This study investigated the manufacturing process of thermo-set fibreglass nonwoven composites. Techniques of manufacturing nonwoven webs from chopped strands were investigated and from the literature review it was found that the wet laid method was appropriate. The process of manufacturing paper hand sheets from pulp was modified to manufacture flat fibreglass nonwoven webs. The effects of dispersion and fibre length on the quality of these webs were investigated. It was found that the quality of these webs improved due to the dispersion.These nonwoven webs were then impregnated with epoxy resin by using the resin infusion method of vacuum bagging to make composite samples. The effects of dispersion, fibre length and multiple layering on the quality and mechanical properties of these composites were studied. It was found that it is necessary to disperse the fibreglass strands in order to manufacture composites of better quality. The quality and strength of these composites also improved due to the increase in the fibre length and multiple layering. Some initial studies were done to manufacture 3D fibreglass nonwoven webs by using the vacuum forming technique and 3D fibreglass nonwoven composites were also made using these webs. Initial investigation of the physical properties of these 3D composites was conducted and it was found that the void content decreased and the density had slightly increased due to the multiple layering process. This topic can be further investigated in the future.

<p>Denna rapport är utförd av studenterna Josef Eid och Sebastian Svensson och gäller examensarbetet på 15 poäng som ägde rum vårterminen 2005. Examensarbetet var den slutgiltiga kursen på utbildningen Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet (120 poäng) på Karlstads Universitet. Arbetets uppdragsgivare var företaget Woodstar AB. Kontaktperson på företaget var Tommy Andersson och handledare i kursen var Lennart Wihk på universitetet.</p><p>Företaget Woodstar tillverkar fordon anpassade för rörelsehindrade personer. Företaget låg i slutskedet med utvecklandet av det nya fordonet Woodstar Extreme, som är en banracer. Woodstar Extreme har syftet att fylla ett behov samt att förverkliga en dröm om att gemensamt och integrerat kunna idka motorsport på lika villkor, oavsett rörelsehinder.</p><p>Huvuduppgiften var att ta fram en design till banracerns karosseri. Studenterna tog fram ett koncept som innebar en heltäckande kaross med en separat kåpa. Hela karosseriet lyfts bort som en enda enhet vid behov, till exempel då en rörelsehindrad ska stiga på. Kåpan kan tas av separat eller följa med hela karossen. Karossen kommer att ha ganska låg vikt eftersom den görs i lätt glasfiber. Designen upplevs svara mot de semantiska kraven på en klassisk sportvagn med ett unikt utseende. Den är även aerodynamiskt godkänd med luftintag fram och på sidan, samt luftuttag baktill. Detta visualiserades med en animering, en digital modell och en plastmodell.</p><p>Josef och Sebastian tillverkade även själva pluggen till karossen vilken Woodstar skulle göra glasfiberkaross av. Studenterna kommer att fungera som handledare och assistera företaget fram tills karossen blir slutförd.</p><p>Redovisningen av projektet gick bra men utställning var något medioker. Pluggen tog längre tid än planerat, främst på grund av onödig tid på finslipning av pluggen. Studenterna tog på sig för mycket arbete (hade räckt med konceptframtagning), men de har med sitt engagemang för projektet skapat sina förutsättningar själva. De har lärt sig en hel del och haft riktigt kul. Parterna har haft ett bra samarbete i detta digra men vällyckade projekt.</p> / <p>This report was written in the spring 2005 at Karlstad University by Josef Eid and Sebastian Svensson. The report contains their examination work (15 points) which was the final course in their education, Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering. The assigner for this project was the company Woodstar AB. Tommy Andersson was their contact at Woodstar and Lennart Wihk was their examiner at the university.</p><p>Woodstar manufactures vehicles adjustable for disabled persons. The Company was in the final stages in developing their Woodstar Extreme, which is a new racing car for tracks. Woodstar Extreme has the purpose to fulfil a need and to carry out the dream that people can practise motor sport on the same conditions, irrespective of disabilities.</p><p>The main task for this project was to design a body for the Woodstar Extreme. The students designed a concept which implied a single body covering the racer with a separate cover in the back. The body can be lifted off in one part when needed, for example when a disabled person gets in or out of the car. The cover in the back can be lifted off separate or together whit the whole body. The body will be light due to the glass fibre construction that will be used. The semantic demands of a classic sport car with a unique look were accomplished. The design’s aerodynamic features, with air inlet in the front and on the sides and air outlet in the back, have been approved. The racing car was presented with a digital model and animation and a plastic model.</p><p>Josef and Sebastian also manufactured the dummy for the body, which Woodstar will use to make the glass fibre bodies of. Until the body is concluded the students will act as advisors and assistants for Woodstar.</p><p>The presentation of the project went well but the exhibition was a bit mediocre. The manufacturing of the dummy took longer time then planed, due to the unnecessary polishing of dummy. The students took to much work on them selves (have been enough with a conceptual design of product), but due to their engagement they created their own conditions. During this project they had a lot of fun and learned many grateful things. Both students and the company had a great cooperation in this genuine and well made project.</p>

Denna rapport är utförd av studenterna Josef Eid och Sebastian Svensson och gäller examensarbetet på 15 poäng som ägde rum vårterminen 2005. Examensarbetet var den slutgiltiga kursen på utbildningen Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet (120 poäng) på Karlstads Universitet. Arbetets uppdragsgivare var företaget Woodstar AB. Kontaktperson på företaget var Tommy Andersson och handledare i kursen var Lennart Wihk på universitetet. Företaget Woodstar tillverkar fordon anpassade för rörelsehindrade personer. Företaget låg i slutskedet med utvecklandet av det nya fordonet Woodstar Extreme, som är en banracer. Woodstar Extreme har syftet att fylla ett behov samt att förverkliga en dröm om att gemensamt och integrerat kunna idka motorsport på lika villkor, oavsett rörelsehinder. Huvuduppgiften var att ta fram en design till banracerns karosseri. Studenterna tog fram ett koncept som innebar en heltäckande kaross med en separat kåpa. Hela karosseriet lyfts bort som en enda enhet vid behov, till exempel då en rörelsehindrad ska stiga på. Kåpan kan tas av separat eller följa med hela karossen. Karossen kommer att ha ganska låg vikt eftersom den görs i lätt glasfiber. Designen upplevs svara mot de semantiska kraven på en klassisk sportvagn med ett unikt utseende. Den är även aerodynamiskt godkänd med luftintag fram och på sidan, samt luftuttag baktill. Detta visualiserades med en animering, en digital modell och en plastmodell. Josef och Sebastian tillverkade även själva pluggen till karossen vilken Woodstar skulle göra glasfiberkaross av. Studenterna kommer att fungera som handledare och assistera företaget fram tills karossen blir slutförd. Redovisningen av projektet gick bra men utställning var något medioker. Pluggen tog längre tid än planerat, främst på grund av onödig tid på finslipning av pluggen. Studenterna tog på sig för mycket arbete (hade räckt med konceptframtagning), men de har med sitt engagemang för projektet skapat sina förutsättningar själva. De har lärt sig en hel del och haft riktigt kul. Parterna har haft ett bra samarbete i detta digra men vällyckade projekt. / This report was written in the spring 2005 at Karlstad University by Josef Eid and Sebastian Svensson. The report contains their examination work (15 points) which was the final course in their education, Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering. The assigner for this project was the company Woodstar AB. Tommy Andersson was their contact at Woodstar and Lennart Wihk was their examiner at the university. Woodstar manufactures vehicles adjustable for disabled persons. The Company was in the final stages in developing their Woodstar Extreme, which is a new racing car for tracks. Woodstar Extreme has the purpose to fulfil a need and to carry out the dream that people can practise motor sport on the same conditions, irrespective of disabilities. The main task for this project was to design a body for the Woodstar Extreme. The students designed a concept which implied a single body covering the racer with a separate cover in the back. The body can be lifted off in one part when needed, for example when a disabled person gets in or out of the car. The cover in the back can be lifted off separate or together whit the whole body. The body will be light due to the glass fibre construction that will be used. The semantic demands of a classic sport car with a unique look were accomplished. The design’s aerodynamic features, with air inlet in the front and on the sides and air outlet in the back, have been approved. The racing car was presented with a digital model and animation and a plastic model. Josef and Sebastian also manufactured the dummy for the body, which Woodstar will use to make the glass fibre bodies of. Until the body is concluded the students will act as advisors and assistants for Woodstar. The presentation of the project went well but the exhibition was a bit mediocre. The manufacturing of the dummy took longer time then planed, due to the unnecessary polishing of dummy. The students took to much work on them selves (have been enough with a conceptual design of product), but due to their engagement they created their own conditions. During this project they had a lot of fun and learned many grateful things. Both students and the company had a great cooperation in this genuine and well made project.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-09T11:19:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernanda Ribeiro Santana - 2012.pdf: 12111889 bytes, checksum: 84cf2d3d0d514483cc202fde5fa79301 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-09T14:09:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernanda Ribeiro Santana - 2012.pdf: 12111889 bytes, checksum: 84cf2d3d0d514483cc202fde5fa79301 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-09T14:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Fernanda Ribeiro Santana - 2012.pdf: 12111889 bytes, checksum: 84cf2d3d0d514483cc202fde5fa79301 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Aim: To evaluate in vitro the influence of root canal instrumentation techniques, endodontic irrigants, endodontic sealers and artificial accelerated aging on fibreglass post bond strength to bovine intraradicular dentine. Methodology: Part 1. 120 bovine incisors were divided into 12 experimental groups (n=10) resulting from the interaction among 3 study factors: root canal instrumentation technique (RCPSS- root canal preparation with stainless steel instruments - KFile; RCPNiTi- root canal preparation with K3 Nickel-Titanium instruments), endodontic irrigant (NaOCl- 1% sodium hypochlorite; CHX- 2% chlorhexidine; O3- 1.2% ozonated water) (in all samples 17% EDTA was used to remove the smear layer) and specimens artificial accelerated aging (Immediate, test with no aging; Mediate, test performed after 2 months of water storage at 37°C). After root canal preparation, endodontic filling was not performed. Fibreglass posts were cemented with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U100, 3M-ESPE) and roots were cross-sectioned to obtain two slices of each third. Samples were submitted to micropush-out test and bond strength values (MPa) were analyzed by ANOVA in a split-plot arrangement and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Failure modes were evaluated under a confocal microscope. Part 2. 60 bovine incisors were divided into 6 experimental groups (n=10) resulting from the interaction between 2 study factors: endodontic sealer (Sx- Sealapex; S26- Sealer 26; AHAH Plus) and specimens artificial accelerated aging (Immediate, test with no aging; Mediate, test performed after 2 months of water storage at 37°C). Two control groups were employed (without root canal filling), represented by groups RCPNiTiNaOCl immediate and RCPNiTiNaOCl mediate of part 1 of the present study. In the six experimental groups, root canals were prepared 1mm from the apex with K3 Nickel-Titanium instruments associated with 1% sodium hypochlorite irrigation and 17% EDTA. They were then filled with gutta-percha and the specific sealer of each group, using the lateral compaction technique. Fibreglass posts were cemented with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U100, 3M-ESPE) and roots were cross-sectioned to obtain two slices of each third. Abstract xx Samples were submitted to micropush-out test and bond strength values (MPa) were submitted to ANOVA in a split-plot arrangement and Tukey’s test (α = 0,05). Comparisons with control groups were made using Dunnet test (α = 0.05). Failure modes were evaluated under a confocal microscope. Results: Part 1. In specimens submitted to water artificial aging, RCPNiTi presented higher bond strength values than RCPSS in apical third irrigated with NaOCl or CHX. Irrigation with NaOCl resulted in higher bond strength than O3. Artificial aging resulted in significant bond strength increase, except for middle and apical thirds of RCPSSO3 and apical of RCPNiTiO3. Bond strength significantly reduced in apical third. The prevalence of adhesive cement-dentine failure was verified in all groups. Part 2. Endodontic sealers showed no significant differences among them, however they presented significantly lower bond strength values than control groups (without filling), except in cervical third of groups tested immediately. Artificial aging did not interfere on bond strength to intraradicular dentine. There was a significant decrease on bond strength from cervical to apical third. The prevalence of adhesive cement-dentine failure was verified in all groups. Conclusions: Part 1. Root canal preparation with NiTi instruments associated with NaOCl irrigation and EDTA increased the bond strength of fiberglass posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement to intraradicular dentine. Part 2. Endodontic sealers interfered negatively on bonding of fibreglass posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement to intraradicular dentine. / Objetivo: Analisar in vitro a influência das técnicas de instrumentação do canal radicular, dos irrigantes e cimentos endodônticos e do envelhecimento artificial acelerado na resistência de união do pino de fibra de vidro à dentina intrarradicular em dentes bovinos. Metodologia: Parte 1. Cento e vinte incisivos bovinos foram divididos em doze grupos experimentais (n=10) resultantes da interação entre três fatores em estudo: técnica de instrumentação do canal radicular (PAI – preparo do canal radicular com instrumentos de aço inoxidável - K-File; PNiTi – preparo do canal radicular com instrumentos de Níquel-Titânio - K3); irrigante endodôntico (NaOCl- hipoclorito de sódio 1%; CHX- clorexidina 2%; O3- água ozonificada 1,2%) (em todas as amostras o EDTA 17% foi utilizado para a remoção de smear layer) e envelhecimento artificial acelerado dos espécimes (Imediato, teste sem envelhecimento; Mediato, teste após 2 meses de envelhecimento em água a 37°C). Após o preparo dos canais radiculares não foi realizada a obturação endodôntica. Pinos de fibra de vidro foram cimentados com cimento resinoso auto-adesivo (RelyX U100, 3M-ESPE) e as raízes foram seccionadas para obtenção de duas fatias de cada terço. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de micropush-out e os dados de resistência de união (MPa) foram analisados por ANOVA com parcela subdividida e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Os padrões de falha foram avaliados por meio de microscopia confocal. Parte 2. Sessenta incisivos bovinos foram divididos em seis grupos experimentais (n=10) resultantes da interação entre dois fatores em estudo: cimento endodôntico (SX- Sealapex; S26- Sealer 26; AH- AH Plus) e envelhecimento artificial acelerado dos espécimes (Imediato, teste sem envelhecimento; Mediato, teste após 2 meses de envelhecimento em água a 37°C). Foram empregados dois grupos controles (sem obturação do canal radicular) representados pelos grupos PNiTiNaOCl imediato e PNiTiNaOCl mediato da parte 1 do presente estudo. Nos seis grupos experimentais os canais radiculares foram preparados 1mm aquém do ápice com instrumentos de Níquel-Titânio - K3 associado a Resumo xviii irrigação com NaOCl 1% e EDTA 17%. Em seguida, foram obturados com gutapercha e o cimento endodôntico específico de cada grupo, usando a técnica de condensação lateral. Pinos de fibra de vidro foram cimentados com cimento resinoso auto-adesivo (RelyX U100, 3M-ESPE) e as raízes foram seccionadas para obtenção de duas fatias de cada terço. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de micropush-out e os dados de resistência de união (MPa) foram analisados por ANOVA com parcela subdividida e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Comparações com os grupos controles foram feitas pelo teste de Dunnet (α =0,05). Os padrões de falha foram avaliados por meio de microscopia confocal. Resultados: Parte 1. Nos espécimes submetidos ao envelhecimento artificial em água, PNiTi apresentou maiores valores de resistência de união que PAI no terço apical irrigado com NaOCL ou CHX. A irrigação com NaOCL resultou em maior resistência de união comparada a O3. O envelhecimento artificial resultou em aumento significante da resistência de união, exceto para os terços médio e apical de PAIO3 e apical de PNiTiO3. A resistência de união reduziu significativamente no terço apical. A prevalência de falha adesiva cimentodentina foi verificada em todos os grupos. Parte 2. Os cimentos endodônticos não mostraram diferenças significantes entre si, entretanto apresentaram valores de resistência de união significativamente menores que os grupos controles (sem obturação), exceto no terço cervical dos grupos testados imediatamente. O envelhecimento artificial não interferiu na resistência de união à dentina intrarradicular. Houve uma diminuição significante na resistência de união do terço cervical para o apical. A prevalência de falha adesiva cimentodentina foi verificada em todos os grupos. Conclusões: Parte 1. O preparo do canal radicular com instrumentos de NiTi associado a irrigação com NaOCl e uso do EDTA aumentou a resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com cimento auto-adesivo à dentina intrarradicular. Parte 2. Os cimentos endodônticos interferiram negativamente na união de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com cimento auto-adesivo à dentina intrarradicular.