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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Comportamento de fungicida em plantas de soja submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos e horários de aplicação / Performance of fungicide in soybean plants under different water regimes and times of application

Stefanello, Marlon Tagliapietra 21 February 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The climatic factors, especially water deficit, cause changes in biochemical and morphophysiological aspects in soybean plants, which consequently affect the performance of fungicide applications on leaves and pathogenicity of fungi. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fungicide in soybean under different water regimes and times of application. For this purpose two experiments were conducted, one in the greenhouse and one on the field, both in Itaara RS, Brazil. The experimental design in greenhouse was composed by completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial (2x6x5), which factors were composed, factor 01: two water regimes (50-60% of the field capacity and 90-100% of the field capacity); factor 02: five times of application (04:00 a.m., 09:00 a.m., 14:00 p.m., 18:00 p.m., 23:00 p.m.) and a control without fungicide applying; factor 03: four time periods between the fungicide application and simulated rain (0, 30, 60 and 120 ) plus a control with no rain. Fungicide comprising the active ingredients Trifloxystrobin + Prothioconazole (70.0 + 60.0 g ha-1 a.i.) was used with the addition of Aureo® at a dose of 0.375 l ha-1 c.p. The parameters evaluated were the number of days until the first pustule preview of asian rust, the severity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Cercospora kikuchii in leaves, incidence of C. kikuchii in grain, relative chlorophyll content, stomatal density, trichome density, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, yield and grain weight. The experimental design in the field was composed by randomized blocks with split plots. The experiment consisted of two factors (6x5). The first factor was composed of the application time (04:00 a.m., 09:00 a.m., 14:00 p.m., 18:00 p.m., 23:00 p.m.) and a control without fungicide applying. The second factor was composed of the time periods between the fungicide application and simulated rain (0, 30, 60 and 120 ) plus a control with no rain. The parameters evaluated were the severity of the asian rust, the relative chlorophyll content stratified in three thirds of the canopy, area under the disease progress curve, yield and hundred grain weight. The results indicate that the penetration of fungicide is faster in leaflets in sunlight. It finds that the application of fungicides in plants under water deficit provides the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview. The simulated rainfall has a greater effect on the removal of fungicide applications made at night. The fungicide application in leaflets made at 09:00 am provides the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview. Soybean plants in water deficit develop strategies to reduce the loss of water, which affects the pathogenicity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Cercospora kikuchii. / Os fatores climáticos, em especial o déficit hídrico, provocam alterações nos aspectos morfofisiológicos e bioquímicos nas plantas de soja, que consequentemente, afetam o comportamento de aplicações fungicidas foliares e a patogenicidade de fungos. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o comportamento de fungicida em plantas de soja submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos e horários de aplicação. Para isso foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um em casa de vegetação e outro à campo, ambos no município de Itaara RS. Em casa de vegetação foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, em arranjo trifatorial (2x6x5), cujos fatores foram, fator 01: dois regimes hídricos (50-60% da capacidade de campo e 90-100% da capacidade de campo); fator 02: cinco horários de aplicação (04:00, 09:00, 14:00, 18:00, 23:00 horas), além de um testemunha sem aplicação; fator 03: quatro intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicida e a aplicação de chuva simulada (0, 30, 60 e 120 min) mais uma testemunha sem chuva. Foi utilizado o fungicida composto pelos ingredientes ativos Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol (70,0 + 60,0 g i.a.ha-1) com adição de Aureo® na dose de 0,375 L p.c ha-1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo decorrido entre a aplicação e o surgimento da primeira pústula de ferrugem asiática, a severidade de Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Cercospora kikuchii em folhas, incidência de C. kikuchii em grãos, teor relativo de clorofila, densidade estomática, densidade de tricomas, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e peroxidação lipídica, produtividade e a massa de grão. À campo foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. O experimento constituiu-se de dois fatores (6x5). O primeiro fator foi composto pelos horários de aplicação (04:00, 09:00, 14:00, 18:00, 23:00 horas), e uma testemunha sem aplicação de fungicida. O segundo fator foi composto pelos intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicidas e a simulação de chuva (2, 30, 60 e 120 min), mais uma testemunha sem chuva. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a severidade de ferrugem asiática e o teor relativo de clorofila estratificados nos três terço do dossel, área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a penetração de fungicida é mais rápida em trifólios sob luz solar. Verifica-se que a aplicação de fungicida em plantas sob déficit hídrico proporciona o maior número de dias para o aparecimento da primeira pústula. A simulação de chuva tem maior efeito na remoção de fungicidas em aplicações realizadas à noite. A aplicação de fungicida em trifólios realizada às 09:00 horas proporciona o maior número de dias para o aparecimento da primeira pústula. As plantas de soja em déficit hídrico desenvolvem estratégias para reduzir a perda de água, o que afeta a patogenicidade de Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Cercospora kikuchii.
12

Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodennutzungssysteme auf ausgewählte physiko-chemische Bodeneigenschaften und pflanzenbauliche Parameter in Berlin-Dahlem und Dedelow

Sümer, Mehmet Resat 19 February 2013 (has links)
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodennutzungssysteme auf ausgewählte physiko-chemische Bodeneigenschaften und pflanzenbauliche Parameter auf sandigen Böden auf den Dauerfeldversuchsflächen in Berlin-Dahlem und Dedelow zu untersuchen. Ein erster Arbeitsschwerpunkt am Standort Berlin-Dahlem bestand darin, die Wirkungen verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungstiefen (17 cm und 28 cm) in Abhängigkeit der drei Faktorstufen - mit und ohne Kalkdüngung, mit und ohne Stallmistdüngung, flache und tiefe Bodenbearbeitung - zu ermitteln. Im zweiten Arbeitsschwerpunkt wurden in einer fünffeldrigen Fruchtfolge am Standort Dedelow Vergleiche verschiedener Verfahren der konventionellen und konservierenden Bodenbearbeitung und deren Effekte untersucht. Die Durchdringungswiderstandmessungen in Berlin-Dahlem zeigten nach langjähriger Bodenbearbeitung höhere Bodenfestigkeitswerte in der tieferen Bodenbearbeitungsvariante als in der flachen Variante. Die wasserstabilen Aggregate in Berlin-Dahlem wiesen in der flachen Bodenbearbeitung höhere Werte auf. Die ermittelten Wasserspeicherkurven in Berlin-Dahlem zeigten in der flachen Bodenbearbeitungsvariante für die ausgewählten Parzellen in 10-15 cm Bodentiefe im Vergleich zu der tieferen Variante tendenziell höhere nutzbare Feldkapazitätswerte. In Dedelow zeigten die Wasserretentionskurven unter verschiedenen Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren unregelmäßige Streuungen auf. Die höchsten Gesamtkohlenstoffgehaltswerte wurden in der flachen Bodenbearbeitung unter dem Prüfglied „mit Kalk- und mit Stallmist“ gedüngten Parzellen erzielt. In Dedelow zeigten die Gesamtkohlenstoffgehalte zwischen konservierender und konventioneller Bodenbearbeitung in 10-15 cm Bodentiefe kaum Unterschiede. Der Einfluss von Düngung und Bodenbearbeitungstiefen auf den Kornertrag bei Hafer war mit einem Ertrag von 29,2 dt ha-1 am stärksten am Standort Dedelow in der tiefen Bodenbearbeitung unter dem Prüfglied „mit Kalk- und ohne Stallmistdüngung“. / On the basis of various long-term field trials it was the goal to investigate the influence of different tillage systems on soil physical, soil chemical and crop parameters on sandy loamy locations in Berlin-Dahlem and Dedelow. The first focus of the work in Berlin-Dahlem was to investigate the effects between different tillage depths (17 cm and 28 cm) and the selected factors “with and without liming”, “with and without manure fertilization” and “shallow and deep tillage”. The second focus was on a five-field crop rotation site in Dedelow to compare different methods of conventional and conservation tillage and their effects. The penetration resistance values in Berlin-Dahlem showed after long-time tillage in the deep soil tillage system higher compactions compared to shallow tillage systems. The soil aggregate stability values in Berlin-Dahlem showed in the shallow tillage higher values. The obtained soil water retention curves in Berlin-Dahlem showed an increase of the available water capacity for the selected plots in the shallow soil tillage system compared to the deep tillage system in the 10 - 15 cm soil depth. The soil water retention curves showed irregular variations under the different tillage systems in Dedelow. The highest total carbon content were observed in the shallow tillage system in the "with lime and with farmyard manure" treatments. In general, however, the total carbon content predominate nearly the same amounts in 10 - 15 cm soil depth in both conservation and conventional tillage systems in Dedelow. The influence of fertilization and tillage depth on grain yield in oats showed the maximum value as 29,2 dt ha-1 in the deep tillage system in the "with lime and without farmyard manure" treatments.
13

Water Disposition in Ephemeral Stream Channels

Sammis, T. W. 06 May 1972 (has links)
From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / The contribution of flows from small watersheds to groundwater recharge is of interest. Water disposition depends on infiltration and evaporation characteristics. This study had the objective of developing an infiltration equation for estimating transmission losses during a flow event in an ephemeral stream near Tucson, Arizona, in the rocky mountain forest and range experiment station. Palo Verde, desert hackberry, cholla, marmontea and mesquite are the major bank species of the sandy channels. A climatic section consisting of a hydrothermograph recording rain gage and class a evaporation pan was installed. A water balance method was used to estimate evapotranspiration. A specially designed infiltrometer was used to simulate flow events. The data allowed the following conclusions: Philip's infiltration equation is an excellent mathematical model, initial moisture affects initial infiltration rate, the Philip coefficients are determinable by the infiltrometer constructed, soil moisture affects infiltration rates, and transpiration rates diminish linearly proportional to the ratio of available water to field capacity.
14

Retenção e disponibilidade de água em solos de Santa Catarina: avaliação e geração de funções de pedotransferência / Water retention and availability in soils of Santa Catarina: Evaluation and generation of pedotransfer functions

Costa, André da 24 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS12DA009.pdf: 7314998 bytes, checksum: 8e93659478a7813ba0b934959e229681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Studies on the retention and availability of water are scarce for humid subtropical and temperate regions in the Southern Hemisphere. The objectives of this study were to evaluate, generate and validate some pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate the retention and the availability of water in soils of Santa Catarina. Were sampled 44 profiles, in areas under different vegetal coverings, to determine the water retention at suctions from zero to 1.500 kPa, the particles size distribution (7 classes), the organic matter content, the bulck density and particle density of soil, the conductivity hydraulic, and the aggregate stability. Regarding the attributes, soils with finer texture and / or more organic matter retain higher water content, where the organic matter is the main attribute that governs the availability of water, mainly in the surface horizons. Some classes of sand, mainly very fine sand, fine and coarse fractions, have greater effects on water availability than the silt fraction. The soils with contrasting textural classes, with high contents of clay or sand, have the same content of water available, although the sand soils have very low field capacity. Increased water availability occurs in soils with textural class loam, with higher content of organic matter and the lower availability occurs in sand class soils. In relation to lithology, there is a higher retention in soils derived from igneous extrusive rocks of the Serra Geral Formation, metamorphic, intrusive igneous, and sedimentary with fine texture, and a lower retention in those derived from rocks or sedimentary deposits rich in quartz. Increased availability of water occurs in soils derived from siltstone and less in soils derived from granite and recent alluvial deposits. Regarding soil classes (suborders), the water retention is higher in Cambisols, Ferralsols and Nitosols, and lower in Quartzarenic Neosols. In relation the regions, the soils of the Midwest and West, Serrano Highlands and Valley of Itajaí have high water retention, the intermediary are the Eastern Sierra, and lower in the coast. Humic Cambisols and Entisols, located in the Serrano Highlands has increased availability of water, mainly because of high contents of organic matter. In relation to soil types in the normative instruction n. 2/2008 of the MAPA (BRAZIL, 2008), which classifies the soils as a function of clay and sand, it is observed that is not adequate to classify the soils of Santa Catarina in terms of availability of water, although, the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated soil is lower in Type 1 soils. In relation the pedotransfer functions of literature, they better estimate the retention than water availability and with greater precision by the functions originated from climate regions subtropical and for the subsurface horizons of the soil. Most functions evaluated underestimates the water retention, with greater deviations in soils with 20-60 % clay. About the functions generated for the soils of Santa Catarina, the estimation of retention and availability of water was better in those adjusted separately for surface and subsurface horizons. To estimate the water retention, the point PTFs must be used including data of the texture, organic matter and their interactions. To estimate the availability, the point PTFs should include the five classes of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, soil bulk density, soil particles density, total porosity and their interactions. The parametrics PTFs estimate properly the water retention curve for most of the textural classes of the soil, when data of texture, organic matter, soil bulk density, soil particles density, total porosity and their interactions are included as predictors. The class PTFs estimate properly the water retention curve for most of the soil textural classes of Santa Catarina / Estudos sobre a retenção e disponibilidade de água são escassos para as regiões de clima subtropical ou temperado úmido do hemisfério sul. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar, gerar e validar funções de pedotransferência (FPTs) para estimar a retenção e a disponibilidade de água em solos de Santa Catarina. Foram amostrados 44 perfis, em áreas sob diferentes coberturas vegetais, para determinar a retenção de água nas sucções de zero até 1.500 kPa, a distribuição do tamanho de partículas (7 classes), o teor de matéria orgânica, a densidade do solo e de partículas, a condutividade hidráulica e a estabilidade de agregados. Em relação aos atributos, solos com textura mais fina e/ou com maior teor de MO retêm maior conteúdo de água, sendo a MO é o principal atributo que governa a disponibilidade de água, principalmente nos horizontes superficiais. Algumas classes de areia, principalmente as areias muito fina, fina e grossa, possuem maiores efeitos sobre disponibilidade de água do que a fração silte. Os solos com classes texturais contrastantes, com elevados teores de argila ou de areia, disponibilizam o mesmo conteúdo de água disponível, embora os arenosos tenham baixa capacidade de campo. Maior conteúdo de água disponível ocorre em solos das classes com textura franca e com maior teor de MO, enquanto que a menor disponibilidade ocorre em solos da classe areia. Em relação à litologia, ocorre uma maior retenção em solos derivados de rochas ígneas extrusivas da Formação Serra Geral, e de rochas metamórficas, ígneas intrusivas e sedimentares de textura fina, e menor nos derivados de rochas ou depósitos sedimentares ricos em quartzo. Maior disponibilidade de água ocorre em solos derivados de siltitos e o menor em solos derivados de granito e de depósitos aluvionares recentes. Em relação às classes de solos (subordens), a retenção de água é maior nos Cambissolos, Nitossolos e Latossolos e menor nos Neossolos Quartzarênicos. Em relação às regiões, os solos do Meio Oeste e Oeste, Planalto Serrano e Vale do Itajaí possuem elevada retenção de água, euquanto que, nos da Serra Leste é intermediária e os do Litoral é baixa. Os Cambissolos Húmicos e os Neossolos Litólicos, localizados no Planalto Serrano, têm maior disponibilidade de água, principalmente devido aos elevados teores de matéria orgânica. Em relação aos tipos de solos da instrução normativa n. 2/2008 do MAPA (BRASIL, 2008), que classifica os solos em função do teor de argila e areia, observa-se que a mesma não é adequada para classificar os solos catarinenses quanto a disponibilidade de água. Entretanto, a condutividade hidráulica não saturada é menor nos solos do Tipo 1. Em relação às funções de pedotransferência (FPTs) publicadas na literatura, elas estimam melhor a retenção do que a disponibilidade de água, com maior precisão pelas funções originadas de regiões de clima subtropical e para os horizontes subsuperficiais do solo. A maioria das funções avaliadas subestima a retenção de água, com erros maiores nos solos com 20 a 60% de argila. Quanto às funções geradas para os solos de Santa Catarina, as que melhor estimam a retenção e disponibilidade de água são aquelas ajustadas separadamente para os horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais. Para estimar a retenção de água devem ser utilizadas as FPTs pontuais que incluem dados de textura, matéria orgânica do solo e suas interações. Para estimar a disponibilidade de água devem ser utilizadas as FPTs pontuais que utilizam as cinco classes de areia, silte, argila, matéria orgânica, densidade do solo e de partículas, porosidade total e suas interações. As FPTs paramétricas estimam adequadamente a curva de retenção de umidade do solo para a maioria das classes texturais, quando são incluídos dados de textura, matéria orgânica, densidade do solo e de partículas, porosidade total e suas interações como variáveis preditoras. As FPTs de classe estimam adequadamente a curva de retenção de água do solo para a maioria das classes texturais dos solos de Santa Catarina

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