Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 Sep. 9.

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Os componentes protéticos que fazem a união entre implante e prótese são importantes para a manutenção da saúde peri-implantar sendo responsáveis pela vedação permucosa e impedindo a penetração de agentes químicos ou bacterianos desencadeadores de processos destrutivos nas estruturas ao redor do implante. Assim faz-se importante o desenvolvimento de técnicas que preservando as características de citocompatibilidade dos componentes protéticos que incorporem a sua estrutura, agentes antibacterianos que assegurem a saúde peri-implantar e que não permitam o desenvolvimento de resistência dos micro-organismos sendo ainda inócuos aos tecidos circunjacentes e ao organismo como um todo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de testar a citocompatibilidade de discos de titânio com uma cobertura revestida usando nanotecnologia de prata em cultura de fibroblastos gengivais humanos. Discos de titânio de 5,9 mm foram preparados para o ensaio, sendo compostos por disco controle ST (N=1) sem nenhuma espécie de tratamento e disco com tratamento CT (N=3) com 3 camadas de cobertura com filme carregado com partículas de prata. O aditivo antimicrobiano à base de prata foi obtido pelo método wet chemistry por impregnação de metal homogeneamente distribuída sobre a superfície do disco. Fragmentos de gengiva foram cortados e colocados em placas de petri com meio de cultura Eagle modificado por Dulbecco. Com aproximadamente 15 dias foram retirados os fragmentos de gengiva, seguido da tripsinização das células para sua expansão. O meio de cultura foi trocado a cada 2-3 dias e a progressão da cultura foi avaliada por microscópio de fase. Os FGHs (fibroblastos de gengiva humana) na terceira passagem (p3) foram contados em um hemocitômetro e plaqueados em placas de 96 e 24 poços. As análises foram feitas com 24, 48 e 72 horas após o plaqueamento. Após a solubilização, as soluções foram transferidas para uma nova placa de 96 poços, e efetuada a leitura. A citotoxicidade dos materiais foi avaliada por espectrofotometria no aparelho Leitor de Elisa, com comprimento de onda de 590 nm. As amostras foram metalizadas e o MEV foi usado para avaliar a morfologia das células. O comportamento da cultura de fibroblastos sobre os discos de titânio em um período de 24 horas mostrou-se mais favorável na superfície ST mesmo após 48 horas quando CT apresentou valores inferiores ao ST, porém estatisticamente não significantes ao tempo de armazenamento. A avaliação após 72 horas indica que CT apresentou queda no desenvolvimento da cultura de fibroblastos em relação a ST sendo o resultado estatisticamente significante o que sugere menor característica de citocompatibilidade do material utilizado no tratamento de superfície que se potencializa com o aumento do tempo de exposição visto que quando comparado aos demais espécimes com meio de cultura com nutrientes (CC), controle sobre a superfície da placa em H2O sem nutrientes (H2O) e controle sobre a superfície da placa com meio de cultura com nutrientes acrescido de fenol a 1 % (CM) o espécime CT somente teve valores absolutos superiores para presença das células quando comparado ao espécime CM. Nossos dados indicaram a necessidade de se promover aperfeiçoamento no complexo estrutural do material de cobertura dos discos de forma que se tornem mais citocompatíveis. / The prosthetic components that make the bond between implant and prosthesis are important for maintaining healthy peri-implant permucosal being responsible for sealing and preventing penetratíon of chemicals or bacterial triggers of destructive processes in the structures around the implant. So it is important to develop techniques that preserve the characteristics of cell compatibility of prosthetic components that incorporate its structure, antibacterial agents to ensure the peri-implant health and not allow the development of resistance of micro-organisms are harmless to the tissues even and surrounding the body as a whole. This study aimed to test the cell compatibility of titanium disks coated with a covering of silver using nanotechnology in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Titanium disks of 5.9 mm were prepared for trial, being composed of hard control ST (N = 1) without any kind of treatment and treatment disc with CT (n = 3) with 3 layers of film cover loaded with silver particles. The additive antimicrobial silver-based was obtained by wet chemistry by impregnatíon of metal homogeneously distributed over the disk surface. Gingival fragments were distributed in petri dishes with culture medium Dulbecco\'s modified Eagle. With approximately 15 days they were removed, followed by trypsinizatíon of the cells for their expansíon. The culture medium were changed every 2-3 days of culture and progressíon was evaluated by phase microscopy. The FGHs (human gingival fibroblasts) in the third passage (p3) were counted in a hemocytometer and plated in a 96 and 24 wells. Analyses from 24, 48 and 72 hours after plating were made. After solubilizatíon, the solutíons were transferred to a new 96-well plate, and made reading. The cytotoxicity of the materials were evaluated by spectrophotometric ELISA reader device with a wavelength of 590 nm. The samples were metallized and SEM was used to assess cell morphology. The behavior of cultured fibroblasts on titanium disks in a period of 24 hours was more favorable on the surface of ST even after 48 hours when the CT were lower than the ST but not statistically significant at the time of storage. The evaluatíon afetr 72 hours indicates that the CT fell in the development of cultured fibroblasts in relatíon to the ST and the result was statistically significant which suggests lower cell compatibility characteristic of the material used in surface treatment that enhances with increasing time exposure as compared to other disk with culture medium with nutrients (CC), control over the surface of the plate without nutrients H2O and control over the surface of the plate with culture medium with nutrients plus phenol 1 % (CM) the CT only had higher absolute values for the presence of cells when compared to CM. Our data indicated the need to promote improvement in the structural complex of the covering material so that the disks become more compatibility.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / A. Lorena Passarelli / Baculoviridae is the only known virus family that encodes genes with homology to vertebrate and invertebrate fibroblast growth factors (fgfs), key regulators of developmental processes affecting cell growth, differentiation, and motility. The role of viral fgfs during infection is not known. In this study, we investigated gene regulation and function of the Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) fgf during infection of permissive insect cells. We demonstrated that the AcMNPV fgf, vfgf, was transcribed as a 0.6-kb mRNA at early times post infection, but as part of a 1.4-kb bicistronic mRNA at late times. To determine its function, we examined common characteristics between vFGF and other well-characterized FGF homologs. vFGF had strong affinity to heparin, a property important for FGF signaling via an FGF receptor. vFGF was secreted into the extracellular fluid when expressed in insect cells, suggesting that it acts as an extracellular ligand. Finally, vFGF was able to stimulate chemokinesis of different types of insect cells. We also constructed a recombinant of AcMNPV lacking a functional vfgf and analyzed it in two insect cell lines. The kinetics of budded virus production were similar in the parental and vfgf-deficient viruses in two cell lines and at both high and low multiplicities of infection. In addition, we observed no obvious differences in the viral DNA synthesis and the protein kinetic profiles of cells infected with the mutant and parental viruses. Finally, coinfection of vfgf-containing and -deficient viruses and their passage for several generations did not reveal a consistent growth advantage for either virus. We propose that vFGF is the signal that directs the motility of uninfected tracheal or blood cells to infected tissues, enabling the virus to infect additional cells and spread systemically in the insect host. This proposal may explain a dispensable role for vfgf during virus infection in cell culture; nonetheless, we expect a distinct phenotypic difference between vfgf-deficient and vfgf-containing viruses during infection in the insect host.

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl derived as a by-product of glycolysis. If MG is not metabolized by glyoxalase-1 (Glo1), it glycates macromolecules producing advanced glycation end products (AGEs); these have been linked to larger infarct sizes and poorer cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). Proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are prime targets for glycation by MG, but it is unknown if MG modification of the ECM may be a mechanism that contributes to the poor repair and function of the post-MI heart. This study sought to examine if MG-induced modifications of ECM proteins negatively affect fibroblast and endothelial cell function. Analysis with an MG-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1) antibody confirmed MG modification of laminin and collagen type (Col) 1, 3, and 4. MG modifications decreased endothelial cell (EC) adhesion on Col3, Col4, and laminin and angiogenesis on ECMatrix. Furthermore, alpha smooth muscle actin staining indicated increased myofibroblast differentiation of fibroblasts on MG-modified proteins. Following induction of MI, extracted mouse hearts were decellularized and compared to healthy controls. Perhaps a result of technical challenges, both western blot and immunohistochemistry contrasted previous data by displaying a marked decrease in MG-H1 modifications post-MI. Overall, these results indicate that MG modifications of the ECM negatively influence EC and fibroblast function, requiring more research on their impact in cardiovascular disease progression.

A huge discrepancy between the number of patients on the waiting list for organ transplants and the actual available donors has led to search for alternative approaches to substitute compromised or missing tissues and organs. Tissue engineering is a promising alternative to organ transplantation with the aim to fabricate functional organs through the use of biological or biocompatible scaffolds. Nanogels made from self-assembling ultrashort peptides are promising biomaterials for a variety of biomedical applications. Our group at KAUST is interested in the development of novel synthetic peptide-based biomaterials that combine the advantages of both natural and synthetic hydrogels for various applications. In this study, we have investigated two compounds of a novel class of rationally designed ultrashort peptides, Ac-IVFK-NH2 (Ac-Ile-Val-Phe-Lys-NH2) and Ac-IVZK-NH2 (Ac-Ile-Val-Cha-Lys-NH2). These compounds have an innate tendency to self-assemble into nanofibrous hydrogels which can be used as 3D scaffolds, for example for the fabrication of 3D skin grafts for wound healing. We have evaluated the efficacy of the peptide scaffolds in treating full-thickness wounds in minipigs. Additionally, we assessed the ability of these scaffolds in supporting skeletal muscle tissue proliferation and differentiation. We found that our innovative nanogels supported a substantial increase in human dermal fibroblast and myoblast growth and cells viability, and supported myoblast differentiation. Also, microscopic observation of the direct contact of keratinocytes and fibroblasts revealed enhancement in keratinocytes proliferation. In addition, we demonstrated the ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to form tube like structure within peptide nanogels using immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, we successfully produced artificial 3D vascularized skin substitutes using these peptide scaffolds. We selected these peptide nanogels and were able to produce in situ silver nanoparticles within the nanogels, solely through UV irradiation, with no reducing agent present. We then assessed the efficacy of the silver nanoparticle-containing peptide nanogels on minipigs with full-thickness excision wounds. The application of the peptide nanogels on full thickness minipig wounds demonstrated that the scaffolds were biocompatible and did not trigger wound inflammation, and thus safe for topical application. The effect of nanogels, both with and without the addition of the silver nanoparticles, revealed that the scaffold itself has a high potential to act as an antibacterial agent. Interestingly, the effect of the peptide nanogels on wound closure was comparable to that of standard care hydrogels. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that both peptides can act as printable bioinks which opens up the possibility of 3D bioprinting of different cell types in the future. We believe that the described results represent an advancement in the context of engineering skin and skeletal muscle tissue, thereby providing the opportunity to rebuild missing, failing, or damaged parts.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18509号 / 医博第3929号 / 新制||医||1005(附属図書館) / 31395 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 三森 経世, 教授 鈴木 茂彦, 教授 長田 重一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23376号 / 医博第4745号 / 新制||医||1051(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 平井 豊博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Introduction: Biocompatibility of all kinds of dental materials is of paramount importance In order to prevent/limit irritation or degeneration of the surrounding tissues where it is applied. Some researchers suggested that dentine bonding agents may be used for pulpal protection, while pulpal inflammation and inhibition of pulpal repair following the use of dentine bonding agents were also reported. Objectives: The first part of this study compared the cytotoxicity of human pulp cell lines to a mouse 3T3 cell line to cytotoxic challenges from dentine bonding agents. The second part of the study compared the cytotoxicity of recent dentine bonding agents namely, Scotchbond 1, Prime & Bond NTand Xeno III through artificial membranes as well as thin dentine discs (after its reaction with apatite) and Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB)as such, as well as the primer part of CPBand the bond part of CPB separately. Methods and Materials: Near confluent human pulp cells and 3T3 cells were exposed to culture medium (DMEM)extractions from the various polymerized agents mentioned above and the cell viability (survival rate) was measured using the standard MTTassay and related to the non-exposed controls. Results: Two human pulp cells lines were more sensitive to 3T3 cell lines while the other human cell line was less sensitive to the 3T3 cell line. All bonding agents as such were found to be cytotoxic towards the 3T3 cells with Xeno III (25%survival rate) and CPB (35%)the most cytotoxic. Of the two parts from CPB the bond part was the least toxic (91% survival rate), but the primer part (containing the anti-bacterial pyridinium molecule) was very toxic (30% survival rate). ScotchBond 1 (59% survival rate) and Prime & Bond NT (62% survival rate) were not statistically different (Kruskal-Wallis Test, p>0.05). However,the survival rate of Xeno III (25% through membrane as well as dentine discs) and Clearfil Protect Bond (35%) were significantly lower than that of the other two bonding agents, with Xeno III significantly the most toxic (p<0.05 ) Conclusion: In general, all 4 dentine bonding agents were cytotoxic of which Xeno III was the most toxic even after its reaction with apatite (through dentine discs). The most toxic part of CPB was found to be the primer part containing the pyridinium linked molecule. If human pulp fibroblasts are used for cytotoxicity testing of dentine bonding agents many cell lines must be used.

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