This paper seeks to review the national disaster plans of Jamaica from the perspective of child protection and wellbeing in emergencies. The focus of the review is on needs associated with education, psychosocial support and family reunification (including care of unaccompanied and separated children) as these needs are often given less priority in an emergency. These are referred to collectively as the non-material needs of children in emergencies. Providing for the non-material needs of children in emergencies is an important part of preventing children from experiencing physical or sexual abuse, psychological distress, neglect and harm and it is therefore vital that these are not an afterthought but an integral part of planning for an emergency. In order to review these plans a tool in the form of a checklist of measures of international standards was compiled and applied to the plans. This paper finds that the national disaster plans of Jamaica fail to meet every measure on the compiled checklist. Children are not even mentioned as a vulnerable group in need of special attention nor are measures defined to prevent them from long-term or short term harm. The limited or non-existent extent to which children are considered is furthermore found to be an issue in national disaster planning of other states. This paper therefore recommends that the national disaster plans of Jamaica, as well as other states, be revised in partnership with local stakeholders (including children, the ultimate stakeholders) taking into consideration the findings presented.

Šeimos susijungimas garantuojamas tarptautinių ir ES teisės aktų bei nacionalinių teisės aktų pagrindu. Teisė susijungti su šeima trečiųjų šalių piliečiams ES tiesiogiai įvardija direktyva 2003/86/EB. Šeimos susijungimo atveju, šeimos nariais gali būti sutuoktinis(ė) bei jo(s) nepilnamečiai vaikai. Nacionaliniai teisės aktai gali numatyti ir kitus šeimos narius, atsižvelgus į pasekmių, kurios kiltų neleidus susijungti, sunkumą. Įvertinus ES piliečių ir jų šeimos narių apsigyvenimą ES valstybių narių teritorijoje bei trečiųjų šalių šeimų apsigyvenimą ES teritorijoje galime teigti, kad trečiųjų šalių piliečių ir jo šeimos narių apsigyvenimas yra apibrėžtas didesne sąlygų išpildymo apimtimi, dėl kurių šeimoms ir kyla daug problemų. Trečiųjų šalių piliečiai teisės susijungti atžvilgiu gali būti pabėgėlio statusą turintys asmenys arba kiti užsieniečiai, kurie turi laikiną arba nuolatinį leidimą gyventi ES. Teisės susijungti su šeima kontekste išryškėja šios problemos. Pirma, fiktyvios santuokos sudarymas, siekiant apsigyventi ES valstybių narių teritorijoje ne dėl šeimos santykių, o dėl to, kad gauti ES leidimą gyventi. Antra, nesantuokinės partnerystės ir tos pačios lyties santuokų sudarymo problematika, nes įvairios valstybės narės skirtingai reglamentuoja šiuos santykius. Trečia, nors suteikiamos teisės artimos pabėgėlio statusui, tačiau asmenims besinaudojantiems laikina ir papildoma apsauga, teisė susijungti garantuojama ne visose ES valstybėse. Ketvirta, reikalavimo dėl... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Family reunification is guaranteed by both by EU and national legislation. Right to reunify with family members for 3rd countries citizens in EU is defined by directive 2003/86/EB. Family members are defined as a spouse and his/her under-age children. National law can also determine other family members depending on consequences that might arise due to family inability to reunify. Estimating settlement of EU and non-EU citizens in EU territory it can be noticed that for citizens of 3rd countries and their family members settling is more restricted due to requirements to meet more conditions. Citizens of 3rd countries that can apply for reunification are persons that have refugee status or have temporary or permanent residence permit in EU. A few problems was noticed analysing EU family reunification law. First is fictitiuos marriage in order to settle in EU territory not due to family relationships, but due to having residence permit in EU. Secondly, non-marital partnership and marriage of the citizens of the same sex regulation in EU members varies. Thirdly, for persons, having temporary or complementary protection, right to reunify with family is not guaranteed in all EU countries even if they receive rights similar to refugee status. Finally, there is a problem of requirement to live in EU member state for a certain period before reunification, because EU law transfer to national legislation varies from country to country and for example in Lithuania is even inaccurate... [to full text]

Este estudo investigou a problemática da institucionalização, verificando as características pessoais e familiares de crianças e adolescentes abrigados, sua percepção quanto às figuras parentais, seu desenvolvimento emocional, cognitivo e social e, por fim, o processo de reinserção familiar. O Estudo I investigou o perfil dessas crianças e adolescentes, focalizando as características individuais, familiares e sociais de 155 jovens, de sete a 16 anos, da região metropolitana de POA/RS. Foram utilizados: entrevista estruturada, Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida e Mapa dos Cinco Campos. Os resultados indicaram a presença de fatores de risco no nível da pessoa (precoce experimentação de drogas e baixo desempenho escolar) e no nível do microssistema familiar (monoparentalidade e trabalho informal), além de diferenças entre os tipos de abrigos nos escores dos instrumentos. O Estudo II investigou como estes jovens percebem as figuras parentais em sua rede de apoio. Os dados indicam que a maioria dos participantes tem contato familiar freqüente e a existência de uma percepção positiva associada à família, sugerindo a idealização das relações familiares. Observou-se, também, um enfraquecimento da figura paterna na rede de apoio. O Estudo III investigou a vivência de eventos estressores, rede de apoio e satisfação de vida entre jovens institucionalizados e jovens que viviam com suas famílias. Uma MANOVA indicou a existência de diferença entre os grupos quanto à rede de apoio e eventos estressores, mas não quanto à satisfação de vida. No Estudo IV, sobre o processo de reinserção familiar, cinco adolescentes foram acompanhados longitudinalmente, através de visitas domiciliares, Entrevistas de Reinserção e do procedimento da inserção ecológica. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve uma preparação dos jovens e familiares para o retorno e não foi disponibilizado apoio após o desligamento da instituição, apontando a carência de políticas públicas de atenção a esse processo e um abismo entre o que é preconizado no ECA e o que ocorre na realidade. A necessidade de políticas públicas focalizadas nas famílias e nos processos de reinserção de jovens institucionalizados é discutida. / This study investigated institutionalization, considering children and adolescents’ individual and familiar characteristics, their perception of parental figures, their social, emotional and cognitive development, and the family reunification process. Study I investigated the profile of 155 institutionalized children and adolescents, aged from seven to sixteen years old, from the metropolitan region of POA/RS, focusing on their individual, familiar and social characteristics. A structured interview, the Academic Achievement Test, the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale and the Five Field Map were used. Results revealed risk factors on the person level (early experimentation of drugs, low values of academic achievement) and on the family microsystem level (single-parenthood and informal jobs), besides differences between the types of shelters regarding the instruments’ scores. Study II assessed how these people perceive the parental figures in their support network. The results indicate that most of them have frequent family contact and that there is a positive perception towards the family, suggesting the existence of idealization concerning family relationships. Moreover, weakening of the paternal figure on the support network was observed. Study III investigated stressful events, support network and life satisfaction of youths living in shelters and living with their families. MANOVA indicated differences between the groups regarding support network and stressful events, but no difference related to life satisfaction. In Study IV, the family reunification process study, five adolescents were longitudinally followed, through of home visits, reunification interviews and ecological engagement process. The results revealed there was no preparation of the adolescents and family for reunification. Furthermore, they present the inexistence of support after such process of detachment from the institution, indicating the lack of public policies related to this process and the deep lag between what is determined by the ECA and what really occurs. The need for public policies towards family and family reunification process is discussed.

Este estudo investigou a problemática da institucionalização, verificando as características pessoais e familiares de crianças e adolescentes abrigados, sua percepção quanto às figuras parentais, seu desenvolvimento emocional, cognitivo e social e, por fim, o processo de reinserção familiar. O Estudo I investigou o perfil dessas crianças e adolescentes, focalizando as características individuais, familiares e sociais de 155 jovens, de sete a 16 anos, da região metropolitana de POA/RS. Foram utilizados: entrevista estruturada, Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida e Mapa dos Cinco Campos. Os resultados indicaram a presença de fatores de risco no nível da pessoa (precoce experimentação de drogas e baixo desempenho escolar) e no nível do microssistema familiar (monoparentalidade e trabalho informal), além de diferenças entre os tipos de abrigos nos escores dos instrumentos. O Estudo II investigou como estes jovens percebem as figuras parentais em sua rede de apoio. Os dados indicam que a maioria dos participantes tem contato familiar freqüente e a existência de uma percepção positiva associada à família, sugerindo a idealização das relações familiares. Observou-se, também, um enfraquecimento da figura paterna na rede de apoio. O Estudo III investigou a vivência de eventos estressores, rede de apoio e satisfação de vida entre jovens institucionalizados e jovens que viviam com suas famílias. Uma MANOVA indicou a existência de diferença entre os grupos quanto à rede de apoio e eventos estressores, mas não quanto à satisfação de vida. No Estudo IV, sobre o processo de reinserção familiar, cinco adolescentes foram acompanhados longitudinalmente, através de visitas domiciliares, Entrevistas de Reinserção e do procedimento da inserção ecológica. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve uma preparação dos jovens e familiares para o retorno e não foi disponibilizado apoio após o desligamento da instituição, apontando a carência de políticas públicas de atenção a esse processo e um abismo entre o que é preconizado no ECA e o que ocorre na realidade. A necessidade de políticas públicas focalizadas nas famílias e nos processos de reinserção de jovens institucionalizados é discutida. / This study investigated institutionalization, considering children and adolescents’ individual and familiar characteristics, their perception of parental figures, their social, emotional and cognitive development, and the family reunification process. Study I investigated the profile of 155 institutionalized children and adolescents, aged from seven to sixteen years old, from the metropolitan region of POA/RS, focusing on their individual, familiar and social characteristics. A structured interview, the Academic Achievement Test, the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale and the Five Field Map were used. Results revealed risk factors on the person level (early experimentation of drugs, low values of academic achievement) and on the family microsystem level (single-parenthood and informal jobs), besides differences between the types of shelters regarding the instruments’ scores. Study II assessed how these people perceive the parental figures in their support network. The results indicate that most of them have frequent family contact and that there is a positive perception towards the family, suggesting the existence of idealization concerning family relationships. Moreover, weakening of the paternal figure on the support network was observed. Study III investigated stressful events, support network and life satisfaction of youths living in shelters and living with their families. MANOVA indicated differences between the groups regarding support network and stressful events, but no difference related to life satisfaction. In Study IV, the family reunification process study, five adolescents were longitudinally followed, through of home visits, reunification interviews and ecological engagement process. The results revealed there was no preparation of the adolescents and family for reunification. Furthermore, they present the inexistence of support after such process of detachment from the institution, indicating the lack of public policies related to this process and the deep lag between what is determined by the ECA and what really occurs. The need for public policies towards family and family reunification process is discussed.

Este estudo investigou a problemática da institucionalização, verificando as características pessoais e familiares de crianças e adolescentes abrigados, sua percepção quanto às figuras parentais, seu desenvolvimento emocional, cognitivo e social e, por fim, o processo de reinserção familiar. O Estudo I investigou o perfil dessas crianças e adolescentes, focalizando as características individuais, familiares e sociais de 155 jovens, de sete a 16 anos, da região metropolitana de POA/RS. Foram utilizados: entrevista estruturada, Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida e Mapa dos Cinco Campos. Os resultados indicaram a presença de fatores de risco no nível da pessoa (precoce experimentação de drogas e baixo desempenho escolar) e no nível do microssistema familiar (monoparentalidade e trabalho informal), além de diferenças entre os tipos de abrigos nos escores dos instrumentos. O Estudo II investigou como estes jovens percebem as figuras parentais em sua rede de apoio. Os dados indicam que a maioria dos participantes tem contato familiar freqüente e a existência de uma percepção positiva associada à família, sugerindo a idealização das relações familiares. Observou-se, também, um enfraquecimento da figura paterna na rede de apoio. O Estudo III investigou a vivência de eventos estressores, rede de apoio e satisfação de vida entre jovens institucionalizados e jovens que viviam com suas famílias. Uma MANOVA indicou a existência de diferença entre os grupos quanto à rede de apoio e eventos estressores, mas não quanto à satisfação de vida. No Estudo IV, sobre o processo de reinserção familiar, cinco adolescentes foram acompanhados longitudinalmente, através de visitas domiciliares, Entrevistas de Reinserção e do procedimento da inserção ecológica. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve uma preparação dos jovens e familiares para o retorno e não foi disponibilizado apoio após o desligamento da instituição, apontando a carência de políticas públicas de atenção a esse processo e um abismo entre o que é preconizado no ECA e o que ocorre na realidade. A necessidade de políticas públicas focalizadas nas famílias e nos processos de reinserção de jovens institucionalizados é discutida. / This study investigated institutionalization, considering children and adolescents’ individual and familiar characteristics, their perception of parental figures, their social, emotional and cognitive development, and the family reunification process. Study I investigated the profile of 155 institutionalized children and adolescents, aged from seven to sixteen years old, from the metropolitan region of POA/RS, focusing on their individual, familiar and social characteristics. A structured interview, the Academic Achievement Test, the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale and the Five Field Map were used. Results revealed risk factors on the person level (early experimentation of drugs, low values of academic achievement) and on the family microsystem level (single-parenthood and informal jobs), besides differences between the types of shelters regarding the instruments’ scores. Study II assessed how these people perceive the parental figures in their support network. The results indicate that most of them have frequent family contact and that there is a positive perception towards the family, suggesting the existence of idealization concerning family relationships. Moreover, weakening of the paternal figure on the support network was observed. Study III investigated stressful events, support network and life satisfaction of youths living in shelters and living with their families. MANOVA indicated differences between the groups regarding support network and stressful events, but no difference related to life satisfaction. In Study IV, the family reunification process study, five adolescents were longitudinally followed, through of home visits, reunification interviews and ecological engagement process. The results revealed there was no preparation of the adolescents and family for reunification. Furthermore, they present the inexistence of support after such process of detachment from the institution, indicating the lack of public policies related to this process and the deep lag between what is determined by the ECA and what really occurs. The need for public policies towards family and family reunification process is discussed.

The objective of this thesis is to analyse the issues related to the legal status of family members of European Union citizens in light of European Union law, and to compare the rights of family members of EU citizens with the rights of the other third country nationals (further referred to as TCNs) and the EU citizens themselves. The first chapter deals with the institute of EU citizenship and especially stresses the importance of the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of Member States which is connected with the status of an EU citizen. The second chapter is related to the different definitions of family members in EU secondary legislation. The third chapter examines in detail specific rights (e.g.: the right of entry and residence to the territory of the host Member State, protection against expulsion) which are connected with the status of the family member of EU citizens on the one hand and the status of the TCNs on the other hand. The thesis attempts to answer to the questions related to the legal status of family members and tries to suggest possible future adjustments of EU legislature.

Family reunification is a unique research field currently impacted by shifting policies andattitudes on integration. In Sweden, family connections constitute the largest immigrationcategory, yet the wait for family reunification has not yet been examined within academia.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to explore former asylum seekers’ experiences of waiting forfamily reunification in Sweden. Taking place at all stages of the migratory process, elementswithin waiting include time perception, power relations, expectations, future, hope,uncertainty and activity. Forming the theoretical framework of this thesis, six semi-structuredinterviews with former asylum seekers from Syria are analyzed in relation to waiting andmigration. The findings suggest that waiting stretches across legal statuses and entailsdifferent perceptions of time, differing from the linear bureaucratic model provided by theSwedish Migration Agency. Family reunification is the future goal of the informants’ wait,asylum being a temporal marker on the way there. The wait encompasses a power relation inwhich several actors in Sweden and abroad affect expectations, outcome and duration of thewait. Uncertainty in terms of duration and outcome affect informants’ well-being negatively.With distrust in the procedures of the Swedish Migration Agency, the process is experiencedas unjust, especially when others receive decisions ahead of time. While passivity constitutesparts of the wait, activity in terms of physical action such as going to work and mentalmonitoring of one’s case are present. Finally, waiting for family reunification is a highlyaffective form of waiting entailing emotions and care, influencing the relation to the family inwaiting abroad.

The German government’s decision in 2016 to reduce the number of incoming immigrants by suspending family reunification for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection for two years, sparked a controversial debate, with some critics arguing that family reunification represents a human right. Contributing to the very scarce literature about this development, the aim pursued in this thesis is to better understand the differing discourses and (de-)legitimation strategies regarding the suspension by comparatively analysing written statements handed in to German parliament by the government and civil society organisations in March of 2017. The theoretical framework underlying this thesis are the discursive understanding of human rights by Seyla Benhabib and Michel Foucault’s theorisation of power and knowledge. The methodological framework consists of a three-dimensional critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairclough complemented with an analysis of the four categories of (de-)legitimation by Theo van Leeuwen. The results of the analysis show that two types of discourse are pursued in the material: a legal, technical discourse by the government supported by (de-)legitimation strategies relying on national laws, administrative court decisions and the value of qualities like leadership and a discourse focused on the value of family life by the civil society organisations. Despite the diverse backgrounds of the civil society organisations analysed, coinciding (de-)legitimation strategies based on the importance of family life for integration and based on the case law of federal and European courts were identified.

No description available.

本研究採用質性研究方法來探討高雄市、台中市的兒童保護服務網絡之合作現況，其中網絡成員的認定有別於過去跨專業角色，而是聚焦於服務家庭及兒少的公部門、家庭處遇單位、寄養單位與機構安置單位之間的合作關係，並以社會工作者及中階管理者作為此次研究的受訪對象。本研究的目的為：第一，了解「家庭重整服務」與「家外安置服務」之間的網絡合作情形；第二，探討現有的網絡合作情形所產生的優勢與挑戰；第三，藉由本研究結果之發現，期能對於「家庭重整服務」與「家外安置服務」之間現有的合作關係，提出具體的改善建議。本研究分別於高雄市、台中市抽取了十一個組織，共計十一個社工人員、十個中階管理者進行深度訪談，研究結果如下：一、高雄市與台中市的合作關係大多係基於「行政管理」與「個案需求」所產生，不同組織間的合作關係之正式化程度不一；二、影響網絡合作的原因可區分為「脈絡因素」、「過程因素」、「個別組織因素」與「服務對象因素」，在「脈絡因素」因素中包含了「環境因素」、「歷史文化因素」、「權力落差」以及「組織間的界線」。在「過程因素」中包含了「關係的維持」、「溝通順暢度」、「認知落差」、「所有權的挑戰」、「角色與責任的分工」、「團體領導者的適任度」、「網絡成員組成」和「合作架構與機制的清楚度」。「個別組織因素」則含括了「組織因素」、「員工因素」和「領導者因素」這幾個向度。在最後的「服務對象因素」中則包含了「特殊性」、「急迫性」與「重大改變」；三、受訪者在與不同組織間的合作感受有所差異，其中合作對象分別為公部門社工、家庭處遇單位社工、寄養社工與機構安置社工；四、受訪者對於目前的網絡領導者、合作關係與合作機制提出期待，在對網絡領導者部分，期待能「提升網絡合作的統籌能力」與「建立合作機制」。在合作關係的期待部分為「期待的一致性」、「提升資訊交換的完整性」與「合作對象單一化」。在合作機制的期待部分則是「重視網絡成員作為服務提供者的主體性」與「提升專業自主性，避免過度依賴」。 除了上述研究結果外，另根據研究資料，研究者提出以下六點討論意見：一、委外作為服務提供的選擇？二、不對等的合作關係；三、評估落差的議題；四、安置服務的規劃特性；五、永久性服務規劃的執行困境；六、返家的可能性愈來愈低？這六大項次的討論呈現雖非本研究的主要目的，然與現行兒童保護服務的網絡運作有密不可分的關係，值得注意。根據上述研究結果，研究者另分別對於實務面與政策面提出建議，期能做為未來實務工作及政策制定之參考。 / This research adopts qualitative research method to discuss the status quo of child protection network cooperation in Kaohsiung and Taichung city. In which, the network members' identification differentiates from cross-professional roles in the past; instead, it puts focus on cooperation relationship between public sectors serving family and children, family intervention service unit, foster family care unit and also institute care unit. Social workers as well as mid-level managers are main respondents in this research. The purpose of this research is showed as follow: First, to understand the cooperation between family reunification service and out-of-home care service. Second, to discuss the advantages and challenges caused by current network cooperation. Third, to be able to offer a concrete suggestion to improve the current cooperation relationship between family reunification service unit and out-of-home service unit. In-depth interviews are taken with eleven organizations including eleven social workers and ten mid-level managers in Kaohsiung and Taichung city in the research. The results show that: one, the cooperation in these row cities mostly bases on administrative management and case requirement. The degree of formalization among organizations is different; two, the factors that influence the cooperation can be divided into context, progress, the individual organize and service object. Mentioning the factor of context, it covers the factor of environment, factor of historic culture, factor of authority gap and factor of boundary existing among organizations. The factor progress includes maintenance in relationships, stability in communication, gap in awareness, challenge in possession, division in roles and responsibility, appropriateness of group leaders, combination of network members and last, clearness of cooperation structure as well as its mechanism. The factor of individual organize includes factor of organization, factor of employees and factor of leaders. The lastly mentioned factor of service object covers aspect of uniqueness, urgency and massive changes; three, respondents have various cooperation experience with different organizations, in which, the cooperators are social workers from public sector, family intervention service unit, foster family care unit and care institute; four, respondents express their expectation toward current network leaders, cooperation relationship and cooperation mechanism. Respondents also expect that their cooperation relationship could have consistency in expectation, integrity in information exchanging and simplification in service object. Their expectation toward cooperation mechanism put emphasis on how to value network members as main service provider and how to heighten professional autonomy for not being over dependent. Besides the research result mentioned above, the researcher has also pointed out six arguments based on the research data found. First of all: first, possibility that outsourcing becomes another option for service providing; second, imbalance cooperation relationship; third, issue of evaluation disparity; fourth, the characteristic of out-of-home care service; fifth, the impediment in conducting permanent service; sixth, lower and lower possibility for children to return home. These six arguments are not main purpose of this research; however, they are the other side of the coin meaning that they are inseparable with current functioning of child protection service network, which is noticeable. In accordance to the research results mentioned earlier, the researcher offers suggestions to actual practice, and to policy making, wishing to become future prototype.