através de medições in loco da temperatura do ar no interior de quatro unidades com orientações solares predominantes de habitações unifamiliares de interesse social do loteamento Zilda Arns, na cidade de Santa Maria-RS. Foram feitas medições no inverno e no verão, com a casa fechada e também com a casa fechada com vedação nos locais passíveis de infiltração de ar. As avaliações foram .efetuadas a partir da relação entre as variações das temperaturas internas e das temperaturas externas, considerando ainda as influências da orientação solar e da infiltração de ar, e as condições de conforto térmico internas através de uma análise comparativa de temperaturas com valores limites da ASHRAE (2004). Foi observado que a orientação solar exerce influência nos períodos de inverno e verão, porém verificou-se que a infiltração de ar pouco influencia sobre o desempenho térmico das unidades. Observou-se ainda que o sistema construtivo apresenta bom desempenho térmico para o período de verão, porém não é adequado à Zona Bioclimática 2 no período de inverno. Quanto ao conforto térmico, as habitações apresentaram desconforto por frio em todo o período analisado de inverno e conforto na maior parte do período de verão.

Portland General Electric has proposed coupling one or more water tanks with two heat pumps in order to perform load-shifting in residential customer heating and cooling applications. By using the water tanks as a thermal storage unit, this project attempts to partially decouple energy consumption from generation to provide peak demand reduction and to better facilitate the integration of variable renewable energy resources. A scoping study was performed to evaluate the potential impact of this project if implemented in single family homes in Portland, Oregon. This study revealed that the system could provide meaningful savings in the cost of electricity to both the customer and utility. Additionally, an optimization algorithm was developed to dictate system operation and to maximize gains to the utility. Evolutionary algorithms were explored in an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the algorithm's search in limited computation time. Ultimately, an evolution strategy was selected as the most suitable based on tests run in winter and spring months. A genetic algorithm was then developed to handle fixed-speed heat pump operation for compatibility with an alpha-system prototype that has been developed by the research team.

I takt med att hållbarhet blir allt viktigare i stadsplanering så blir småhusbebyggelse allt ovanligare i planeringen för nya bostäder i Stockholm. Trots det så visar undersökningar på boendepreferenser att de flesta föredrar att bo i småhus, vilket skapar en intressant klyfta som är värd att undersöka. Eftersom bostadsplaneringen i regel sker på kommunal nivå i Sverige är det viktigt att undersöka just kommunala uppfattningar om den nuvarande situationen. Detta examensarbete undersöker kommunala uppfattningar om småhus i planeringen av nya bostäder, både generellt och specifikt i relation till hållbarhet. Hållbarhet i bostäder definieras här genom en litteraturstudie, och består av fem aspekter: Bostadstäthet (1), Hållbara byggnader (2), Ekonomiskt överkomliga bostäder (3), Social sammanhållning (4), och Bostadskultur och preferenser (5). Genom en dokumentanalys och en enkät undersöks uppfattningar om småhus och hållbarhet i Stockholms kommuner.  Resultaten visar att bostadsplanerare i Stockholms kommuner överlag ser på småhus som en viktigt del av bostadsförsörjningen, men att det är svårt att planera för småhus. Svårigheter att hitta lämplig mark, behovet av att utnyttja marken effektivt för att nå bostadsmål och ekonomiska svårigheter begränsar planeringen för småhus. Småhus är vidare ofta mindre lämpade för kunna uppnå kommunala riktlinjer och mål. Många planerare ser också småhus som ett mindre hållbart alternativ, eftersom det ofta innebär lägre bostadstäthet vilket försvårar annan planering, det försvårar planeringen för kollektivtrafik, och eftersom det är ofta ett sämre val om kommunen vill säkerställa hållbara byggnader eller billiga bostäder. Slutligen så presenterar också examensarbetet ett par rekommendationer för att förbättra hållbarheten i planeringen för nya småhus. Ökad bostadstäthet för småhus, anpassningar i kollektivtrafiken och ändringar av upplåtelseformer för att passa in i kommunala bostadsbolag är viktiga förändringar för att säkerställa hållbarhet. Sammantaget så ger detta examensarbete nya insikter till ett ämne som har hittills har fått lite uppmärksamhet. / With a rapidly increasing awareness of the need for sustainability in urban planning, single-family housing (småhus) is holding a steadily decreasing share of new housing developments in Stockholm, Sweden. However, with residential housing preferences generally leaning towards single-family housing, it creates a notable gap that is worth investigating further. As housing planning is carried out on a municipal level in Sweden, investigating municipal perceptions is key to understanding the current situation. This thesis investigates perceptions of single-family housing both generally and specifically in relation to sustainability. Sustainability in housing has no universal definition, but housing sustainability is defined here through a literature review and consists here of five aspects: Housing density (1), Sustainable buildings (2), Affordability (3), Social cohesion (4), and Culture and preferences (5). Through document analysis and a survey, the perceptions of single-family housing and sustainability in the urban planning scene of Stockholm, Sweden is investigated.  The results show that housing planners in Stockholm generally perceive single-family housing as a necessary part of housing provisioning in large, and often that more single-family housing is desired, but that it is a troublesome housing form to plan for. Difficulties in finding appropriate land, the need for efficient housing to reach building quotas, and economic strains limit planners in this regard. Single-family housing is often a worse choice for municipalities in trying to align with their guidelines and goals. Most planners also view single-family housing as a less sustainable option, as it often means lower residential densities which complicates other planning, entails difficulties in ensuring public transportation usage and coverage, as well as single-family housing often being a suboptimal choice if municipalities want to ensure sustainable buildings or affordability. Finally, the thesis also provides a few key aspects that are crucial to showcase how sustainability in single-family housing can be improved. Finding a way to increase housing density while retaining the attractive attributes is key to making single-family housing more sustainable. Additionally, increases in transport efficiency and adaptation of public transportation, as well as changes to municipal public housing in relation to tenure forms are important to ensuring housing sustainability. Overall, this thesis provides important insights and findings to a topic that has received little attention as of yet.

No description available.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The Military Housing Privatization Initiative (MHPI) represents a dramatic revision in the construction and maintenance of military housing. Since its inception in 1996, the number of projects has grown exponentially and the learning process has been continuous and steep. This thesis researches the effectiveness of the methods in place at the Department of Defense and Service levels to document, share, and, above all, learn from past experiences. This analysis reviews the cumulative documented lessons from all Services and compares it to the lessons learned within the first jointly partnered privatization project at the Presidio of Monterey (POM) and Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, California. This research showed at least six lessons previously documented within the lessons learned system, which were relearned at the POM/NPS project. Given this data, the lessons learned program is a partial success but overall has a positive impact on the MHPI. The current lessons learned program improves each new privatization project ensuring it does not experience all of the same lessons from previous projects. Only a few lessons seem to slip through the cracks and are repeated even after documentation and distribution. / Captain, United States Army