Bakgrund: Palliativ vård innefattar att ge patienter med obotlig sjukdom ett värdigt slut i livets slutskede. Tidigare forskning visar att patienter och anhöriga kan uppleva bristande kunskap och engagemang från sjuksköterskor för att kunna tillgodose behov både hos patienter och anhöriga. Det kan även upplevas att omvårdnaden och kommunikationen med patienter och anhöriga är bristfällig och ibland uteblir. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter i livets slutskede inom palliativ vård. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie utifrån Evans beskrivande syntes. Resultat: Det har framkommit att sjuksköterskor kunde behöva ha kunskap och erfarenheter för att hjälpa patienter och deras anhöriga. Sjuksköterskor kunde ha strategier för att hantera sina och patienters existentiella frågor. Kommunikationen är viktig i mötet med patienter och anhöriga. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor beskriver att det är viktigt att ha erfarenhet och att se människan och inte bara sjukdomen. Kollegialt stöd är viktigt för sjuksköterskor för att orka med arbetet inom palliativ vård. God kommunikation är viktigt för att bygga upp relationer med patienter och dennes anhöriga. Sjuksköterskor behöver kunskap och kompetens för att hantera sina egna och patienters existentiella frågor. / Background: Palliative care involves giving patients with incurable illnesses a dignified end of life. Previous research shows that patients and relatives experience a lack of knowledge and commitment from nurses in meeting the needs of both patients and the patient’s relatives. They further felt that the nursing and communication with patients and relatives was inadequate sometimes absent. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients near the end of life in palliative care. Method: A qualitative literature study, based on Evans’ descriptive synthesis. Results: It has become clear that nurses need to have knowledge and experience in order to be able to help patients and their relatives. Nurses need strategies to deal with their own and their patients’ existential questions. Communication is of great importance when meeting patients and their relatives. Conclusions: Nurses describe the importance of being experienced and seeing the human and not just the disease. Support from colleagues is important for nurses in coping with their work in palliative care. Good communication is important for building relationships with patients and their relatives. Nurses need the knowledge and skills to deal with their own and their patients’ existential questions.

Abstrakt   Bakgrund: Den palliativa vården inkluderar en stor patientgrupp. Palliativ vård ges både på institutioner och i allt större utsträckning i patientens hem. Det är viktigt att bemöta patienten och anhöriga i sin helhet och erbjuda dem båda en värdig och kvalitativ tid i livets slutskede. Detta innebär en utmaning för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen som måste uppmärksamma när vården ändrar riktning mot vård i livets slutskede. Trots att sjuksköterskan inte har huvudansvaret i den palliativa omvårdnaden har hen en betydelsefull roll i den palliativa vården. Syftet:  Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva upplevelsen av att vara anhörig till en person som vårdas i en sen palliativ fas inom slutenvård och hemsjukvård. Metod: Det metodologiska tillvägagångssättet som användes var en kvalitativ studie, som består av tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar utifrån anhörigas perspektiv. Resultat: Utifrån analysen framkom det två huvudkategorier: Brist på stöd och Värdig död samt fem underkategorier. Resultatet visar hur viktig det är med kommunikation och informationsutbyte, även relationen och tillgänglighet mellan vårdpersonalen och de anhöriga i denna svåra fas. Samt vikten av personcentrerad vård och konflikter som uppstått i livets slutskede utifrån anhörigas perspektiv. Slutsats: Resultaten indikerar på att sjukvården borde se över sina riktlinjer för att kunna tillgodose anhörigas behov av stöd. Sammanfattningsvis har anhöriga behov av gott bemötande samt behov av stöd i olika sammanhang. Anhörigas upplevelse av palliativ vård i livets slutskede påverkar deras syn på palliativ vård i helhet. Det hjälper patientens anhöriga att även att bearbeta svår sorg på ett mer fridfullt sätt. / Background: Palliative care includes a large group of patients and is provided both in institutions and to an increasing extent in the patient's home. It is important to provide holistic care for patients and relatives and offer them a dignified and high-quality experience in the final stages of life. However, it can be challenging for healthcare staff to recognize when a patient's care should shift toward palliative measures. Purpose: The purpose was to describe the experience of being a relative of a person who is cared for in a late palliative phase in inpatient and home care. Method: A qualitative literature study. The study makes use of ten qualitative articles that describe relative`s perspectives. Result: Based on the analysis, two main categories emerged: Lack of support and Dignified death and five subcategories that show how important it is with communication and information exchange, also the relationship and availability between the care staff and the relatives. As well as the importance of person-centered care and conflicts that have arisen in the final stages of life. Conclusion: The results indicate that the health service should review its guidelines to be able to meet relatives' needs for support. Relatives have a need for good treatment and a need for support in various contexts. Relatives' experience of palliative care at the end of life affects their view of palliative care and affects them personally. It also helps them to process the grief process in a more peaceful way.

This dissertation is an exploration of the relationship of wisdom to salvation history in the book of Psalms. The notional starting point of this thesis is a conviction that there might be a juncture at which the two themes converge because in certain psalms such as Psalm 78, the Israelite concept of salvation appears to have a close relationship with the wisdom theme. In the history of Psalm interpretation so far, the concept of wisdom psalm has not been properly dealt with due to scholastic difficulty in ascertaining the clear criteria of a genre. The process of scrutinizing the history of interpretation showed that the Psalms in their final form were far more purposeful than were previously understood. The major guiding principles of the method employed are: (1) 'the canonical approach' of Brevard Childs; (2) 'the canonical criticism' of James Sanders; (3) 'the canonical process approach' of Bruce Waltke; (4) 'the Christo-canonical approach' of Jerry E. Shepherd; and (5) 'the communito-canonical approach' of deClaissé-Walford. This thesis made use of these methodological principles by attempting to read the Psalter from the beginning to the end, and by focusing mainly on the final stage of the Psalter proposed by B. Waltke as the third stage, or the final and complete Old Testament canon associated with the Second Temple, and by purposefully limiting the scope of our study to around the post-exilic period. Having dealt with the issue of classifying the wisdom psalm, the presence of the wisdom motif in many psalms which do not fall into the wisdom category serves to add a didactic dimension to the entire Psalter. In so doing, we reach a conclusion that what we are dealing with is not merely the wisdom psalms within the Psalms, but 'the wisdom Psalter' as a literary unit. Then, it can be said that the Psalter is not merely an anthology of individual psalms used for cult, but was meant to be read also as a source of min , an instruction. This means that every psalm in the Psalter has pedagogical potential, which may have been the ostensible intent of the editor(s) at the final stage of the formation of the Psalter. On this premise, this study attempts to set up a strategy to read the Psalms from the beginning to the end from book I up to book V as a wisdom Psalter, with a particular focus on how the wisdom motif relates to the salvation history motif. The question did not merely concern their interpretation as disjointed pieces, but also what their presence in the book of Psalter meant in terms of the relationship between wisdom and salvation history. This means that the study is influenced less by a historical and form critical approach, but more from a literary and canonical perspective. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Old Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This dissertation is an exploration of the relationship of wisdom to salvation history in the book of Psalms. The notional starting point of this thesis is a conviction that there might be a juncture at which the two themes converge because in certain psalms such as Psalm 78, the Israelite concept of salvation appears to have a close relationship with the wisdom theme. In the history of Psalm interpretation so far, the concept of wisdom psalm has not been properly dealt with due to scholastic difficulty in ascertaining the clear criteria of a genre. The process of scrutinizing the history of interpretation showed that the Psalms in their final form were far more purposeful than were previously understood. The major guiding principles of the method employed are: (1) 'the canonical approach' of Brevard Childs; (2) 'the canonical criticism' of James Sanders; (3) 'the canonical process approach' of Bruce Waltke; (4) 'the Christo-canonical approach' of Jerry E. Shepherd; and (5) 'the communito-canonical approach' of deClaissé-Walford. This thesis made use of these methodological principles by attempting to read the Psalter from the beginning to the end, and by focusing mainly on the final stage of the Psalter proposed by B. Waltke as the third stage, or the final and complete Old Testament canon associated with the Second Temple, and by purposefully limiting the scope of our study to around the post-exilic period. Having dealt with the issue of classifying the wisdom psalm, the presence of the wisdom motif in many psalms which do not fall into the wisdom category serves to add a didactic dimension to the entire Psalter. In so doing, we reach a conclusion that what we are dealing with is not merely the wisdom psalms within the Psalms, but 'the wisdom Psalter' as a literary unit. Then, it can be said that the Psalter is not merely an anthology of individual psalms used for cult, but was meant to be read also as a source of min , an instruction. This means that every psalm in the Psalter has pedagogical potential, which may have been the ostensible intent of the editor(s) at the final stage of the formation of the Psalter. On this premise, this study attempts to set up a strategy to read the Psalms from the beginning to the end from book I up to book V as a wisdom Psalter, with a particular focus on how the wisdom motif relates to the salvation history motif. The question did not merely concern their interpretation as disjointed pieces, but also what their presence in the book of Psalter meant in terms of the relationship between wisdom and salvation history. This means that the study is influenced less by a historical and form critical approach, but more from a literary and canonical perspective. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Old Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This master's thesis deals with design of D class audio final amplifier, which was output power 400 W for 4 ? load impedance. Designed audio amplifier is specifical for active speaker, which consists of satelite speakers and subwoofer. Further more it deals also with other functional blocks, e.g. balanced input preamplifier, active crossover and protection for safety running. Outcome of this work are schemes of each functional blocks of D class audio amplifier, whose functionality was verified by simulation. Thesis also contains full reference material including mechanical arrangement of functional blocks on printed connection board. The conclusion contains the measured parameters of function blocks of produced prototype and complete photographic documentation.