No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Des études récentes ont montré que l'anandamide, le principal ligand endogène des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes CB1 et CB2, possède des effets analgésiques, antidépresseurs et anti-inflammatoires. Dans la perspective de traitement des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin (MICI), notre approche a été de développer de nouveaux ligands sélectifs du récepteur CB2 permettant de moduler l’inflammation sans provoquer d’effets secondaires centraux, et de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la principale enzyme du métabolisme de l’anandamide, la fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Ainsi, sur la base des travaux antérieurs de notre groupe, une nouvelle série d’agonistes sélectifs du récepteur CB2 et deux nouvelles séries d'inhibiteurs de FAAH s’articulant autour de plusieurs hétérocycles différents ont été conçues, synthétisées et évaluées pour leur activité biologique. Les résultats pharmacologiques ont révélé des affinités sélectives pour le récepteur CB2 et des activités inhibitrices de la FAAH pour certains composés. Ces travaux ont permis d'établir des relations structure-activité essentielles pour la conception d’agoniste CB2 mais aussi pour la conception de composés prometteurs à double activités: agonistes CB2 / inhibiteurs FAAH. Enfin, deux composés agonistes sélectifs CB2 ont été évalués pour leurs propriétés anti-inflammatoires au niveau intestinal sur modèle murin de colite induite au DSS. / Recent investigations showed that anandamide, the main endogenous ligand of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, possesses analgesic, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects. In the perspective to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), our approach was to develop new CB2-selective ligands which are able to modulate inflammation without triggering psychotropic effects, and new inhibitors of the main anandamide-degradation enzyme, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Therefore, based on previous works in our group, a new series of CB2-selective agonists and two new series of FAAH inhibitors based on different scaffolds was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their biological activity. The pharmacological results showed CB2-selective agonist activities and FAAH-inhibitory activities for some compounds. This work helped to establish essential structure-activity relationships for the design of CB2-selective agonist but also for the design of promising multitarget compounds: CB2 agonists / FAAH inhibitors. Finally, two CB2-selective agonist compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory properties on DSS-induced colitis mouse model.

The effects of feeding strategy on subcutaneous, perirenal adipose tissue and ribeye (longissimus dorsi) muscle fatty acid profiles were evaluated from 60 bison (Bison bison) bulls from Western Canada. Treatments included Forage Fed (n=19); short term concentrate feeding, <90 Day (n=9); mixed forage and concentrate feeding, 50:50 Forage:Grain (n=20); and Feedlot Finishing (n=12), and were analyzed for interactions and main effects between treatment and tissue type. Saturated fatty acids were found in larger (P<0.05) proportions within perirenal tissue for all treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were concentrated (P<0.05) in the intramuscular tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was greater (P<0.05) in Forage Fed and 50:50 Forage:Grain than in <90 Day or Feedlot Finishing treatments. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio was greatest (P<0.05) for Forage Fed followed by 50:50 Forage:Grain, with <90 Day and Feedlot Finishing treatments having the lowest ratio. Linoleic acid content within intramuscular tissue was greatest (P<0.05) in the 50:50 Forage:Grain followed by the <90 Day treatment, with the Forage Fed group being intermediate, and the Feedlot Finishing being the lowest (P<0.05). Subcutaneous tissue contained more (P<0.05) conjugated linoleic c-9, t-11 acid than did intramuscular tissue. The conjugated linoleic c-9, t-11 acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in the Forage Fed and <90 Day treatments than in the 50:50 Forage:Grain and Feedlot Finishing treatments. Alpha-linolenic acid content was greatest (P<0.05) in intramuscular tissue of Forage Fed bison than the other treatments. Total omega-3 fatty acid concentration was greater (P<0.05), in the intramuscular tissue of Forage Fed bison, followed by <90 Day and 50:50 Forage:Grain being similar (P>0.05) with Feedlot Finishing having the lowest (P<0.05) content. Eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid were all found in the greatest (P<0.05) proportion in the Forage Fed, and least (P<0.05) in the Feedlot Finishing treatment. </p> <p>The total omega-6 and arachidonic fatty acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in the Forage Fed and 50:50 Forage:Grain than in the <90 Day or Feedlot Finishing treatments. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was greatest (P<0.05) for the 50:50 Forage:Grain followed by <90 Day with Feedlot Finishing being intermediate, and Forage Fed bison having the lowest (P<0.05) ratio. </p><p>Feedlot bison were compared to beef (<i>Bos taurus</i>) steers (n=4) and sheep wethers (<i>Ovis aries</i>) (n=3). Sheep had lower (P<0.05) saturated fatty acid content than did bison or beef in intramuscular tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in bison than in beef or sheep. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was greater (P<0.05) for bison than for beef or sheep. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was lower (P<0.05) for the bison than the beef, while sheep were intermediate (P<0.05).</p><p>Forage Fed bison compared to forage fed sheep wethers (n=3) showed that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was greater (P<0.05) in bison than sheep. The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was similar (P>0.05) for both species.</p><p>Forage Fed bison yielded the greatest proportion of beneficial fatty acids amongst the bison treatments. Comparison of species under feedlot and forage finishing systems indicated bison to have a more desirable fatty acid profile than did beef or sheep finished under their respective systems.

Oat is an important crop for livestock feed and human food. Increased interest in the health promoting properties of oat has led to a need to explore diverse oat germplasm for improved nutritional quality. One target for improved nutritional quality could be an altered fatty acid composition. A study was conducted to explore the fatty acid profile of diverse accessions from the world oat collection preserved in the Canadian national seed genebank, Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC), at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada and genotypes from the Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon and the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), AAFC, Ottawa, Canada. Accessions included a wide range of Avena sativa L. and other selected species from the genus Avena (A. byzantina C. Koch, A. sterilis L., A. fatua L., A. sativa subsp. nudisativa (Husn.) Rod. et. Sold. and A. strigosa Schreb.). The fatty acid profiles of 917 oat accessions from these taxa were analyzed using gas chromatography, revealing significant variability for the three major fatty acids in oat oil. Oleic and linoleic acid demonstrated the greatest variation. A few A. sativa accessions had higher oleic and lower palmitic acid levels compared to the general average. Some hexaploid wild oat accessions (A. sterilis) showed relatively high oleic and below average levels of palmitic and linoleic acid compared to A. sativa. A. strigosa accessions had consistently higher levels of oleic acid than other Avena species. Based on initial results, 52 selected A. sativa accessions were grown in 2009 in replicated field trials and re-evaluated to gain insight into the influence of the growing environment on fatty acid composition. Fatty acid composition was affected by genotype, whereas location significantly affected palmitic and oleic acid content. Correlations were determined among the contents of the six fatty acids, oil content and protein content. Oleic acid content was positively correlated with oil content, which may be particularly important to plant breeders for nutritional quality improvement of future oat cultivars. The understanding gained from this research suggests the possibility of improving the fatty acid profile of future oat cultivars for food and feed.

The effects of feeding strategy on subcutaneous, perirenal adipose tissue and ribeye (longissimus dorsi) muscle fatty acid profiles were evaluated from 60 bison (Bison bison) bulls from Western Canada. Treatments included Forage Fed (n=19); short term concentrate feeding, <90 Day (n=9); mixed forage and concentrate feeding, 50:50 Forage:Grain (n=20); and Feedlot Finishing (n=12), and were analyzed for interactions and main effects between treatment and tissue type. Saturated fatty acids were found in larger (P<0.05) proportions within perirenal tissue for all treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were concentrated (P<0.05) in the intramuscular tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was greater (P<0.05) in Forage Fed and 50:50 Forage:Grain than in <90 Day or Feedlot Finishing treatments. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio was greatest (P<0.05) for Forage Fed followed by 50:50 Forage:Grain, with <90 Day and Feedlot Finishing treatments having the lowest ratio. Linoleic acid content within intramuscular tissue was greatest (P<0.05) in the 50:50 Forage:Grain followed by the <90 Day treatment, with the Forage Fed group being intermediate, and the Feedlot Finishing being the lowest (P<0.05). Subcutaneous tissue contained more (P<0.05) conjugated linoleic c-9, t-11 acid than did intramuscular tissue. The conjugated linoleic c-9, t-11 acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in the Forage Fed and <90 Day treatments than in the 50:50 Forage:Grain and Feedlot Finishing treatments. Alpha-linolenic acid content was greatest (P<0.05) in intramuscular tissue of Forage Fed bison than the other treatments. Total omega-3 fatty acid concentration was greater (P<0.05), in the intramuscular tissue of Forage Fed bison, followed by <90 Day and 50:50 Forage:Grain being similar (P>0.05) with Feedlot Finishing having the lowest (P<0.05) content. Eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid were all found in the greatest (P<0.05) proportion in the Forage Fed, and least (P<0.05) in the Feedlot Finishing treatment. </p> <p>The total omega-6 and arachidonic fatty acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in the Forage Fed and 50:50 Forage:Grain than in the <90 Day or Feedlot Finishing treatments. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was greatest (P<0.05) for the 50:50 Forage:Grain followed by <90 Day with Feedlot Finishing being intermediate, and Forage Fed bison having the lowest (P<0.05) ratio. </p><p>Feedlot bison were compared to beef (<i>Bos taurus</i>) steers (n=4) and sheep wethers (<i>Ovis aries</i>) (n=3). Sheep had lower (P<0.05) saturated fatty acid content than did bison or beef in intramuscular tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in bison than in beef or sheep. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was greater (P<0.05) for bison than for beef or sheep. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was lower (P<0.05) for the bison than the beef, while sheep were intermediate (P<0.05).</p><p>Forage Fed bison compared to forage fed sheep wethers (n=3) showed that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was greater (P<0.05) in bison than sheep. The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was similar (P>0.05) for both species.</p><p>Forage Fed bison yielded the greatest proportion of beneficial fatty acids amongst the bison treatments. Comparison of species under feedlot and forage finishing systems indicated bison to have a more desirable fatty acid profile than did beef or sheep finished under their respective systems.

Oat is an important crop for livestock feed and human food. Increased interest in the health promoting properties of oat has led to a need to explore diverse oat germplasm for improved nutritional quality. One target for improved nutritional quality could be an altered fatty acid composition. A study was conducted to explore the fatty acid profile of diverse accessions from the world oat collection preserved in the Canadian national seed genebank, Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC), at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada and genotypes from the Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon and the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), AAFC, Ottawa, Canada. Accessions included a wide range of Avena sativa L. and other selected species from the genus Avena (A. byzantina C. Koch, A. sterilis L., A. fatua L., A. sativa subsp. nudisativa (Husn.) Rod. et. Sold. and A. strigosa Schreb.). The fatty acid profiles of 917 oat accessions from these taxa were analyzed using gas chromatography, revealing significant variability for the three major fatty acids in oat oil. Oleic and linoleic acid demonstrated the greatest variation. A few A. sativa accessions had higher oleic and lower palmitic acid levels compared to the general average. Some hexaploid wild oat accessions (A. sterilis) showed relatively high oleic and below average levels of palmitic and linoleic acid compared to A. sativa. A. strigosa accessions had consistently higher levels of oleic acid than other Avena species. Based on initial results, 52 selected A. sativa accessions were grown in 2009 in replicated field trials and re-evaluated to gain insight into the influence of the growing environment on fatty acid composition. Fatty acid composition was affected by genotype, whereas location significantly affected palmitic and oleic acid content. Correlations were determined among the contents of the six fatty acids, oil content and protein content. Oleic acid content was positively correlated with oil content, which may be particularly important to plant breeders for nutritional quality improvement of future oat cultivars. The understanding gained from this research suggests the possibility of improving the fatty acid profile of future oat cultivars for food and feed.