The thesis is analysing the possible usage of financial derivatives in international business operations at two levels. These are hedging against risks (currency, interest rate and commodity risks) and the possible derivative application within marketing activities. The thesis describes the derivative market dynamics, explains the basic instruments and describes essential trading principles. Based on the three separate case studies, the possible derivative usage in international business is illustrated.

The ultimate goal of the following master thesis is to identify specific mistakes in corporate governance practices that have led to colossal losses in financial derivatives trading departments, to draw lessons from these cases, and to propose possible solutions to prevent such behavior and the consequences that follow.

The banking industry is without a doubt one of the most innovative segments. Its products are continuously evolving with the advent of new technologies, globalization, competition and regulation. IASB attempt to capture what is happening to modify IFRS. On the other hand bank's lobbying actions can also be seen on countless amendments to International Accounting Standard on financial instruments. Therefore, IAS 39 has become difficult to understand, apply and interpret and thus IASB developed a new exposure draft IFRS 9. This diploma thesis compares Czech Accounting Standards, IAS 39 and IFRS 9 for derivatives, bonds and repurchasing agreements, focusing on their different classification, the concept of fair value and own credit risk. The practical part is based on products of Financial Markets department at ING Bank. Finally, it outlined the latest developments in the convergence process between IFRS and U.S. GAAP relating to the issues described.

The thesis concerns with the issues of financial derivatives and their use in the Czech banking sector. The introductory part contains essence of derivatives, their categorization (including characterization of particular types), ways of their usage and risks related with them. The main part of the thesis is focused on analysis of evolution of derivatives contracts in the Czech banking and also in chosen bank. The possible future evolution of the Czech derivatives market is also outlined.

Nowadays, financial derivatives play an increasingly important role in the global financial system, and options are popular structural financial derivatives, which attract much attention from academia and the industry. China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) initiated the CSI 1000 index future and CSI 1000 index option in the Chinese market on July 22, 2022, which indicates a trend of acceleration in financial innovations in China’s financial market. This dissertation focuses on the volatility models in option pricing and modern numerical procedures that approximate option prices. In this dissertation, different stochastic volatility models, for example, the Black–Scholes model and the Heston stochastic volatility model, are introduced and applied to price in not only European options but also exotic options, which possess complicated payoff structures. Moreover, a comprehensive empirical analysis is conducted to demonstrate these option pricing algorithms based on the recent data of CSI 1000 index options in the Chinese market. / Business Administration/Finance

Master's Thesis deals with currency risk influence on particular bussiness company. The target is based on suggestion of particular measures for risk hedging. Information is gained directly from accounting and from the author's knowledge about the company. Influence of risk is studied primarily separately in relation with gross frofit a nd then in relation with net profit of the firm. Suggestions for currency risk hedging come from the requirements of shareholders, who expect the maximal elimination of the currency risks. For currency risk management were proposed two variants: currency swap and Bull Spread option strategy, which were then theoreticaly rated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Manga Jacob.pdf: 716902 bytes, checksum: 1894fde0e498d232073cdce90c95616c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-10 / This study attempted to evaluate financial strategies for risk reduction used by 17 sugar mills located in the State of São Paulo, for the protection of price and exchange rate over the period 2003 to 2009. The methodology was based on field research, in addition to collecting information on the associations connected to this segment. The application of the questionnaire was an attempt to assess empirically how they act with derivatives. This questionnaire included questions about risk management, type of derivatives used and procedures of the plants as their engagement in the period 2003 to 2009. The sample surveyed, only two companies did not answer the questionnaire. However this did not compromise the objective of the research, which was to map out the strategies of these plants with regard to protection against exchange rate and price of sugar. The focus of this research in relation to price the product was sugar, because it is a commodity with great relevance in Brazilian economy, which the country is the largest producer and exporter of this commodity. The results obtained in this study suggest that the interviewed companies operate similarly with respect to price protection and exchange, but they could invest more resources to obtain better results, such as area specialists and technical support, given the importance of this management in the financial result / Este estudo tentou avaliar as estratégias financeiras para redução de riscos utilizados por 17 usinas açucareiras situadas no Estado de São Paulo, para proteção de preço e variação cambial, no período de 2003 a 2009. A metodologia utilizada foi a de pesquisa de campo, além de coleta de informações nas associações ligadas a este segmento. A aplicação do questionário foi uma tentativa de avaliar em termos empíricos como elas atuam com derivativos. Este questionário abordou questões sobre gestão de risco, tipo de derivativos utilizados e procedimentos das usinas quanto a sua contratação, no período de 2003 a 2009. Da amostra pesquisada, apenas 2 empresas não responderam o questionário. Entretanto tal fato não comprometeu o objetivo da pesquisa, que era mapear as estratégias destas usinas no tocante a proteção contra variação cambial e de preço do açúcar. O foco desta pesquisa em relação ao preço foi o produto açúcar, por tratar-se de uma commodity com grande relevância na economia brasileira, o qual o país é o maior produtor e exportador mundial desta commodity. Os resultados apurados nesta pesquisa sugerem que as empresas entrevistadas atuam de forma similar no que tange a proteção de preço e câmbio, mas que poderiam investir maiores recursos para obtenção de melhores resultados, como em profissionais especialistas na área e suporte tecnológico, visto a importância desta gestão no resultado financeiro

O estudo apresenta um modelo de precificação de derivativos financeiros baseado em processos de mistura de movimentos brownianos. A partir de uma modelagem probabilística, são apresentados ajustes ao modelo tradicional de Black-Scholes-Merton para contemplar situações em que o retorno do ativo-objeto não segue uma distribuição normal. O trabalho discute ainda um mecanismo de estimação de parâmetros da mistura de normais. O resultado da pesquisa possibilita a análise de preço de opções em situações mais gerais. / The study presents a model for pricing financial derivatives based on a mixture of Brownian motion processes. From a probabilistic modeling, the research focuses on adjustments to the traditional Black- Scholes- Merton model to address situations where the return of the underlying asset does not follow a normal distribution. The paper also discusses a mechanism to estimate parameters of a mixture of normal distributions. The result of the study allows an analysis of option price in more general situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 141695.pdf.jpg: 10593 bytes, checksum: f7af37696c6c11d00da115a3009b4150 (MD5) 141695.pdf.txt: 165344 bytes, checksum: 847af16c2d59123ffcd94f2bae63b9eb (MD5) 141695.pdf: 450441 bytes, checksum: 8135576d7583f64d8557bef361fe14f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-18T00:00:00Z / This research investigates the factors that lead Latin American non-financial firms to manage risks using derivatives. The main focus is on currency risk management. With this purpose, this thesis is divided into an introduction and two main chapters, which have been written as stand-alone papers. The first paper describes the results of a survey on derivatives usage and risk management responded by the CFOs of 74 Brazilian non-financial firms listed at the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA), and the main evidence found is: i) larger firms are more likely to use financial derivatives; ii) foreign exchange risk is the most managed with derivatives; iii) Brazilian managers are more concerned with legal and institutional aspects in using derivatives, such as the taxation and accounting treatment of these instruments, than with issues related to implementing and maintaining a risk management program using derivatives. The second paper studies the determinants of risk management with derivatives in four Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico). I investigate not only the decision of whether to use financial derivatives or not, but also the magnitude of risk management, measured by the notional value of outstanding derivatives contracts. This is the first study, to the best of my knowledge, to use derivatives holdings information in emerging markets. The use of a multi-country setting allows the analysis of institutional and economic factors, such as foreign currency indebtedness, the high volatility of exchange rates, the instability of political and institutional framework and the development of financial markets, which are issues of second-order importance in developed markets. The main contribution of the second paper is on the understanding of the relationship among currency derivatives usage, foreign debt and the sensitivity of operational earnings to currency fluctuations in Latin American countries. Unlikely previous findings for US firms, my evidence shows that derivatives held by Latin American firms are capable of producing cash flows comparable to financial expenses and investments, showing that derivatives are key instruments in their risk management strategies. It is also the first work to show strong and robust evidence that firms that benefit from local currency devaluation (e.g. exporters) have a natural currency hedge for foreign debt that allows them to bear higher levels of debt in foreign currency. This implies that firms under this revenue-cost structure require lower levels of hedging with derivatives. The findings also provide evidence that large firms are more likely to use derivatives, but the magnitude of derivatives holdings seems to be unrelated to the size of the firm, consistent with findings for US firms. / Este trabalho investiga quais são os fatores que levam empresas não financeiras da América Latina a gerenciar seus riscos usando derivativos. O foco principal é a gestão de risco cambial. Para tal, a pesquisa foi escrita dividindo-se em um capítulo introdutório, contendo a motivação da pesquisa e uma revisão da literatura sobre gestão de riscos financeiros, dois capítulos principais e uma conclusão. O segundo capítulo mostra os resultados de um questionário respondido pelos diretores financeiros de 74 empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA), em que se constatou que: i) empresas maiores são mais propensas a usar derivativos; ii) o risco cambial é o mais freqüentemente gerenciado com derivativos; iii) as questões relativas ao arcabouço jurídico-institucional, tais como a tributação sobre uso de derivativos e o tratamento contábil das operações de hedge preocupam mais os gestores financeiros do que as questões relacionadas à implementação, operacionalização e manutenção dos programas de hedge usando derivativos. O terceiro capítulo estuda os determinantes da gestão de risco nos quatro países mais importantes da América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México). Investiga-se não apenas a decisão de utilizar derivativos, como uma variável binária, mas também a intensidade de utilização de derivativos, medida pelo valor nominal dos contratos em aberto. Trata-se do primeiro estudo a utilizar informações sobre as carteiras de derivativos de empresas de países emergentes. O uso de um conjunto de países permite que se compreenda a influência de fatores econômicos e institucionais, em especial o maior endividamento em moeda estrangeira, a maior volatilidade das taxas de câmbio e juros nos países latinoamericanos, a menor estabilidade político-institucional e o menor desenvolvimento dos mercados financeiros, questões que têm uma importância menor em mercados desenvolvidos. A contribuição principal deste trabalho está em auxiliar o entendimento da relação entre o uso de derivativos cambiais e a sensibilidade dos resultados operacionais às flutuações cambiais. Distintamente do que mostram trabalhos anteriores para empresas norte-americanas, a evidência obtida nesse trabalho mostra que as carteiras de derivativos de câmbio das empresas latinoamericanas são capazes de gerar fluxos de caixa comparáveis, em ordem de magnitude, às despesas financeiras e aos investimentos, mostrando que os derivativos são instrumentos chave nas estratégias de gestão de risco das empresas. Também se trata do primeiro trabalho a mostrar evidência forte e robusta que firmas cujos lucros operacionais se beneficiam da desvalorização da moeda local (por exemplo, exportadores), têm uma proteção natural contra o risco de dívida em moeda estrangeira, que permite a essa empresas captar mais dívida externa. Isso implica que empresas que possuem essa estrutura de receitas e custos precisam de menos derivativos para fazer hedge. Também se mostra que empresas maiores são mais propensas a usar derivativos, mas a magnitude das carteiras de derivativos está negativamente relacionada ao tamanho da empresa, o que é consistente com a teoria financeira e está em linha com os resultados obtidos para empresas dos Estados Unidos.

O estudo apresenta um modelo de precificação de derivativos financeiros baseado em processos de mistura de movimentos brownianos. A partir de uma modelagem probabilística, são apresentados ajustes ao modelo tradicional de Black-Scholes-Merton para contemplar situações em que o retorno do ativo-objeto não segue uma distribuição normal. O trabalho discute ainda um mecanismo de estimação de parâmetros da mistura de normais. O resultado da pesquisa possibilita a análise de preço de opções em situações mais gerais. / The study presents a model for pricing financial derivatives based on a mixture of Brownian motion processes. From a probabilistic modeling, the research focuses on adjustments to the traditional Black- Scholes- Merton model to address situations where the return of the underlying asset does not follow a normal distribution. The paper also discusses a mechanism to estimate parameters of a mixture of normal distributions. The result of the study allows an analysis of option price in more general situations.