<p>Cilj istraţivanja je da pokaţem: 1. na koji naĉin formalno i neformalno obrazovanje utiĉe na formiranje rodnog identiteta koji je u suodnosu sa profesionalnim identitetom; 2. na koji naĉin je proces feminizacije novinarske profesije u kontekstu dru&scaron;tva, porodice, obrazovanja i medija.<br />H-1: Formalno akademsko obrazovanje ima znaĉajan uticaj na kvalitetan profesionalni rad novinarki ali nedovoljan za rodno osetljiv pristup.<br />H-2: Neformalno obrazovanje u smislu celoživotnog usavr&scaron;avanja doprinosi profesionalnijem radu novinarki naroĉito u istraživaĉkom novinarstvu, kao i rodno osetljivom medijskom izve&scaron;tavanju.<br />H-3. Veći broj žena na pozicijama moći ne dovodi nužno do rodno osetljivog pristupa u medijima, te na taj naĉin ne doprinosi promeni sistema vrednosti koji bi vodio ka ravnopravnijem položaju žena u dru&scaron;tvu.<br />H-4: žene u novinarskoj profesiji potiskuju rodni identitet u odnosu na profesionalni.<br />Osnovni teorijski okvir se oslanja na teoriju &bdquo;drugosti‟.<br />Osnovni istraživaĉki metod su životne priĉe, kao jedan od dominantnih metoda u rodnim studijama, na osnovu kojeg interpretiramo iskustva žena kao svedoĉenja o dru&scaron;tvenim, politiĉkim i profesionalnim okolnostima u određenom vremenskom periodu u kontekstu multietniĉke i multikulturalne Vojvodine.<br />Korpus ĉini 16 novinarki koje rade ili su radile u medijima na jezicima razliĉitih nacionalnih zajednica i na jeziku većinskog naroda.<br />Rasvetljavanjem rodne dimenzije razvoja jedne profesije, rezultati istraživanja daju doprinos dekonstrukciji patrijarhalnog dru&scaron;tvenog okvira, te putem feministiĉke perspektive utiĉu na bolje razumevanje individualnog i dru&scaron;tvenog života u drugoj polovini 20. i poĉetkom 21. veka u Vojvodini.<br />Rezultati istraţivanja pokazuju da ţene u novinarsku profesiju danas ulaze kao &bdquo;druge‟ bez obzira na broj žena u medijima, upravljaĉke strukture i dalje pripadaju mu&scaron;karcima - oni imaju profesionalnu i politiĉku moć. Novinarke iz manjinskih nacionalnih zajednica su dvostruko &bdquo;druge‟ u odnosu na novinarke iz većinske zajednice i mu&scaron;ke kolege u sopstvenoj zajednici.<br />Rezultati pokazuju da je formalno visoko obrazovanje vaţno polazi&scaron;te za bavljenje novinarskom profesijom, ali za stepen razvoja profesionalnog identiteta je neophodno i konstatno (celoživotno) neformalno obrazovanje; edukacija o rodnoj ravnopravnosti znaĉajno utiĉe na nivo ostvarenosti rodne novinarske kulture; kod novinarki je izražen rodni identitet, ali je podređen profesionalnom, jer se u sluĉaju većine novinarki rodni identitet shvata kao statiĉki žensko-mu&scaron;ki polaritet a ne kao kategorija vi&scaron;estrukih identiteta.<br />Primena rezultata istraţivanja je dvojaka: 1. empirijski podaci o identitetu novinarski iz Vojvodine poslužiće u teorijskoj raspravi o korelaciji rodnog i profesionalnog identiteta ali i komponentama vi&scaron;estrukog identiteta žena u Vojvodini; 2. poslužiće da se pro&scaron;iri postojeća baza podataka životnih priĉa žena pripadnica većinske, ali i manjinskih nacionalnih zajednica i iskoristi za naredna komparativna istraţivanja.</p> / <p>The aim of the research is to show: 1. how formal and informal education affects the formation of gender identity in correlation with the professional identity; 2. The way of the process of feminization of the journalistic profession in the context of society, the family, education and the media.<br />H-1: Formal academic education has a significant impact on the quality professional work of female journalists, but it is insufficient for a gender-sensitive approach.<br />H-2: Non-formal education in terms of lifelong learning contributes to a more professional work of female journalists, especially the ones who are involved in investigative journalism, as well as gender-sensitive media coverage.<br />H-3. A larger number of women in positions of power does not necessarily lead to a gender-sensitive approach in the media, and thus does not contribute to a change in values that would lead to more equal position of women in the society.<br />H-4: Women in journalism suppress gender identity in relation to a professional one.<br />Basic and theoretical framework draws on the theory of &#39;otherness&#39;.<br />The basic research methods are life stories, as one of the predominant methods in gender studies. We interpret the experience of women through testimonies about social, political and professional circumstances in a particular period and in the context of a multi-ethnic and multicultural Vojvodina.<br />The corpus consists of 16 female journalists who work or have worked in the minority media of ethnic communities, as well as in the language of the majority. By hihlighting gender dimension of development of a profession, the research results should contribute to the deconstruction of patriarchal social framework and lead to better understanding of the impact of individual and social life the second half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century in Vojvodina through a feminist perspective.<br />The research results show that women in journalism today are included as &#39;subordinates&#39;. Regardless of the prevalent number of women in the media, the management structure still belongs to men - they have the professional and political power. Journalists from minority communities are double &#39;subordinates&#39; in relation to the female journalists from the majority community and male colleagues in their own community.<br />The results show that formal higher education is an important starting point for the journalistic profession, but for the further development of professional identity constant (life-long) formal education is necessary; Education on gender equity has a significant impact on the level of achievement in gender-based journalistic culture; with the journalist expressing gender identity, or is subordinate to a professional, as in the case of most journalists gender identity is understood as a static female-male polarity and not as a category of multiple identities.<br />The application of the research results are twofold: 1. empirical data on the identity of the press from Vojvodina will serve as a basis for theoretical discussion on the correlation of gender and professional identity, as well as components of multiple identities of women in Vojvodina; 2. it will serve to expand the existing database of life stories of women who are members of the majority, and minority ethnic communities and should be used for subsequent comparative studies.</p>

論文摘要 本研究主要以探討在洛杉磯地區的華文媒體中的女性新聞工作者之勞動經驗 與流動因素，以深度的訪談法共訪問美國南加州洛杉磯地區35 位華裔女性新聞工作者，並由女性角度的觀點切入、並結合參與觀察法探討在海外的少數媒體生態中的工作經驗、以及針對走入家庭的女性工作者，嘗試深入瞭解影響她們在面臨工作與家庭的衝突時所作的抉擇及規劃的背後主因。 研究發現，在洛杉磯華文媒體的特殊生態、報導取材、新聞製作及分配， 使女性新聞工作者在新聞產製上佔有優勢。而華裔女性的性別特質，如富有同理心的的刻板印象，使她們在與受訪者建立關係、以及採訪軟性新聞和撰寫上受到重視。在勞動經驗中，許多電視媒體的女性新聞工作者須面臨美感勞動的實踐及適應。 除了語言適應問題和移民身份問題外，許多華裔女性新聞工作者曾遭遇性騷 擾的困境。雖然美國在立法保護及執行上相當徹底，但因國籍背景、文化融入和合法需留權的不同，華裔女性新聞工作者在面對性騷擾問題時，會作出不同的反應及抵抗策略。影響華裔女性新聞工作者流動的因素可分為工作環境、個人因素、及家庭因素。而因美國政策與教育制度對家庭主婦的肯定、職場生態對於婦女再就業給予支持、和家庭結構的不同與經濟因素的考量，使在美的華裔女性新聞工作者，選擇回歸家庭的自主性意願高。 / Abstract This research primary discusses the working experience and labor turnover of the Chinese female journalists in Los Angeles Chinese news industry. The research utilized semi-structured Interview method to interview thirty-five Chinese female journalists in greater Los Angeles area. Through the female’s point of views, observation of work experience in oversea minority media; we will discuss the influence and reasoning of decision when they encounter conflict from their career and family. The research revealed that female journalist have an advantage over male in the news production industry due to the Los Angeles Chinese media special ecological, reports drawn, news production and distribution. Chinese women gender traits, such as stereotype of sympathy will enable them to establish bonding with the interviewee easier, as well as advantage in soft news interviews and editing. In the labor experience, many women television journalists have to face with "aesthetic labor" practices and adaption. Beside the language barrier and immigrant status, many Chinese female journalists have been suffered sexual harassment. Although United States legislature has a sufficient system for protection and enforcement; however, due to the nationality background, cultural integration and the residence right difference, many Chinese female journalists are not able to fight back when they are suffering from sexual harassment. They have to react with different strategy and approach. Generally speaking, working Environment, personal factors, and family factors are three main categories influencing Chinese female Journalists job turnover. On the other hand, United States political policy and education system supports homemaker reemployment. Depends on the economic considerations and family structures; Chinese female journalists Are willing to leave their jobs and stay at home instead.

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Despite the authority that time holds in the discipline of studying events of the past, not all historians or writers analyzing the past use time to study history—some use space, including writers who write about and interact with an urban topography. The space used by these writers is built space, as well as inhabited and practiced "lived" space. Whereas time provides a transparent overview of history, the urban spaces tend to be opaque. Clarifying history through urban space is additionally troublesome, because built space and its attached memories are visibly forgotten and ignored as time advances. Despite the difficulties of working with and understanding urban space, some intellectuals specifically choose space as a tool of discernment of history. For these individuals, understanding history becomes an investigation of sensing, feeling, and divining human activity out of the mass of artifacts and used spaces. Hermine Cloeter is one such urban forensic historian.