The adoption of decentralised systems of governance in its various forms across the world represents one of the most important reforms of the past generation. In South Africa, through a plethora of legislative reforms post 1994, the framework of developmentalism and decentralisation underpin the structure and functioning of the local government system. The new onerous legislative responsibilities bestowed on local government included the significant objectives of promoting social and economic development. Given however the myriad of challenges in this sphere of government, the need to find meaningful, suitable and sustainable solutions are even more pressing. By employing a two-way error component fixed panel data regression technique, this study explores the impact of fiscal decentralisation arrangements in South Africa on the financial wellbeing of the district municipalities across the length and breadth of the country. The data reveals that district municipalities in South Africa are not able to self-generate a meaningful amount of revenue and as a result they are heavily dependent on intergovernmental transfers. The results from the regression models reveal that the fiscal decentralisation arrangement have no meaningful impact on the financial condition of district municipalities in South Africa, given their lack of fiscal autonomy. The current two-tier system of governance between local and district municipalities is not consistent with the tenets and intended outcomes of a decentralised system and there is a need to restructure this system to make it more fiscally autonomous and sustainable for municipalities to be able to fulfil legislative responsibilities.

Governmental accounting in Taiwan was framed under considerations of budgetary compliance, and law compliance rather than users¡¦ needs. The financial statement about governmental funds is organized based on separation guideline for fixed asset items. That means fixed assets are not listed on balance sheet in final accounting, but with the table of property contents. The Governmental Accounting Standard 10 accounting for long-term equity investments was issued by the Directorate-Generate of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of the Executive Yuan on 29 December , 2008. The accounting is totally different with the previous standards. The study is to work out the issues that may arise in implementing the Governmental Accounting Standard 10 . Since this standard hasn¡¦t been implemented yet, the study is a exploring research. A survey of 2 professors of Accounting and 6 governmental accountants , both are professional in governmental accounting, was made by in-depth interview to understand their opinions about implementing the Standard 10. The conclusions are as follows¡G a. The Directorate-Generate of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of the Executive Yuan could inform that the way to identify the fair value is following GAAP. And amend the accounting system on the basis of the standard 10, then the new GBA . b. Measure the initial cost of the long-term equity investment According to section 17 of the Standard when first implementing the standard. Before that, there must be someone and somehow to confirm each government holds 20% or more of an investee company¡¦s capital or stock with voting rights. c. The unrealized profit and losses from inter-transactions between an investor and investee being not eliminated doesn¡¦t affect the reporting of true government financial condition. d. If a governmental investor has significant influence over an investee and intends to continue its support for the investee, the recognized investment losses should still be limited to the extent that makes the book value of the long-term equity investment equal to zero. And disclosing the exceeding losses by footnote. The accounting report under this procedure is still able to report the true government financial condition. e. The accounting report is enough to provide the useful information of budgetary compliance before implementing the Standard 10. But it provides more useful information of assessing the government financial condition, evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness in performing the policy, and allocating the restricted resources appropriately after implementing the Standard 10. keyword¡Ggovernmental accounting, governmental accounting standards, long-term equity investments, government financial condition

abstract: This research investigates the relationship between municipal annexation and local government's financial condition. It addresses a significant gap in the literature by focusing on the roles of local government revenue structure and land use situations in affecting annexation's fiscal implications. The major research question is how these two categories of local circumstances affect annexation's fiscal implications, and what patterns may emerge based on the empirical evidence. With two parts of empirical analyses, I explore the features of the moderating effects of these two local circumstances: how the interactions between annexation and local circumstances influence local government's financial condition. The first part of the analyses examines the role of local government's revenue structure in affecting annexation's fiscal implications. Using a sample of more than six thousand municipalities, empirical analyses of OLS and interactive regression models show the effects of local taxing authority and revenue reliance. The second part underscores the effects of land use along with annexations in municipalities in the Phoenix metropolitan area across two decades. Utilizing GIS data for annexation and land use, it presents spatial patterns of annexation activities and land use changes. A fixed effects model with panel data is used to investigate the joint effects of annexation and land use on local government's financial condition. The complicated effects of different land use situations are identified. The findings suggest that annexation has the potential for fiscal gains to local government, but its positive fiscal effects may diminish if the municipality has less capability to make suitable revenue arrangement, and if a high proportion of land in the municipality that remains undeveloped. Above all, this research offers a comprehensive perspective regarding municipal annexation, land use and local government finance, to inform a larger debate of urban growth and local financial management. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Public Administration 2012

M.Comm. / Financial Condition Reporting is the new proposed risk-based approach to calculating the solvency requirements of the short-term insurance companies in South Africa by the regulator, the Financial Services Board. A risk-based approach to calculating capital requirements is currently the most popular in the developed nations with the United States of America being the champion of this. Australia has implemented its own version of the risk-based capital approach and the United Kingdom has implemented ICAS which is a prelude to Solvency II to be implemented by the European Union. It is unknown how Financial Condition Reporting in South Africa will affect the levels of competitiveness of the short-term insurance industry. Qualitative study was done firstly to develop an understanding of the regulation of financial services and secondly to get an appreciation of how the regulation of financial services affects the levels of competition within the industry. Due to the fact that different people (organisations) have different views on the proposed financial reporting, qualitative data methods provide participants with an opportunity to discuss their reasons. The intention of the researcher was to get as much information as possible from the interviews and hence one of the data collection techniques employed was the use of a tape recorder.. Generally all participants indicated that Financial Condition Reporting was more than welcome in the short-term insurance industry. It was evident that this will force the board of directors of short-term insurance companies to be involved in the risk management of the organisation. In turn this will allow an in-depth understanding of the risks that the organisations are facing. i Financial Condition Reporting will certainly not come without costs; these could either be the cost of implementing the internal models as this will inevitably require the use of qualified actuaries or the capital required as dictated by the prescribed model as this is an industry average. Both costs can result in some companies merging or some being bought out and this could change the scales of competition within the short-term insurance industry.

The field of this Master thesis is economy of small municipalities and its analysis with regards to subsidies exploitation. The goal is the analysis of subsidies exploitation by small municipalities (size < 2000 inhabitants) within the Jihlava district, investigation of its successfulness and financial condition. National public expenditures policies, EU expenditures policies, municipalities budgeting system and financial analysis has been introduced in the theoretical background. As was mentioned earlier, the research sample includes 116 municipalities located in Jihlava district. Respondents were especially mayors or councils (staff) who are acknowledged in budgeting and subsidies obtaining at the same time. The research used Mixed Methods that means quantitative and qualitative approach together. According to research design were methods used as a sequential explanatory research design (QUAN -- qual). Data used for quantitative part was gained from public databases and questionnaire distributed to the mentioned municipalities. The qualitative part included interviews with selected mayors and has brought deeper knowledge and explained particular topics. Statistical analyses were used for testing correlation between financial condition, subsidies exploitation successfulness and perceived satisfaction. Results brought interesting knowledge that with increasing count of municipality inhabitants decrease financial condition. On the other side, the financial condition is independent on exploitation subsidies successfulness but the perceived satisfaction dependent is. Interesting also is that the best results in financial condition have the municipalities which aren't satisfied with subsidies exploitation or have exploit neither.

How well a local government is able to provide for the needs and preferences of its citizens generally depends on the financial resources available; and, how such resources are allocated, distributed, and managed. Demographics, size of local government, supply and age of infrastructure, financial position of the government, and the local economy represent a few of the factors affecting what public goods and services citizens prefer. Internal systems of accounting and control affect the allocation, distribution, and management of financial resources. As such, these internal systems significantly affect the provision of public goods and services. The research outlined in this study examined the relationship between a government's financial management capacity (independent variable) and its financial condition (dependent variable), while controlling for environmental factors related to governance and demographics. Financial condition was quantitatively measured using financial ratios calculated from a database of over 1,600 U.S. cities compiled by the Government Finance Officers Association. Financial management capacity and its relationship to financial condition were measured with a survey of the chief financial officers of almost 500 of the sample cities. This research was exploratory in nature as there is little empirical evidence with respect to financial management capacity or its relationship to overall financial condition. In this study certain statistically significant moderate correlations were found with respect to financial condition and financial management capacity. However, multiple regression analysis of financial condition and financial management capacity (controlling for governance and socio-economic factors), indicated no statistically significant relationship between them as conceptualized and operationalized for this study. When controlling for certain governance and socio-economic factors, annual limits on increases in assessed property valuations and population were found to be statistically significant with respect to financial condition. Additionally, these control variables increased and decreased financial condition, respectively. A major contribution made to the literature by this study lies in its attempt to establish an empirical relationship between financial management capacity and government performance as measured by financial condition. Based on existing literature as reviewed by this researcher, the testing of this relationship had not been done previously. This study defined and measured both financial management capacity and financial condition in dimensions and indicators that can be used in future research. Additionally, efforts were made to test the internal reliability of both measures. The results of this research indicated there are a number of other financial management capacity and environmental factors influencing financial condition beyond those identified in this study. This research also provided insight regarding the extent financial management capacity affects financial condition even though such relationships were not found to be statistically significant. Because no statistically significant relationships between financial condition and financial management capacity were found in this study, additional research is necessary to further explore this relationship as well as the correlation between the various indicators of these concepts.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и приложения. В первой главе работы обобщены различные научные подходы к категории «финансовые результаты», а также обусловлена их роль и значение в деятельности предприятий. На теоретическом уровне сформулированы и охарактеризованы методы оценки финансовых результатов, а также классифицированы факторы, оказывающие влияние на динамику финансовых результатов хозяйствующих субъектов. Во второй главе работы представлена финансово-экономическая характеристика ООО «Интернет решения». Также проведена оценка финансовых результатов ООО «Интернет решения», по результатам которой формулированы ключевые проблемы повышения финансовой эффективности деятельности ООО «Интернет решения». В третьей главе работы сформулированы конкретные мероприятия, которые будут способствовать росту показателей финансовых результатов ООО «Интернет решения» и проведена оценка их эффективности, подтверждающая практическую значимость проведенного исследования. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references and appendices. The first chapter of the work summarizes various scientific approaches to the category of "financial results", as well as their role and importance in the activities of enterprises. At the theoretical level, methods for evaluating financial results are formulated and characterized, and factors that influence the dynamics of financial results of economic entities are classified. The second chapter of the work presents the financial and economic characteristics of Internet Solutions LLC. An assessment of the financial results of Internet Solutions LLC was also carried out, based on the results of which the key problems of improving the financial efficiency of Internet Solutions LLC were formulated. In the third chapter of the work, specific measures are formulated that will contribute to the growth of the financial results of Internet Solutions LLC and an assessment of their effectiveness is carried out, confirming the practical significance of of the study.

Анализ финансового состояния коммерческой организации является основой для принятия решений на уровне субъектов хозяйствования, с помощью которого выявляются наиболее значимые характеристики и показатели деятельности предприятия и составляются прогнозы его дальнейшего развития. Поэтому в настоящее время значительно возрастает роль анализа финансового состояния коммерческой организации, что подтверждает актуальность выбранной темы исследования. Цель и задачи исследования. Целью исследования является развитие теоретических и практических аспектов анализа в управлении финансовым состоянием коммерческой. Для достижения заявленной цели были необходимо последовательно решить следующие задачи: рассмотреть финансовое состояние коммерческой организации как объект исследования; представить содержание анализа финансового состояния коммерческой организации; определить место экономического анализа в управлении финансовым состоянием коммерческой организации; раскрыть информационно-бухгалтерское обеспечение анализа финансового состояния коммерческой организации; развить методику анализа для целей управления финансовым состоянием коммерческой организации; предложить способ интеграции данных экономического анализа в систему управления финансовым состоянием коммерческой организации; предложить порядок обоснования направлений администрирования финансовым состоянием коммерческой организации в условиях экономической нестабильности; предложить порядок обоснования направлений администрирования финансовым состоянием коммерческой организации в условиях технологической транзитивности. Объектом исследования является финансовое состояния коммерческой организации как экономическая категория. Предметом исследования являются теоретические и методические основы действующих подходов к анализу финансового состояния коммерческой организации для целей управления им. / Analysis of the financial status of a commercial organization is the basis for decision-making at the level of business entities, with the help of which the most significant characteristics and performance indicators of an enterprise are identified and forecasts of its further development are made. Therefore, at present, the role of analyzing the financial status of a commercial organization is significantly increasing, which confirms the relevance of the chosen research topic. The purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the study is to develop the theoretical and practical aspects of the analysis in the management of the commercial financial state. To achieve the stated goal, it was necessary to consistently solve the following tasks: to consider the financial condition of a commercial organization as an object of study; present the content of the analysis of the financial condition of a commercial organization; determine the place of economic analysis in managing the financial condition of a commercial organization: to disclose information and accounting support for the analysis of the financial condition of a commercial organization; develop an analysis methodology for managing the financial condition of a commercial organization; to propose a way to integrate economic analysis data into the financial management system of a commercial organization; to propose a procedure for substantiating the directions of administration of the financial condition of a commercial organization in the conditions of economic instability: to propose a procedure for substantiating the directions of administration by the financial condition of a commercial organization in the conditions of technological transitivity. The object of the study is the financial condition of a commercial organization as an economic category. The subject of research is the theoretical and methodological foundations of existing approaches to the analysis of the financial condition of a commercial organization for the purposes of its management.

Бухгалтерский баланс является одной из важнейших форм бухгалтерской отчетности для анализа финансового состояния организации и оценки вероятности ее банкротства. Он позволяет, с одной стороны, дать четкое представление о характере поставщиков финансовых ресурсов организации (капитал и обязательства) и условиях их вовлечения в деловой оборот организации (сроки, процентные ставки, обеспечения), с другой стороны, о направлении и характере вложений представляемого капитала в экономические ресурсы общества (активы). В качестве основных направлений магистерской диссертации предложены новые подходы к осуществлению анализа финансового состояния и оценки вероятности банкротства организации с использованием ее бухгалтерского баланса за счет его соответствующей модернизации, которая позволила сделать бухгалтерский баланс более информационно насыщенным для пользователей бухгалтерской информации. Отдельного внимания заслуживают предложения автора по прикладному и практическому использованию разработанных им подходов по анализу финансового состояния организации и оценке вероятности ее банкротства с использованием модернизированного бухгалтерского баланса. / Balance sheet is one of the most important forms of financial statements for the analysis of financial condition of the organization and assessment of probability of its bankruptcy. It allows, on the one hand, to give a clear idea of the nature of suppliers of financial resources of the organization (capital and liabilities) and the conditions of their involvement in the business turnover of the organization (terms, interest rates, collateral), on the other hand, the direction and nature of investments of the represented capital in the economic resources of the company (assets). As the main directions of the master's thesis proposed new approaches to the analysis of the financial condition and assessment of the probability of bankruptcy of the organization using its balance sheet due to its appropriate modernization, which made it possible to make the balance sheet more information-rich for users of accounting information. Special attention should be paid to the author's proposals for the application and practical use of the approaches developed by him to analyze the financial condition of the organization and assess the probability of its bankruptcy using a modernized balance sheet.

В магистерской диссертации обобщается информация о существующих методиках проведения финансового анализа и предлагается авторской концепции финансового анализа деятельности коммерческой организации. Научную новизну представляют авторские определение финансового анализа деятельности коммерческой организации и его концепция, основанные на данной концепции методики оценки статического финансового состояния, управления денежными потоками и финансового риска коммерческой организации, а также соответствующая автоматизированная модель. Полученные в процессе диссертационного исследования основные положения, результаты и рекомендации могут быть использованы коммерческими организациями в качестве основы совершенствования финансового анализа их деятельности. / The master's thesis summarizes information about the existing methods of financial analysis and proposes the author's concept of financial analysis of a commercial organization. The scientific novelty is represented by the author's definition of financial analysis of a commercial organization and its concept, based on this concept of methods for assessing the static financial condition, cash flow management and financial risk of a commercial organization, as well as the corresponding automated model. Obtained in the course of the dissertation research, the main provisions, results and recommendations can be used by commercial organizations as a basis for improving the financial analysis of their activities.