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THE IMPACE OF ASC 606 AND FIRM CHARACTERISTICS ON REVENUE MANIPULATIONBenjamin G Hubbard (15204121) 11 April 2023 (has links)
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<p>The implementation of ASC 606 significantly changed revenue recognition practices for many firms in the capital market by increasing the level of discretion required to record revenue amounts. I examine the impact of this increase in discretion on revenue manipulation around external targets. I find that firms near analyst revenue targets have increased levels of discretionary revenues under ASC 606 relative to their peers, indicating increased revenue manipulation. Further analysis reveals that these increased levels of discretionary revenues are concentrated in firms characterized as having increased opportunity or incentive to use ASC 606 opportunistically to manipulate revenues upwards. Specifically, firms with more complex revenue operations and firms in earlier life cycles are associated with increased discretionary revenues under ASC 606. I also provide preliminary evidence of revenue manipulation varying systematically with industry characteristics. This paper is one of the first to provide evidence of capital market consequences stemming from ASC 606, while also highlighting the impact of firm characteristics on the choice to manage revenues.</p>
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Learner-centred facilitation of learning - a possibility for Financial Accounting IKoma, V. January 2009 (has links)
Published Article / The Academic Planning Committee of the Central University Of Technology, Free State stated in April 2003 that academic success depends on academic institutions to create a learner-centred educational environment. In a learner-centred approach to the facilitation of learning, curriculum design, instruction and assessment focuses on what the learner should be able to do successfully. The mentioned Learner-centeredness is closely related to the principles of outcomes-based education (OBE). The purpose of this article is, therefore, to explore the feasibility of a learner-centred approach to the facilitation of learning in the context of Financial Accounting I, by considering the possible implementation of the four essential principles of OBE.
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Researching the first year accounting problem : factors influencing success or failure at a South African higher education institutionsBarnes, H., DZansi, D., Wilkinson, A., Viljoen, M. January 2009 (has links)
Published Article / Under-performance and failure in first year accounting is a problem experienced in many higher education institutions world-wide as well as in South Africa. Literature shows that the problem is relatively well researched. Most of the research has taken place within the quantitative paradigm and in many cases focused on a search for determinants of possible success and / or failure in the subject or the factors contributing to the situation. The findings of all these research projects are varied and often inconclusive. It also becomes clear that the contexts of the studies are diverse, which makes it difficult for institutions and concerned lecturers to apply the findings in their specific situations. In this article the authors provide an overview of some of the most prominent research findings on factors determining or influencing success / failure in the field. They also attempt to organise these findings in a digestible way for the concerned lecturer and interested researcher. This is followed by a report on the first phase of an investigation into possible factors contributing to the low performance levels of students at a South African higher education institution. The unit of analysis is the first year accounting class of the first author (a lecturer at the institution). The research is quantitative in nature and statistical analyses are employed. In addition to factors such as age, gender, matric performance in key subjects, M-scores, class attendance and nationality, the investigation also looked at the levels of learning approach of the students as a possible determinant of success or failure. The findings are compared with the findings from literature and the implications of the research are discussed.
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An Analysis of the Cost Accounting Literature of the United States from 1925 to 1950Vollmers, Gloria Lucey 12 1900 (has links)
This research examines the assertions made by Johnson and Kaplan (1987) that cost accounting lost relevance after 1925 due to the dominance of financial accounting, to an academic preoccupation with financial accounting, to the disappearance of engineers and to a managerial emphasis on financial measures of net income and earnings per share. Additionally, the research looks at environmental effects on cost accounting, both economic and governmental.
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Escolha de práticas contábeis no Brasil: uma análise sob a ótica da hipótese dos covenants contratuais / Accounting choice in Brazil: analysis under the debt covenants hypothesisSilva, Adolfo Henrique Coutinho e 17 December 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os determinantes e as conseqüências econômicas das escolhas de práticas contábeis sob a ótica da Hipótese dos Covenants Contratuais. Mais especificamente, este estudo investiga se os administradores de empresas brasileiras com registro na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) e que efetuaram captações de longo prazo (debêntures e créditos bancários) realizam mudanças de práticas contábeis voluntárias com o objetivo de evitar a violação de covenants (baseados em números contábeis) estabelecidos nos contratos de dívida. Na análise desse fenômeno, estudos anteriores sugerem que os administradores de empresas adotam práticas contábeis pouco conservadoras (que aumentam o resultado e o patrimônio líquido) com o objetivo de evitar a violação de covenants contábeis. Com base na análise de 125 companhias brasileiras (com registro na CVM) que captaram recursos de longo prazo no mercado de crédito via debêntures e créditos bancários (no período de 2000 a 2006), e utilizando testes estatísticos univariados (histogramas empíricos e teste qui-quadrado) e multivariados (regressão logística), foi possível demonstrar que as referidas empresas não realizam mudanças de práticas contábeis voluntárias com o objetivo de evitar a violação de covenants contábeis. Os principais motivos que fundamentam essa conclusão são: (a) os baixos custos nos casos de violação dos covenants contábeis; (b) a ativa normatização e fiscalização contábil das agências reguladoras de serviços públicos, especialmente no setor de energia elétrica; e (c) as empresas, em geral, já utilizam práticas contábeis pouco conservadoras. Tal resultado permite supor que, a fim de evitar a violação dos covenants contábeis, os administradores adotam ações reais que impactam o fluxo de caixa da companhia. A principal contribuição dos resultados observados é demonstrar que, apesar da existência de covenants contábeis nos títulos de dívida emitidos pelas empresas brasileiras analisadas, não existem evidências significativas de mudanças de práticas voluntárias oportunistas para evitar a violação dos covenants contábeis. Esse resultado indica a presença da Abordagem da Eficiência Contratual no contexto das empresas que realizam captações de recursos de longo prazo no mercado de crédito no Brasil. / The present study aims to analyze the economic motivations and consequences of accounting choices under the Debt Covenants Hypothesis. Specifically, this study investigates if managers of Brazilian companies that issued long-term debts make changes in accounting methods in order to prevent the breaking of covenants (based on accounting numbers) established in debt contracts. In the analysis of this fact, prior studies suggests that managers of those companies adopt accounting methods less conservatives (that increase earnings and equity) with the objective of preventing the breaking of debt covenants. Through the analysis of 125 public Brazilian companies that issued long-term debts (in the period 2000-2006), and using univariate (real histogram and chi-square test) and multivariate (logistic regression) statistical tests, it was possible to demonstrate those companies do not make changes in accounting methods in order to prevent the breaking of covenants established in debt contracts. The main reasons that underlying these results are: (a) the low costs in breaking debt covenants; (b) the active regulation and oversight public services regulatory agencies, especially in electric energy sector; (c) Brazilian companies, in general, already adopt less conservative accounting methods. Such results, allow us to suppose that managers, in order to prevent the breaking of debt covenants, take real actions that impact the companies cash flow. The main contribution of the observed results is to demonstrate that there is no evidence of significant opportunistic accounting choices with the purpose of preventing the breaking of debt covenants. Such results suggest the presence of the Contractual Efficiency Approach in the context of the companies that issued long term debts in Brazil.
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Poder discricionário do gestor e comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros: uma análise dos efeitos da convergência do Brasil às IFRS / Manager´s discritionary power and comparability of financial reports: an analysis of the effects of the convergence of Brazil towards IFRSRibeiro, Alex Mussoi 02 April 2014 (has links)
Ainda existem muitas controvérsias práticas e acadêmicas sobre o modo adequado de se regular a contabilidade (Cole et al., 2012). Por um lado, autores como Sunder (2009), Schipper (2003) e d\'Arcy (2000) defendem que os padrões mais flexíveis (aqueles baseados em princípios) aumentam a variabilidade do produto final dos relatórios financeiros e como consequência diminuem a sua comparabilidade. Agoglia et al. (2011) e Collins et al. (2012), por outro lado, encontraram evidências empíricas exatamente do contrário, ou seja, os padrões baseados em princípios geraram resultados menos discrepantes, o que poderia sugerir uma maior comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros. Nesta pesquisa, o objetivo foi avaliar diretamente o impacto de um movimento de flexibilização regulatória contábil sobre a comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros. O país escolhido para análise foi o Brasil, pois ele foi um dos poucos países no mundo em que houve um processo radical de mudança regulatória de um padrão totalmente baseado em regras com forte vinculo com a contabilidade fiscal (Lopes, 2011) para um padrão baseado em princípios com maior necessidade de julgamento por parte dos gestores que elaboram os relatórios financeiros. Para medir a comparabilidade foi utilizado o modelo de similaridade da função contábil desenvolvido por DeFranco et al. (2011) e outras medidas alternativas para análise de sensibilidade. Para medir o impacto da flexibilização regulatória foram utilizados dois modelos. O primeiro modelo separou o período de transição por ano e comparou os resultados obtidos nos anos 2006 a 2012 individualmente com o período de referência 2004 e 2005. O segundo modelo separou o antes e o depois do impacto da adoção das normas internacionais que ocorreu em 2010. As companhias analisadas foram todas as de capital aberto que apresentaram dados completos para o período analisado e possuíam, no mínimo, uma companhia par dentro do mesmo setor de atividades econômicas. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que, na média, não houve uma diminuição significativa do nível de comparabilidade within-country durante o período de transição regulatória nem com o impacto da adoção do padrão IFRS no Brasil. Pelo contrário, houve um aumento da comparabilidade genuína com a adoção do padrão internacional no Brasil para as companhias analisadas nesta pesquisa. Para as medidas alternativas de comparabilidade, a uniformidade de movimentação do lucro (covariação) foi a única que apresentou variação negativa significativa durante o período de transição. Isto reforça o resultado da pesquisa e mostra que enquanto houve uma diminuição no nível de uniformidade dos relatórios financeiros a comparabilidade não diminuiu, contrariamente, aumentou. A principal conclusão deste trabalho é que aumentar o poder discricionário do gestor por meio da flexibilização dos padrões contábeis não diminui a comparabilidade dos relatórios financeiros. / There are still many practical and academic controversies about the proper way to regulate accounting (Cole et al., 2012). On the one hand, authors like Sunder (2009), Schipper (2003) and d\'Arcy (2000) argue that more flexibility allowed in standards (those based on principles) increases the variability of the end product of financial reporting and as a consequence their comparability is reduced. Agoglia et al. (2011) and Collins et al. (2012), on the other hand, found empirical evidences showing exactly the opposite, standards based on principles generated less variability in accounting outcomes, which could suggest a greater comparability of financial reporting. In this research, the objective was to directly assess the impact of a movement in accounting regulatory easing on the comparability of financial reporting . The country chosen for analysis was Brazil because it was one of the few countries in the world where there has been a radical process of regulatory change of a fully rule-based with a strong bond with the tax accounting (Lopes, 2011) for a standard based on principles with greatest need of judment for managers who prepare financial reports. To measure the level of comparability in financial reports this research choosed the model similarity of accounting function developed by DeFranco et al. (2011). To measure the impact of regulatory flexibility two approaches were used. The first approach separated the transition period by year and compared the results obtained in the years 2006 - 2012 with the reference period of 2004 and 2005. The second approach separated the adoption of IFRS in Brazil in two periods, before and after 2010. The companies surveyed were all public corporations with stocks traded in brazilian\'s stock market that had complete data and had at least one pair within the same company sector of economic activities. The results shows that, on average for the companies analysed in this research, there was no significant decrease in the level of within-country comparability during the regulatory transition in Brazil. They also show that impact of adopting IFRS was positive rather than negative. This fact proves that there was na increase in genuine accounting comparability with the adoption of international standard in Brazil for the companies analyzed in this research. For the alternative measures of comparability, the earnings co-movement was the only one that showed a significant negative change during the transition period. This reinforces the results of this work and shows that while there was a decrease in the level of uniformity of financial reporting, the genuine comparability has not decreased, in contrast, it rose. The main conclusion of this work is: the increase in the discretion of the manager through the flexibility of accounting standards does not reduce the comparability of financial reporting .
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Conservadorismo contábil e estrutura de propriedade / Accounting conservatism and ownership structureBarros, Pedro Henrique de 18 May 2015 (has links)
Esta pesquisa defende a tese de que a estrutura de propriedade das companhias influencia o conservadorismo contábil das companhias abertas brasileiras listadas em bolsa. Sugestões teóricas e recentes evidências empíricas subsidiam tal defesa. Empiricamente, LaFond e Roychowdhury (2008), Sánchez, Alemán e Martín (2011), Ramalingegowda e Yu (2012) e Haw, Ho, Tong e Zhang (2012) representam os principais trabalhos internacionalmente. No Brasil, Sarlo Neto, Rodrigues e Almeida (2010), até a publicação da tese, era o único trabalho nessa linha de pesquisa. Quatro características da estrutura de propriedade foram investigadas: a) concentração de direitos de votos pelo maior acionista último; b) divergência entre direitos de votos e fluxo de caixa do maior acionista último; c) presença de segundo maior acionista que não faz parte do bloco de controle; e d) controle exercido por meio de estruturas de propriedade piramidais. Os acordos entre acionistas foram levados em consideração nos cálculos. Ainda, as variáveis de estrutura de propriedade foram obtidas por meio das participações diretas e indiretas, a fim de o maior acionista último ser claramente identificado. Em relação ao conservadorismo, foram empregadas quatro métricas: duas advindas de Basu (1997) e as outras duas provenientes da pesquisa de Ball e Shivakumar (2005) e Khan e Watts (2009). Ademais, foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis de controle nos modelos empíricos: tamanho, endividamento, market-to-book, governança corporativa e risco de litígio. O período da análise abrangeu dados de 2010 a 2013. Após o processo de seleção da amostra, restaram 260 companhias, que perfizeram um total de 887 observações. Para estimar a relação entre as variáveis foi empregada a técnica de dados em painel com efeitos fixos das unidades individuais e do tempo. Os resultados dos testes não indicaram haver efeito sistemático e significativo das características de estrutura de propriedade sobre o conservadorismo contábil. Não obstante, a tese apresenta contribuições tanto em nível internacional como nacional. Em comparação com as pesquisas internacionais na mesma linha de pesquisa, a tese é a primeira a considerar os efeitos dos acordos entre acionistas no cálculo das variáveis de estrutura de propriedade. Ademais, é a primeira a testar os efeitos das estruturas de propriedade piramidais sobre o conservadorismo. Em termos nacionais, a pesquisa contribui com a extensa linha acerca da estrutura de propriedade ao considerar o efeito do segundo maior acionista último, até então inédito na literatura nacional. Também, contribui com a linha de pesquisa em conservadorismo ao levar em conta o efeito de variáveis consideradas relevantes na literatura na estimação dos modelos, não apenas as variáveis de estrutura de propriedade. Além de escrutinizar os resultados por meio da utilização de quatro métricas para mensurar conservadorismo. / This research supports the thesis that the companies\' ownership structure influences the accounting conservatism of Brazilian public companies listed on the stock exchange. Theoretical suggestions and recent empirical evidence support such defense. Empirically, LaFond and Roychowdhury (2008), Sánchez, Alemán and Martín (2011), Ramalingegowda and Yu (2012) and Haw, Ho, Tong and Zhang (2012) represent the main international research studies. In Brazil, the work done by Sarlo Neto, Rodrigues and Almeida (2010), was the only study in this line of research until the publication of this PhD dissertation. For this dissertation, four components of the ownership structure were investigated: a) concentration of voting rights for the largest ultimate shareholder; b) divergence between voting rights and cash flow of the largest ultimate shareholder; c) presence of a second largest shareholder that is not part of the controlling block; and d) control exercised through properties of pyramidal structures. Shareholders\' agreements were taken into account in the calculations. In addition, the variables of ownership structure were obtained by direct and indirect equity participations, in order to clearly identify the largest shareholder. Regarding conservatism, four metrics were used: two coming from Basu (1997) and the other two from the studies conducted by Ball and Shivakumar (2005) and Watts and Khan (2009). In addition, the following control variables were used in the empirical models: size, leverage, market-to-book ratio, corporate governance and risk of litigation. The period of analysis covered data from 2010 to 2013. After the sample selection process, 260 companies remained, which resulted in a total of 887 observations. To estimate the relationship among the variables we used panel data analysis with fixed effects of individual units and time. Each component of the ownership structure was regressed individually on models. The test results did not indicate a systematic and significant effect of ownership structure components on accounting conservatism. Nevertheless, this dissertation presents contributions at both international and national levels. Compared with international studies in the same research line, this dissertation is the first to consider the effects of shareholders\' agreements in the calculation of ownership structure variables. Moreover, it is also the first to test the effects of pyramidal structures on the property of conservatism. Nationally, the research contributes to the extensive line about the ownership structure by considering the effect of the second largest ultimate shareholder, hitherto unheard of in the national literature. This study also contributes to the research line on accounting conservatism, taking into account the effect of variables that are considered relevant in the literature of model estimation, not just the variables of ownership structure. In addition, the use of four metrics to measure conservatism scrutinizes research findings.
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Conservadorismo contábil e o custo do crédito bancário no Brasil / Accounting conservatism and the cost of bank credit in BrazilBrito, Giovani Antonio Silva 09 December 2010 (has links)
Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre o conservadorismo contábil e o mercado de crédito bancário no Brasil. O conservadorismo é considerado uma das práticas mais tradicionais e importantes da contabilidade. A literatura teórica e empírica argumenta que o conservadorismo condicional, caracterizado pelo reconhecimento oportuno e assimétrico de perdas econômicas nos números contábeis, aumenta a eficiência dos contratos de crédito, pois permite que os credores identifiquem tempestivamente a elevação do risco dos tomadores e adotem medidas para salvaguardar os seus capitais. O conservadorismo também restringe comportamentos oportunistas dos gestores e dos proprietários em relação aos lucros gerados pela empresa, protegendo os interesses dos credores. Devido aos benefícios proporcionados pelo conservadorismo condicional, os credores podem criar incentivos econômicos para motivar a adoção de práticas conservadoras pelas empresas, por meio da redução nas taxas de juros das operações de crédito. Esta pesquisa examina empiricamente se a adoção de práticas contábeis conservadoras leva à redução no custo do crédito bancário das empresas no Brasil. A amostra analisada é formada por dados de 1.300 empresas e aproximadamente 813 mil contratos de crédito, observados no período de 2000 a 2009. Os exames se basearam na especificação de modelos econométricos que associam o custo do crédito bancário ao grau de conservadorismo e a um conjunto de variáveis de controle, que inclui características das empresas, das operações de crédito e dos bancos credores, além de variáveis binárias de tempo que capturam fatores macroeconômicos. Os parâmetros dos modelos foram estimados pelo método dos momentos generalizado (GMM) sistêmico, para controle do problema de endogeneidade dos regressores. O custo do crédito bancário foi calculado de duas maneiras, uma considerando todos os contratos de responsabilidade da empresa e outra apenas as operações com recursos livres. Para mensurar o conservadorismo, foram utilizadas cinco métricas que capturam o fenômeno a partir de diferentes perspectivas. Não foram obtidas evidências de relação estatisticamente significante entre as medidas de conservadorismo e as taxas de juros das operações de crédito contratadas pelas empresas da amostra. Esses resultados são robustos a variações na especificação dos modelos, no método de estimação dos parâmetros e na definição operacional das variáveis. As evidências confirmam a hipótese de que a adoção de práticas contábeis conservadoras não leva à redução no custo do crédito bancário das empresas no Brasil. O ambiente institucional brasileiro de fraca proteção legal aos credores e baixa demanda de demonstrações contábeis com atributos de qualidade informacional não produz incentivos para que os credores estimulem a adoção de práticas contábeis conservadoras pelas empresas, por meio da redução nas taxas de juros das operações de crédito. Como as empresas não percebem benefícios econômicos associados ao reporte de números contábeis conservadores, a utilização de tais práticas é restrita no Brasil. Dessa forma, os resultados da investigação no mercado brasileiro não corroboram as predições teóricas. / This study investigates the relationship between accounting conservatism and the bank credit market in Brazil. Conservatism is considered one of the most traditional and important practices in accounting. The theoretical and empirical literature argues that conditional conservatism, characterized by asymmetric and timely recognition of economic losses in accounting numbers, increases the efficiency of debt contracts, because it permits creditors to identify increased risks of borrowers on a timely basis and take measures to protect their capital. Conservatism also restricts opportunistic behavior by managers and owners in relation to the companys earnings, thus protecting creditors interests. Due to the benefits provided by conditional conservatism, creditors can create economic incentives for firms to adopt conservative practices, by reducing interest rates on loans. This study empirically examines whether the adoption of conservative accounting practices leads to a reduction in the cost of bank credit of Brazilian companies. The sample analyzed is composed of data on 1,300 firms and approximately 813 thousand debt contracts, in the period from 2000 to 2009. The examinations are based on specification of econometric models that associate the cost of bank credit to the degree of conservatism and a set of control variables, which include characteristics of the firms, credit transactions and lending banks, besides time dummy variables to capture macroeconomic factors. The models parameters were estimated by the system generalized method of moments (GMM), seeking to control for the problem of endogeneity of the regressors. The cost of bank credit was calculated in two ways, one considering all loan agreements of the borrower firm and the other only considering the loans obtained from banks free resources. To measure conservatism, we used five metrics that capture the phenomenon from different perspectives. We did not find evidence of a statistically significant relationship between the conservatism measures and interest rates on the loans contracted by the firms in the sample. These results are robust to variations in model specifications, parameter estimation method and operational definition of the variables. The evidence indicates that the adoption of conservative accounting practices does not lead to a lower cost of bank credit of Brazilian firms. The Brazilian institutional setting is marked by weak legal protection of creditors and low demand for financial statements with high informational quality. This situation does not produce incentives for lenders to stimulate the adoption of conservative accounting practices by firms, by means of reducing interest rates. Since firms to not receive economic benefits associated with reporting conservative economic numbers, the use of such practices is restricted in Brazil. Therefore, the results for the Brazilian market do not corroborate the theoretical predictions.
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The Impact of Dilution on the Value of Employee Stock OptionsPrinz, Pascal Paul. January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2006.
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El financiamiento en el desarrollo económico de las mypes de servicios, salones de belleza del distrito de Santiago de Surco, Lima Metropolitana, 2016Arias Llaja, Mirella January 2017 (has links)
La presente tesis titulada “El financiamiento en el desarrollo económico de las mypes
de servicios, salones de belleza del distrito de Santiago de Surco, Lima Metropolitana,
2016” tiene por objetivo principal determinar la influencia del financiamiento en el
desarrollo económico de los salones de belleza.
Se presenta a continuación una investigación no experimental transversal, cuyo diseño
metodológico es descriptivo y su enfoque cuantitativo. Se recolectaron datos de 73
dueños y/o gerentes de los salones de belleza del distrito de Santiago de Surco, quienes
tienen una vasta experiencia como gestores de su propia empresa. La técnica aplicada
para la recolección de datos fue la encuesta y para el procesamiento de los mismos se
utilizó el programa estadístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (edición
IBM® SPSS® Statistics 22).
Como resultado del análisis de los datos, se obtuvo que la falta de financiamiento es
un problema que limita el desarrollo progresivo de las micro y pequeñas empresas en
el mercado competitivo de dicho sector.
Se ha determinado que los salones de belleza debido al dinamismo de su actividad
económica necesitan de financiamiento y asesoría para manejar este recurso
eficientemente con la finalidad de lograr su desarrollo que se verá reflejado en las
cifras de rentabilidad o utilidad.
This thesis entitled "Financing in the economic development of the mypes of services,
beauty salons of the district of Santiago de Surco, Lima Metropolitana, 2016" has as
main objective to determine the influence of the financing in the economic
development of the Beauty salons.
A cross - sectional non - experimental investigation is presented, whose
methodological design is descriptive and its quantitative approach. Data were collected
from 73 owners and / or managers of the beauty salons in the district of Santiago de
Surco, who have extensive experience as managers of their own company. The
technique used for data collection was the survey and for the processing of this
information, the statistical program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM®
SPSS® Statistics 22 edition) was used.
As a result of the analysis of the data, it was obtained that the lack of financing is a
problem that limits the progressive development of micro and small companies in the
competitive market of this sector.
It has been determined that beauty salons due to the dynamism of their economic
activity, need financing and advice to manage this resource efficiently to achieve its
development that will be reflected in profitability or utility.
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