Whilst smaller pitches have become the norm in junior football, they may still be too large for certain ages and levels of skill. To date there has been no research into the relationships between size of the pitch and the technical kicking ability (distance and accuracy) of young players (8 - 14 years of age). The purpose of this investigation was to examine variables that influence actual kicking distance and accuracy and also to measure what differences in play behaviour (passing and dribbling) emerge from self-selected changes in pitch size for different age groups (9 and 10 years of age). Data were collected on 120 (N=120) junior football players: Playing experience (M=2.85 years, SD=2.56), Height (M=1.44 m, SD=1.08), Weight (M=37.8 kg, SD=7.69), Lengths of lower limbs (knee/ankle: M=35.54 cm, SD=4.27; hip/knee: M=35.54 cm, SD=5.25), Step lengths (M=37.66 cm, SD=8.693), Estimated kicking distance (M=31.13 m, SD=16.63). Participants performed a series of three kicks along the ground, using the inside of the foot, and aiming for a target (25 m away). The distance (M=18.04 m; SD=6.56) and accuracy (M=8.32 m; SD=4.38) of each kick were measured. The children (9 and 10 years of age) were then assigned to teams and asked to construct a small-sided game on two different pitch sizes. The first pitch size used was the recommended regulation size. The second pitch size was self-selected by the players. Any changes to the playing dimensions (e.g., width of the pitch) and playing behaviours (e.g., total number of passes, dribbling) were measured and analysed. Kicking distance is best predicted by the player’s height (20.0%, P < 0.000), or a combination of the player’s height and estimated kicking distance (30.0%, P = 0.002). Kicking accuracy can be attributed to the influence of the player’s step lengths (8.1%, P = 0.016) and both their step lengths and estimated kicking distance (15.1%, P = 0.020). Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that the increase in pitch size (18.5% and 25%) resulted in a greater amount of dribbling (63% and 33%) and passing (12%). In general, our results support the idea that young children in New Zealand should be playing on a pitch and at a skill level which matches their football abilities. Grouping young players on a pitch according to their physical (e.g., height) and technical kicking ability (e.g., distance, accuracy) instead of their chronological age, seems to be the key factor to any other set of proposals. The findings of this thesis have important messages that could enhance the effectiveness of coaching, competitive game-play (pitch sizes) and consequently performance at all junior levels of football in New Zealand. Further research should manipulate the number of players per team to see if this factor affects competitive game-play in junior football. Additionally, the mean distances maintained between players in the same team (team-mates) during game play needs to be considered (with regard to the ‘beehive effect’). Further studies should examine different age groups of equivalent skill level and assess their performance in relation to their technical kicking ability on different pitches.

Whilst smaller pitches have become the norm in junior football, they may still be too large for certain ages and levels of skill. To date there has been no research into the relationships between size of the pitch and the technical kicking ability (distance and accuracy) of young players (8 - 14 years of age). The purpose of this investigation was to examine variables that influence actual kicking distance and accuracy and also to measure what differences in play behaviour (passing and dribbling) emerge from self-selected changes in pitch size for different age groups (9 and 10 years of age). Data were collected on 120 (N=120) junior football players: Playing experience (M=2.85 years, SD=2.56), Height (M=1.44 m, SD=1.08), Weight (M=37.8 kg, SD=7.69), Lengths of lower limbs (knee/ankle: M=35.54 cm, SD=4.27; hip/knee: M=35.54 cm, SD=5.25), Step lengths (M=37.66 cm, SD=8.693), Estimated kicking distance (M=31.13 m, SD=16.63). Participants performed a series of three kicks along the ground, using the inside of the foot, and aiming for a target (25 m away). The distance (M=18.04 m; SD=6.56) and accuracy (M=8.32 m; SD=4.38) of each kick were measured. The children (9 and 10 years of age) were then assigned to teams and asked to construct a small-sided game on two different pitch sizes. The first pitch size used was the recommended regulation size. The second pitch size was self-selected by the players. Any changes to the playing dimensions (e.g., width of the pitch) and playing behaviours (e.g., total number of passes, dribbling) were measured and analysed. Kicking distance is best predicted by the player’s height (20.0%, P < 0.000), or a combination of the player’s height and estimated kicking distance (30.0%, P = 0.002). Kicking accuracy can be attributed to the influence of the player’s step lengths (8.1%, P = 0.016) and both their step lengths and estimated kicking distance (15.1%, P = 0.020). Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that the increase in pitch size (18.5% and 25%) resulted in a greater amount of dribbling (63% and 33%) and passing (12%). In general, our results support the idea that young children in New Zealand should be playing on a pitch and at a skill level which matches their football abilities. Grouping young players on a pitch according to their physical (e.g., height) and technical kicking ability (e.g., distance, accuracy) instead of their chronological age, seems to be the key factor to any other set of proposals. The findings of this thesis have important messages that could enhance the effectiveness of coaching, competitive game-play (pitch sizes) and consequently performance at all junior levels of football in New Zealand. Further research should manipulate the number of players per team to see if this factor affects competitive game-play in junior football. Additionally, the mean distances maintained between players in the same team (team-mates) during game play needs to be considered (with regard to the ‘beehive effect’). Further studies should examine different age groups of equivalent skill level and assess their performance in relation to their technical kicking ability on different pitches.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksUniversity, 2001. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Cat hair receptors were studied to determine whether they could be distinguished by the following receptive field characteristics: thickness of innervated guard hairs, distance between innervated follicles and receptive field size. Initially the receptors were classified as G1, GI, G2 or D on the basis of their velocity requirements for excitation, their degree of linear directionality, their vibrational sensitivity, and whether they were activated by movement of down hairs. It was found that the thickest guard hairs on the posterior aspect of a cat's hindleg were usually 4-5 times thicker than the thinnest guard hairs from the same area and that G1, GI and G2 neurons innervated the full range of guard hair thicknesses available. Although there was a tendency for thicker guard hairs to be more heavily innervated, none of the neurons studied innervated thick guard hairs exclusively. While movement of the down hair and most guard hairs within D-mechanoreceptive fields easily evoked activity, a few guard hairs were regularly found for which mechanical displacement did not elicit a discharge even though they were well within the receptive field. Receptive field sizes and nearest neighbor distances between innervated follicles were smaller for D than for G1, GI and G2 receptors and greater for G1 than GI and G2 receptors.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é o estudo de procedimentos para avaliação da confiabilidade metrológica do tamanho de campo irradiado (TCI) por aceleradores lineares. No contexto das recentes alterações no panorama regulamentar dos serviços de radioterapia, com a implementação da RDC número 20, em 2006, pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), foi estabelecida a compulsoriedade do uso do densitômetro óptico na verificação do TCI, como parte do controle da qualidade. Questões associadas à implementação prática dos recentes requisitos para medição do tamanho de campo irradiado e as recentes indicações do potencial uso de filmes radiocrômicos para o controle da qualidade em radioterapia motivaram a realização do presente trabalho. Foram empregados três diferentes procedimentos para avaliação do tamanho de campo irradiado por aceleradores lineares utilizados em treze serviços de radioterapia localizados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, utilizando filmes radiocrômicos EBT QD mais, RTQA, densitômetro óptico DensiX tipo T52001 ou scanner de transmissão Microtek. Os resultados destacam a contribuição das fontes de incerteza de medição para cada procedimento realizado e indicam a necessidade de considerá-la na avaliação da conformidade utilizando o densitômetro óptico (DO). Devido às propriedades do filme radiocrômico RTQA, o mesmo não pode ser utilizado no procedimento de medição com DO. Em conclusão, o uso do procedimento de medição utilizando scanner mostrou-se mais adequado para avaliação das dimensões de campos de radiação não-homogêneos. / [en] The objective of the present work is to study different procedures for metrological evaluation of the size of the radiation field emitted by linear accelerators. In the context of the recent requirements determined by the publication of the RDC number 20, in 2006, by National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance (Anvisa), the compulsory use of the optical densitometer for the measurements of the field size during quality control tests was introduced. Practical implementation issues associated with these requirements and the recent studies indicating the potential use of radiochromic films for measurements of the field size motivated the present work. Three different procedures were employed in order to evaluate the radiation field size emitted by linear accelerators used in thirteen radiotherapy services located in Rio de Janeiro, using radiochromic films EBT QD plus and RTQA, optical densitometer DensiX type T52001 or scanner Microtek. The results indicate the contribution of the measurement uncertainty associated to each procedure performed, highlighting the importance of its consideration during tests for conformity assessment with the recently required optical densitometer. Nevertheless, the RTQA radiochromic film properties precluded its use in the procedure using optical densitometer. In conclusion, among the evaluated procedures for radiation field evaluation, the use of the scanner was the most appropriate, especially if dimensional non-homogeneities are present.

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Bibliographic identification PRESL, Aleš: Comparison of selected match performance parametres performances in modified forms of football. [Diploma thesis]. Charles Univerzity in Prague. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Department of Sports games. Supervisor: Phdr. Mario Buzek, CSc. Prague: FTVS UK, 2015. Abstract Title: Comparison of selected mach performance parametres in modified of fotball Objectives: The main target of the thesis is to compare and analyse match parameters in different age categories in football, mainly U8, U10 and U12 at various match performances during the game. The selected categories play various game systems. U8 4+1, U10 5+1, U12 7+1. The thesis at the same time focuses on the difference in IMP (Individual Match Performance) and its comparasion. Methods: The method of observation and analysing partial components is used in the thesis. The observation was mainly focused on the selection of younger age categories in which the development of football skills is on its top. For these categories I have collected crucial and essential information and data, the outcomes were further statistically evaluated. I have applied the method of analysing in the breakdown of particular disciplines and further provide a comparison of the selected match parameters. Results: The statistically...

Bibliographic identification PRESL, Aleš: Comparison of selected match performance parametres performances in modified forms of football. [Diploma thesis]. Charles Univerzity in Prague. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Department of Sports games. Supervisor: Phdr. Mario Buzek, CSc. Prague: FTVS UK, 2015. Abstract Title: Comparasion of selected mach performance in modified of football Objectives: The objective is to compare game parameteres in match and detailed analysis Methods: The work uses the indirect observation method in selected game performance, whitch I have used a video recording. I analyzed the parameters to record sheets. I statistically evaluated data. Results: We found frequency selected parameters. Passing, hagling, seat selection. Results presented what king of game parameters it is the match most often frequency Keywords: Modified forms, match performance, handling, of passing, seat selection, individual match performances

Arable plant species diversity has been on a decline, with many species dependent on arable land becoming threatened. At the same time, attempts at defining the drivers of arable plant diversity have proven difficult and results are often contradictory. Much of the available data come from surveys that are small-scale and with great variability in methodology, leading to difficulties comparing them. In this study, I have used survey data from Gotland to examine how arable plant diversity is influenced by management, field size, soil texture and standing crop. I found a negative trend of diversity with increasing field size, and a suggested effect of management and soil texture on the presence of red listed arable plants. This study also evaluates the use of small datasets when examining plant diversity, and the limitations associated with it. It shows that while a small dataset cannot be analysed to the extent a more comprehensive one can, it is possible to identify trends and patterns with it, which may inform further studies.