This thesis represents a series and hierarchy of architectural ideas explored through the vessel of one design project; a multi-generational family farm house in Blacksburg, Virginia. The relationship between ideas of courtyard and farmyard, as joined and segregated spaces, is one level of exploration. Another is the relationship between such spaces, joined and segregated, within the interior of the main house. From these primary ideas emerged several other ideas related to nature and qualities of these spaces as built entities, such as meaning, proportion, pattern, and material. / Master of Architecture

Farmyard runoff, i.e. the effluent generated by the rain falling over farmyards, tracks and roofs, is a significant and overlooked source of nutrients and pathogens which degrades aquatic ecosystems through eutrophication, siltation and wildlife poisoning, raises public health concerns, and incurs considerable costs for society. Among other Best Management Practices implemented to address agricultural water pollution and help achieve compliance with the Water Framework Directive, Constructed Farm Wetlands (CFWs), i.e. shallow surface flow wetlands comprising several vegetated cells in series, are being recommended for remediation of farmyard runoff, due to their capacity to remove or store pollutants. Investigation is therefore needed of their long-term water treatment efficiency and ecological value to optimize their design and cost-effectiveness and minimize their negative externalities. The main aims of this study were to: 1) evaluate the treatment performance of CFWs and the link between design, hydrology and efficiency; 2) assess their ecological value and the influence of water quality and design on wetland ecology; 3) identify their costs, benefits and the way they are perceived by farmers; and 4) inform guidelines for the design, construction and aftercare of sustainable CFWs. Research focused on two CFWs in south-east Scotland, one at a dairy farm and one at a mixed beef-arable farm, which receive runoff from yards and roofs, field drainage and septic tank overflow. From February 2006 to June 2008, rainfall, evaporation, water levels and flow at the CFWs were monitored, and their treatment efficiency was assessed from water samples collected manually regularly or with automatic samplers during storm events, and analysed using standard methods. In addition, their ecological value was assessed twice a year from vegetation and aquatic macroinvertebrate surveys. Finally, semi-structured interviews with eight farmers and a farm advisor and discussions with three CFW designers in Scotland and Ireland allowed collection of technical and economic data on farm practices, CFW construction and maintenance, and helped assess CFW cost-effectiveness and acceptance by farmers. Both CFWs reduced pollutant concentrations between inlet and outlet, with efficiencies at CFW1 and CFW2 respectively of 87% and < 0% for five-day biochemical oxygen demand, 86% and 83% for suspended solids, 68% and 26% for nitrate/nitrite, 42% and 34% for ammonium, and 12% and 31% for reactive phosphorus. Nevertheless, the concentration of all pollutants at the outlet of CFW1, and concentration of nitrate/nitrite at the outlet of CFW2 frequently exceeded river water quality standards. Water treatment efficiency varied seasonally, being significantly lower in winter, mainly due to lower temperatures, increased volume of inputs and reduced residence time. The ecological value of the two CFWs differed greatly. At CFW1 and CFW2 respectively, 14 and 22 wetland plant species and 24 and 46 aquatic macroinvertebrate species (belonging to 13 and 27 BMWP scoring families respectively) were recorded, illustrating the greater biodiversity conservation value of CFW2, which was one year older, larger, cleaner, comprised several ponds with a combination of open water and densely vegetated areas, and was subsequently more structurally diverse. The socio-economic study revealed that, despite significant costs associated with their construction (£20 000-£50 000 ha-1) and maintenance (£900-£1500 ha-1 yr-1), CFWs may still represent a more cost-effective alternative than conventional methods. However, their adoption, implementation and sustainable use by farmers were conditioned by land availability and suitability, existing farm infrastructure, detailed information on limitations and maintenance requirements, and adequate financial support for both construction and aftercare. To ensure a long-term, consistent and efficient water treatment, and to enhance biodiversity and landscape, well-maintained, large, vegetated, multi-cell CFWs with shallow overflows are recommended. Their size should be adapted to local precipitation patterns and catchment characteristics. Keywords: agriculture, best management practice (BMP), biodiversity, constructed farm wetland (CFW), costs, farmyard runoff, water pollution, water treatment.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabela Marega Rigolin.pdf: 2206134 bytes, checksum: a04daea692c9eb3116904c47f5416325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / One way to reduce the concentration of waste through composting is being considered as an alternative privileged treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the compostability of industrial waste through monitoring of chemical parameters. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Sciences College, School of Agronomy, located in Campus II, Universidade do Oeste Paulista UNOESTE in Presidente Prudente/SP. For treatments we used the residue of an industrial company in the oilochemical, properly characterized chemically before the mixtures. The treatments were arranged in compost piles and characterized as follow way: (T1) = Test, (T2) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (3:1), (T3) = Proportion of 50% of the residue Principal + 50% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:1), (T4) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% of Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:3) , (T5) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Mineral Fertilizer (3:1), (T6) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue + 50% Mineral Fertilizer (1:1), (T7) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Mineral Fertilizer (1:3), (T8 = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Farmyard Manure natural; (T9) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue l + 50% Proportion of Principal residue; (T10) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Farmyard Manure natural . The samples were dried at 65 ° C for 72 hours, after that it was grinded to determine the following parameters: electrical conductivity (EC) in relation to water, pH CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, Moisture (%) of the samples removed 65ºC; Relation C/N; Content of Organic Matter (MOT) and total C. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the significance degree of the coefficient of determination (R²). The data obtained showed that composting is a technique which may be effective in the treatment of waste from the oil industry, which requires the addition of inoculum and nutrients to provide the necessary conditions for microbial activity, the proportion of 25 RI% + 75% of LE. It was considered as a treatment which obtained an important result given the difficult to composting RI, that the period of 120 days was not enough to transform into compost humified and the addition of mineral fertilizer provided no significant effect. / Uma das formas de reduzir a concentração de resíduos é através da compostagem, sendo considerada como uma alternativa privilegiada de tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compostabilidade de um resíduo industrial através do monitoramento de parâmetros químicos. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, do Curso de Agronomia, localizada no Campus II, na Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, em Presidente Prudente/SP. Para os tratamentos, utilizou-se o resíduo industrial de uma empresa do setor de oleoquímica, devidamente caracterizado quimicamente antes da efetivação das misturas. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em pilhas de compostagem e caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Testemunha; (T2) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (3:1); (T3) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:1); (T4) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:3); (T5) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Fertilizante Mineral (3:1); (T6) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:1); (T7) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:3); (T8) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T9) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T10) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% Esterco de Curral in natura. As amostras coletadas foram secas à 65 oC durante 72 horas e depois moídas para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: Condutividade elétrica (Ce) em água na relação; pH em CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, Umidade (%) das amostras eliminada à 65oC; Relação C/N, Teor de Matéria Orgânica Total (MOT) e C total. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). De acordo com os dados obtidos verificou-se que a compostagem é uma técnica que poderá ser eficiente no tratamento do resíduo proveniente da indústria oleoquímica, sendo necessária, a adição de inoculantes e nutrientes que forneçam condições necessárias para a atividade microbiana; a proporção de 25% do RI + 75% de LE, foi considerada como um tratamento que obteve um resultado relevante diante da dificuldade de compostagem do RI; que o período de 120 dias não foi suficiente para transformação em composto humificado e a adição de fertilizante mineral não proporcionou efeito significativo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabela Marega Rigolin.pdf: 2206134 bytes, checksum: a04daea692c9eb3116904c47f5416325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / One way to reduce the concentration of waste through composting is being considered as an alternative privileged treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the compostability of industrial waste through monitoring of chemical parameters. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Sciences College, School of Agronomy, located in Campus II, Universidade do Oeste Paulista UNOESTE in Presidente Prudente/SP. For treatments we used the residue of an industrial company in the oilochemical, properly characterized chemically before the mixtures. The treatments were arranged in compost piles and characterized as follow way: (T1) = Test, (T2) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (3:1), (T3) = Proportion of 50% of the residue Principal + 50% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:1), (T4) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% of Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:3) , (T5) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Mineral Fertilizer (3:1), (T6) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue + 50% Mineral Fertilizer (1:1), (T7) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Mineral Fertilizer (1:3), (T8 = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Farmyard Manure natural; (T9) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue l + 50% Proportion of Principal residue; (T10) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Farmyard Manure natural . The samples were dried at 65 ° C for 72 hours, after that it was grinded to determine the following parameters: electrical conductivity (EC) in relation to water, pH CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, Moisture (%) of the samples removed 65ºC; Relation C/N; Content of Organic Matter (MOT) and total C. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the significance degree of the coefficient of determination (R²). The data obtained showed that composting is a technique which may be effective in the treatment of waste from the oil industry, which requires the addition of inoculum and nutrients to provide the necessary conditions for microbial activity, the proportion of 25 RI% + 75% of LE. It was considered as a treatment which obtained an important result given the difficult to composting RI, that the period of 120 days was not enough to transform into compost humified and the addition of mineral fertilizer provided no significant effect. / Uma das formas de reduzir a concentração de resíduos é através da compostagem, sendo considerada como uma alternativa privilegiada de tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compostabilidade de um resíduo industrial através do monitoramento de parâmetros químicos. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, do Curso de Agronomia, localizada no Campus II, na Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, em Presidente Prudente/SP. Para os tratamentos, utilizou-se o resíduo industrial de uma empresa do setor de oleoquímica, devidamente caracterizado quimicamente antes da efetivação das misturas. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em pilhas de compostagem e caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Testemunha; (T2) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (3:1); (T3) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:1); (T4) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:3); (T5) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Fertilizante Mineral (3:1); (T6) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:1); (T7) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:3); (T8) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T9) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T10) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% Esterco de Curral in natura. As amostras coletadas foram secas à 65 oC durante 72 horas e depois moídas para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: Condutividade elétrica (Ce) em água na relação; pH em CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, Umidade (%) das amostras eliminada à 65oC; Relação C/N, Teor de Matéria Orgânica Total (MOT) e C total. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). De acordo com os dados obtidos verificou-se que a compostagem é uma técnica que poderá ser eficiente no tratamento do resíduo proveniente da indústria oleoquímica, sendo necessária, a adição de inoculantes e nutrientes que forneçam condições necessárias para a atividade microbiana; a proporção de 25% do RI + 75% de LE, foi considerada como um tratamento que obteve um resultado relevante diante da dificuldade de compostagem do RI; que o período de 120 dias não foi suficiente para transformação em composto humificado e a adição de fertilizante mineral não proporcionou efeito significativo.

1 Abstract In this work I deal with farmyards 13th-15th century, which formed an integral part of the medieval landscape. The main attention is paid to settlement-historical context and economic potential. Attention was also focused on the methods used, archaeological surveys and surface exploration. Nobility farmyards are divided into several types, according to the economic strategy and in material form. Their form depended on the owner, the monasteries were built large courtyards and nobility smaller. The main purpose of these farmyards was to provide the economic base of the nobility. There are also farmyards that served to financial income. The most common owners were a nobility and church institutions. Mostly they were situated to rural settlemet, where they were always dominant feature. Because this is not very frequent theme in Czech archeology, the aim of this work was also to summarize current knowledge. Given the breadth of the topic, I tried to include as much information, on the other hand, I had to approach selected topics in general. Work should, however, include the most important knowledge on this topic.