The transportation system is a growing concern as economic development progresses. It has become one of the major causes of air pollution as well as deaths world-wide. Hence, the transportation system is not a sustainable path in the world today. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a fast developing economy with poor traffic safety. Hence, the purpose of the thesis is to examine the relationship between economic development and traffic safety in the UAE. This is achieved with the support of the Kuznetz Curve Hypothesis, which indicates a positive relationship between economic development and road traffic fatalities initially. However, it will come to change into a negative relationship as the economy develops further. In addition, Institutional Theory states that institutions and organizations contribute to a successful economic development. In order to identify the development of traffic safety in the UAE, the characteristics concerning the issue in the country must be defined. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of the traffic safety in the UAE is carried out with the support of the Kuznetz Curve Hypothesis and Institutional Theory. A regression analysis confirms that there is a relationship between traffic fatalities and economic development. Until today, traffic fatalities have increased with national GDP in the UAE. Yet there is no reason to believe that this relationship has changed for the better. However, according to Institutional Theory, an improvement may be achieved through active work. It is important for the public authorities in the UAE to set explicit goals, so that institutions and organizations are able to integrate and coordinate their struggle for a safer traffic.

This thesis analyzes aggregated county-level data of fatal alcohol related traffic crashes where a driver was killed in the state of Texas during 1996 to 2005. Alcohol has constantly threatened drivers and passengers alike and continues to be a major cause of fatal crashes in Texas. Specifically, this paper targets those drivers that were killed while driving under the influence (0.01 BAC). With an increase in manageable data and the ease of availability of aggregated crash records, accident analysis can provide a closer look into trends such as spatial-temporal patterns, clustering and correlations to various factors. Furthermore, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have enabled researchers to more efficiently interpret and study a large amount of datasets using techniques that were previously difficult or inaccessible in applications related to traffic safety and transportation. Loose-coupling of GIS with other spatial analysis programs and/or statistical software packages can now provide important results that in turn relate vital information which can be used towards understanding and potentially alleviating problems in the transportation domain. The following sections concluded that aggregated datasets at the county level are currently incomplete and do not provide the level of detail necessary to formulate a solid conclusion regarding relationships between the chosen factors and the crash dataset. Though this research was successful in mapping spatial variations and clusters, linking variables such as age, gender, location and population to the aggregated crash dataset requires more detailed information about the crash than was available. However, the objectives were successful in representing spatial-temporal patterns across the study period for all designated variables. This was an important step and solid contribution towards the representation of large datasets and their impact on policy, traffic safety, and transportation geography.

<p>The transportation system is a growing concern as economic development progresses. It has become one of the major causes of air pollution as well as deaths world-wide. Hence, the transportation system is not a sustainable path in the world today. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a fast developing economy with poor traffic safety. Hence, the purpose of the thesis is to examine the relationship between economic development and traffic safety in the UAE. This is achieved with the support of the Kuznetz Curve Hypothesis, which indicates a positive relationship between economic development and road traffic fatalities initially. However, it will come to change into a negative relationship as the economy develops further. In addition, Institutional Theory states that institutions and organizations contribute to a successful economic development. In order to identify the development of traffic safety in the UAE, the characteristics concerning the issue in the country must be defined. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of the traffic safety in the UAE is carried out with the support of the Kuznetz Curve Hypothesis and Institutional Theory. A regression analysis confirms that there is a relationship between traffic fatalities and economic development. Until today, traffic fatalities have increased with national GDP in the UAE. Yet there is no reason to believe that this relationship has changed for the better. However, according to Institutional Theory, an improvement may be achieved through active work. It is important for the public authorities in the UAE to set explicit goals, so that institutions and organizations are able to integrate and coordinate their struggle for a safer traffic.</p>

<p>Data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS) show that homicide is the major cause of death with firearms and sharp objects as the main external causes of death in South Africa. The current study is a descriptive study, describing the epidemiology of sharp object fatalities in the city of East London (also known as Buffalo City) in South Africa. It is a secondary data analysis of mortuary data collected by morticians trained in data collection methods according to World Health Organisation standards. This descriptive study aimed to develop the profile of sharp object fatalities in East London. Most of the findings were consistent with other literature on sharp object violence/homicide and on homicide in general using rates per population denominator data. It also combined variables to arrive at more complex descriptions. The following risk factors were identified: male, between the ages 30-34, being from a disadvantaged population group, alcohol consumption, weekend, between the times 20h00 and 23h59 and if we discount the place of death, &lsquo / unknown&rsquo / then the greatest percentage of deaths occurred in a private house. The results were interpreted within an ecological and contextual theoretical framework to hypothesize possible etiological factors. The conclusion was that there were multiple variables which all interact and influence one another across all ecological levels and as other studies have recommended, this study too also recommends that more work is needed in order to identify the multiple pathways leading to fatalities, perhaps by way of multivariate studies as well as qualitative studies with perpetrators of sharp object fatalities.</p>

According to WHO, Sweden should aim to reduce unintentional fatalities, particularly vehicle-related injuries, by 25% by the year 2000. The aim of this thesis was to analyze vehicle-related injuries and injury events, especially the contributory effects of alcohol and disease and the injury reducing capacity of helmets and airbags in order to point out some preventive measures. Alcohol: Alcohol is the main contributing factor in fatal traffic crashes. In a study on 121 traffic fatalities in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, different sources of data for alcohol involvement were compared. In police reports alcohol involvement was found in 51% of the fatalities, in autopsy reports in 63%, and in hospital emergency records in 91%. To avoid bias in the estimation of the fraction of alcohol-related fatalities, it is important to routinely investigate all severe and fatally injured cases in traffic crashes, ideally as soon as possible after the crash. In a study on traumatic car fatalities (n=597) in northern Sweden, 58% of the single vehicle (SV) drivers were inebriated (multi-vehicle, MV 10%), the mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 1.9 g /l (MV 1.6 g/1), and liver steatosis was found in 37% of the cases (MV 2%). Increased BAC was associated with fatty liver, indicating chronic alcohol abuse. To reduce injuries among these types of victims, passive protection is of great importance. Disease: Autopsied drivers (n=126) in northern Sweden who had died from natural causes in traffic were studied. This fraction was 25% of all driver fatalities. Cardiovascular causes of death were found in 96% of the deceased. Neither the victims nor other occupants suffered severe traumatic injuries. A minority of the victims had experienced previous symtoms of disease. Further restriction of individuals with, for example, cardiovascular diseases would probably have no significant impact on traffic safety since at present the identification of high-risk individuals is difficult. Helmets: Head injuries in 948 injured bicyclists, including 105 fatalities, were analysed. Head/face injuries were found in 64% of the fatal and 38% of the nonfatal cases with a median age of 55 years and 18 years, respectively. Head trauma was mostly blunt with only a few severe face injuries. Of the nonfatal cases with head injuries, 48% might have had an injury reduction effect if a bicycle helmet had been used, compared with 67% of the fatalities with head injuries. A helmet with a hard shell, chin cover, accurate retention system, that reduces rotation and translation impact is recommended. To increase helmet use among bicyclists, a law is probably the most effective measure as has been shown for motorcyclists. However, head injuries were less frequent among snowmobile riders than among bicyclist and motorcyclist riders, and in most cases the snowmobile riders with head injuries but without helmet had broken other traffic laws, indicating that in this crash category there was a low compliance to compulsary laws. Airbags: In a field study of car crashes where an airbag deployed, the effectiveness of the bag, as well as injuries to the skin and eye from the deployment of the bag, is reported. In laboratory tests with airbag deployment on human volunteers, tethering was found to eliminate skin abrasion within a distance of 250-300 mm. At a distance of 225 mm, the folding technique had the optimal influence on abrasions followed by a marginal effect of tethering. However, injuries due to airbag deployment must be considered as negligible compared with the airbag's role in reduction of severe and fatal injuries. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 75 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-50).

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Lisa K. Spainhour, Florida State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 13, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 122 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.) Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Lisa K. Spainhour, Florida State University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 12, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 105 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009. / Prepared for: Dept. of Public Policy and Administration. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 128-141.

Deaths among the pediatric population encompass a small percentage of the total number of fatalities across the United States. Since the deaths of infants, children, and adolescents are rare, there is little forensic literature concerning this age group. Autopsies, if performed completely, can reveal additional information surrounding circumstances of a case and leads to a determination of a cause of death or a diagnosis of exclusion. Yet studies report that nationwide autopsy rates are low, despite an increase of drugs in the environment and the prevalence of ill-defined causes of death. With the use of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) internet database Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER), all deaths of individuals 19 years old and under were analyzed for years 2000, 2005, and 2010. The three main areas that were examined through the WONDER database were poisoning deaths for all ages, ill-defined causes of death for the infant age group, and overall autopsy rates for the three age groups with the highest crude rate of death. The crude death rate for all pediatric age groups have decreased within the examined decade. The infant age group comprised the majority of all pediatric fatalities and had the highest crude death rate. Individuals in the 15 to 19 year age group had the second highest crude death rate of the pediatric population. With a low number of total pediatric poisoning deaths, there has been a steady increase in crude death rate over the decade. The 15-19 age group encompassed the majority of these types of fatalities, with a total of 942 in 2010. It was also discovered that not every pediatric victim was autopsied when a death was diagnosed as a poisoning death when examined by a forensic pathologist. Infant ill-defined causes of death consisted of just over 12% nationwide for all years studied. However approximately 70% of all infant ill-defined causes of death were diagnosed as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in 2000 and 2010. When examining autopsy rates for the year 2010, autopsies were performed for 32.9% of infant deaths, 55.1% of child deaths between 1-4 years of age, and 59.8% of teenage deaths between 15-19 years of age. In 2010, implementation of autopsies is uncertain for 2,454 deaths under 1 year, 255 deaths between 1 and 4 years, and 666 between 15 and 19 years. Measures need to be put in place nationwide to increase the rate of autopsies for the pediatric population and there needs to be strict accountability when it is not reported on a death certificate whether or not an autopsy was performed. Standard operating procedures should be applied for all autopsies of pediatric victims, with a toxicology examination always being included in an investigation.