The scientific study of fingerprints/fingermarks—dactyloscopy—is one of the most important fields in forensic science today. Fingermarks are amongst the most common type of evidence recovered from crime scenes and are arguably the most valued due to the fact that they are, unlike deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), completely unique to an individual. Fingermarks recovery techniques are constantly evolving and new reagents are always being sought. This project aims to develop and access new fingermark enhancement procedures. The efficacy of an ethanoic solution of phosphomolybdic acid, has been investigated as a latent fingermark enhancement reagent, primarily on porous substrates. After treating samples and exposing them to ultraviolet radiation, the phosphomolybdic acid solution was shown to develop fingermarks to a high quality. Unlike the common amino acid reagents used for the enhancement of fingermarks on porous substrates, ninhydrin and 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one, phosphomolybdic acid stains a range of other compounds found within fingermark deposits, including lipids. The lysochrome diazo dye Oil Red O was used for comparative purposes due to its application in staining some of the same components of fingermark residues that phosphomolybdic acid would be proposed for. Initial results indicate that phosphomolybdic acid is comparable to Oil Red O at developing fingermarks on porous surfaces and may also have applications on non-porous surfaces. A systematic evaluation of solvent carriers was conducted, and whilst many solvents were insufficient, others did show some potential. Primary alcohols such as ethanol, methanol and propan-1-ol all developed fingermarks with identifiable ridge detail. Attempts to mix phosphomolybdic acid with other reagents which react with different fingermark constituents than those phosphomolybdic acid targets were, for the most part unsuccessful. However, not entirely ruled out. Many substrates were tested to observe which developed fingermarks when treated with the phosphomolybdic acid solution. Whilst marks were detected on numerous substrates, paper proved to be the most receptive. Similar stains to the phosphomolybdic acid were tested under the same conditions, however, none were as effective as the phosphomolybdic acid. A non-destructive, non-invasive technique was developed, utilising cuprous metals and their reactions with rubeanic acid. By bringing substrates with fingermarks deposited upon their surface into contact with a copper or copper alloyed plate, it was possible to transfer the fingermark residues to the plate. Forensic gelatin lifters could then be used to lift the marks from the metal plates, these lifted marks could subsequently be treated with a rubeanic acid solution to visualise the fingermarks. The rubeanic acid reacted with the Cu(II) which had been transferred to the fingermark residues to produce a dark product in the pattern of fingermark ridges. The technique was successful at developing fingerprints on semi-porous substrates. The technique was as effective on non-porous substrates, such as glass, but an investigation into the process on porous surfaces was less positive. Attempts to reuse the cuprous metals for the transference of fingermarks after an initial lift resulted in double or ghosted marks being developed, after a thorough wash with soap and water. This was overcome by cleaning with the metal cleaner Brasso. Copper cleaned with Brasso was reused 5 times to show its effectiveness, and adverse effects were minimal. The UK s recent move to polymer banknotes has seen some of the currently used fingermark enhancement techniques for currency potentially become redundant, due to the substrate characteristics of the polymer surfaces. Possessing a non-porous surface with some semi-porous properties, alternate processes are required for polymer banknotes. A preliminary investigation was conducted in to the recovery of fingermarks from polymer notes via vacuum metal deposition using elemental copper. The study successfully demonstrated that fresh latent fingermarks, from an individual donor, could be clearly developed and imaged in the near infrared. By varying the deposition thickness of the copper, the contrast between the fingermark minutiae and the substrate could be readily optimised. Where the deposition thickness was thin enough to be visually indistinguishable, forensic gelatin lifters could be used to lift the fingermarks. These lifts could then be treated with rubeanic acid to produce a visually distinguishable mark. The technique has shown enough promise that it could be effectively utilised on other semi- and non-porous substrates. A follow up group study was less effective than the aforementioned initial study. Many samples were processed using the vacuum metal deposition; incorporating a comparison study between copper and the gold/zinc standard and a depletion trial. However, when imaging was attempted a week after treatment, the results experienced before were unable to be replicated. Attempts to recover samples of radioactive nickel isotope from metal substrates using forensic gel lifters were initially unexceptional. Wipe tests were more successful at recovering the isotope. Experimentation using some non-metallic substrates was more fruitful, the gel lifters were able to recover the radioisotope more readily. Autoradiography showed that, although a weak beta emitter, nickel could be imaged when in sufficient quantities. By using nickel and a short half-life isotope of phosphorus in conjunction with patterned stamps and patterned deposits it was possible to image these patterns by autoradiography of the gels used to lift from the substrates these were deposited upon. These autoradiography images showed enough detail to warrant attempts with a synthetic finger, however, the imaging was insufficient to image the fine details of the friction ridges. Fingermarks deposited on the surface of agar gels showed bacterial growth after incubation for 24 hours. Aseptic transfer of bacterial colonies to fresh agar plates in a typical streak pattern were fruitful. Further transference to a nutrient broth were effective, however, attempts to seed bacterial agar plates for use in inhibition tests were unsuccessful. Overall, phosphomolybdic acid proved to be relatively effective, being able to develop fingermarks on a number of substrates. The copper transfer method, although, less fruitful than PMA showed promise. This lead to the idea of gel lifting from copper VMD treated polymer banknotes which was much more effective. Although, the radioactive and biological techniques showed promise, they were unfortunately unsuccessful at developing fingermarks. A number of the techniques evaluated and developed were successful enough to be published in forensic journals.

abstract: Fingerprints have been widely used as a practical method of biometrics authentication or identification with a significant level of security. However, several spoofing methods have been used in the last few years to bypass fingerprint scanners, thus compromising data security. The most common attacks occur by the use of fake fingerprint during image capturing. Imposters can build a fake fingerprint from a latent fingerprint left on items such as glasses, doorknobs, glossy paper, etc. Current mobile fingerprint scanning technology is incapable of differentiating real from artificial fingers made from gelatin molds and other materials. In this work, the adequacy of terahertz imaging was studied as an alternative fingerprint scanning technique that will enhance biometrics security by identifying superficial skin traits. Terahertz waves (0.1 – 10 THz) are a non-ionizing radiation with significant penetration depth in several non-metallic materials. Several finger skin features, such as valley depth and sweat ducts, can possibly be imaged by employing the necessary imaging topology. As such, two imaging approaches 1) using quasi-optical components and 2) using near-field probing were investigated. The numerical study is accomplished using a commercial Finite Element Method tool (ANSYS, HFSS) and several laboratory experiments are conducted to evaluate the imaging performance of the topologies. The study has shown that terahertz waves can provide high spatial resolution images of the skin undulations (valleys and ridges) and under certain conditions identify the sweat duct pattern. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJCT.pdf: 2493056 bytes, checksum: 537602876ad159bcf7f8a05223462022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Não recebi financiamento / Rafting is a modality that is summed up in the descent of rivers in inflatable boats, in which the members of the boat paddle under the command of an instructor responsible for the orientation of the group during the course, in leisure and tourism activities. However, when it comes to competition, rafting can be practiced by female or male teams, with an initial age of 15 years, in competitions held in three days of events, and in R6 and R4 modalities. The objective of this research was to identify the dermatoglyphic profile, the body composition, the somatotype, the motor tests, the lipid profile, the glycemic and the ergospirometry profile of the elite rafting athletes. Participants were seven male athletes with 21.5 ± 0.5 years, of the sub-23 category. Dermatoglyphic characteristics were evaluated by computerized scanning, body composition by Bio impedance InBody 720, and somatotropy by anthropometric measurements. The motor tests were abdominal, arm support, vertical thrust, Shuttle-run test and aerobic power by ergospirometry in adapted ergometer rowing. The normality test of Shapiro Wilk was used, after applying the Pearson correlation coefficient for the variables, considering a significant value of p <0.05. The athletes presented in the fingerprints 9% of arches, 19% of whorls and 72% of loops, still an average of 112.7 ± 29.9 LQTS and 10.7 ± 2.1 D10; Mean body mass of 72.3 ± 6.9 kg; Height 174.8 ± 7.2 cm; BMI 23.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2, endomorph components 2.6 ± 0.8, mesomorph 5.4 ± 1.3, ectomorph 2.2 ± 0.9, percentage of fat 10.0 ± 4.8 %, Fat mass 7.4 ± 4.1 kg, lean mass 64.9 ± 5.4 kg and skeletal muscle mass 35.5 ± 3.0 kg. The mean load for ergospirometry was 100.0 ± 17.9 W and the maximum oxygen consumption of 66.2 0.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, the production of carbon dioxide 79.6 ± 1, 5 ml.kg-1.min-1, the maximum ventilation 96.9 ± 2.2 l.min-1 respiratory quotient at the time of fatigue 1.2 ± 0.0 and the maximum heart rate 198.5 ± 05 bpm. Blood glucose was 83.7 ± 6.5 mg/dl, cholesterol 169.0 ± 32.7 mg/dl, triglycerides 71.0 ± 15.3 mg/dl and creatinine 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/dl. In the abdominal test 57.0 ± 12.7 repetitions, in the arm support 59.7 ± 13.7 repetitions, in the vertical impulse 51.2 ± 8.6 cm, in the agility 11.5 ± 1.1 seconds. There were strong positive correlations (r> 0.75) for the variables VO2max and VO2max, clamp and MME, veticilo and age, veticilo and VO2max, D10 and age, D10 and MME, SQTL and age. And strong negative correlations (r> -0.75) between the whorl and endomorph component and D10 and endomorph component. It is concluded that the identification of dermatoglyphic profile, body composition, somatotípia, biochemical, motor tests and ergo-spirometry of athletes of high-performance rafting can be applied directly in the orientation of the training strategies, of the various physical qualities involved in this sport, As an auxiliary measure to physical training. This statement is based on the results presented here that reflect the profile of the high performance in the modality, and which, in turn, suggest the predisposition of a subject to said sport. / O Rafting é uma modalidade que se resume na descida de rios em botes infláveis, na qual os integrantes da embarcação remam sob o comando de um instrutor responsável pela orientação do grupo durante o percurso, em atividades de lazer e turismo. Porém, quando se trata de competição, o Rafting pode ser praticado por equipes feminina ou masculina, com faixa etária inicial de 15 anos, em competições realizadas em três dias de provas, e nas modalidades R6, e R4. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar o perfil dermatoglífico, a composição corporal, o somatotípico, os testes motores, o perfil lipídico, a glicemia e o perfil ergoespirométrico dos atletas de elite do Rafting. Participaram sete atletas do gênero masculino com 21,5±0,5 anos, da categoria sub-23. Foram avaliadas as características dermatoglíficas por escaneamento informatizado, a composição corporal por bioimpedância InBody 720, a somatotípia por medidas antropométricas. Os testes motores foram abdominal, apoio de braço, impulsão vertical, teste de Shuttle-run e a potencia aeróbia por ergoespirometria em remo ergômetro adaptado. Utilizou-se o teste de normalidade de Shapiro Wilk, após aplicou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para as variáveis, considerando um valor significativo de p<0,05. Os atletas apresentaram nos desenhos das impressões digitais 9% de arcos, 19% de verticilos e 72% de presilhas, ainda uma média de 112,7±29,9 SQTL e 10,7±2,1 D10; média de massa corporal de 72,3±6,9 kg; estatura 174,8±7,2 cm; IMC 23,7±1,7 kg/m2, componentes endomorfo 2,6±0,8, mesomorfo 5,4±1,3, ectomorfo 2,2±0,9, percentual de gordura 10,0±4,8%, massa gorda 7,4±4,1 kg, massa magra 64,9±5,4 kg e massa muscular esquelética 35,5±3,0 kg. A carga média para ergoespirometria foi de 100,0±17,9 W e o consumo máximo de oxigênio de 66,2 0,8 ml.kg-1.min-1, a produção de dióxido de carbono 79,6±1,5 ml.kg-1.min-1, a ventilação máxima 96,9±2,2 l.min-1 o quociente respiratório no momento da fadiga 1,2±0,0 e a frequência cardíaca máxima 198,5±05 bpm. A glicemia 83,7±6,5 mg/dl, o colesterol 169,0±32,7 mg/dl, o triglicérides 71,0±15,3 mg/dl e a creatinina 1,0±0,1 mg/dl. No teste de abdominal 57,0±12,7 repetições, no de apoio de braço 59,7±13,7 repetições, na impulsão vertical 51,2±8,6 cm, no de agilidade 11,5±1,1 segundos. Foram encontradas fortes correlações positivas (r > 0,75) para as variáveis presilha e VO2máx, presilha e MME, veticilo e idade, veticilo e VO2máx, D10 e idade, D10 e MME, SQTL e idade. E fortes correlações negativas (r > -0,75) entre às variáveis verticilo e componente endomorfo e D10 e componente endomorfo. Conclui-se que a identificação do perfil dermatoglífico, composição corporal, somatotípia, bioquímico, dos testes motores e da ergoespirometria de atletas do rafting de alto rendimento, pode ser aplicado diretamente na orientação das estratégias de treinamento, das diversas qualidades físicas envolvidas neste esporte, como medida auxiliar ao treinamento físico. Tal afirmativa tem sua base nos resultados aqui apresentados que refletem o perfil do alto rendimento na modalidade, e que, por sua vez, sugerem a predisposição de um sujeito ao referido esporte.

A necessidade de um registro rápido e eficiente de frequência do corpo discente de instituições de ensino mostrou uma grande oportunidade de automação com a utilização da identificação biométrica por impressão digital, tornando o controle de frequência integro e ágil, otimizando o tempo de aula e garantindo a disponibilidade da informação, atingindo assim a eficiência necessária no sistema de apuração como um todo. Este trabalho mostra a utilização da biometria como mecanismo seguro dentro de sala de aula na identificação de alunos e a eficiência do sistema aplicando o algoritmo linear a partir de um universo selecionado. A busca pela identificação deve ser feita registro a registro, o que aumenta e muito o custo da aplicação e desta forma aplicou-se o algoritmo linear dentro de um universo selecionado, através de uma chave, diminuindo e muito o custo de busca de um registro. Outro fator é a possibilidade de se diminuir a quantidade de pontos equivalentes, uma vez que a comparação é executada dentro de um universo menor. Os resultados se mostraram favoráveis uma vez que a performance de busca dentro do universo total sofre depreciação cada vez que este universo aumenta e a busca linear dentro de um universo selecionado mantém a performance que inicialmente já é superior, uma vez que esta seleção mantém uma média linear entre todas as turmas dentro de uma instituição de ensino. Outro fator importante para os resultados na utilização do algoritmo linear é que o comparador de características pode ser otimizado, diminuindo a quantidade de características a serem comparadas, uma vez que o universo selecionado para comparação sendo menor, a probabilidade do encontro de impressões digitais com características semelhantes é bastante reduzido. / A great deal of the most critical systems of the current civilization depends on the surveillance, analysis and modulation of biometric signs. The security of several automatic systems is based more and more on biometric data namely by the identification of fingerprints. In spite of the recognition of fingerprints be an already quite studied and well documented issue still subsist enough challenges for investigate, improve and resolve. The necessity an efficient control fast e in the register of frequency of the student of college showed a great chance of automation with the use of the biometric access with fingerprint, becoming the control of efficient, integral and agile frequency, optimizing the lesson time and guaranteeing the availability of the information. This work studied the use of the biometry as mechanism of security inside of classroom in the identification of students, applying the linear algorithm in a selected universe. The search for a biometric identification must be made register to register, what it increase the cost of the application, applying the linear algorithm in the selected universe, through a key, diminishing the cost of search of a register. Another factor is the possibility of the diminishing the amount of points equivalents, in the time that the comparison is executed inside of a minor universe. The results had shown favorable a time that the performance of search inside of the total universe suffers to depreciation each time that this universe increases and the linear search inside of a selected universe keeps the performance that initially already is superior, a time that this selected universe keeps a linear average enters all inside the groups of an education institution. Another important factor for the results in the use of the linear algorithm is that the comparator of characteristics can be optimized, diminishing the amount of characteristics to be comparative, a time that the universe selected for comparison being lesser, the probability of the meeting of fingerprints with similar characteristics sufficiently is reduced.

Positioning of mobile phones or other handheld devices in indoor environments is hard because it’s often not possible to retrieve a GPS-signal. Therefore, other techniques need to be used for this. Despite the difficulties with indoor positioning, the Swedish mining company LKAB want to do exactly this in their processing plants. LKAB has developed an Apple iPhone mobile application to maintain real-time process data and documents for their machines. To retrieve the information an OCR code need to be manually scanned with the application. Instead of manually scanning these codes, LKAB want to develop an Indoor Positioning System that can automatically locate handheld devices in their production plants. This thesis aimed to create a proof of concept Apple iOS application that can position devices without GPS-signals. In the system developed Bluetooth Low Energy iBeacons is used to transmit data to the application. From this data Received Signal Strength Indication values is collected and sent off to a server that transform the values into positioning fingerprints. These fingerprints are used together with the classification algorithms K-Nearest Neighbour to determine in which, on pre-hand created, group the user is located. In these created groups there is a defined set of machines that is being presented back to the user. Test results conducted with the proof of concept application shows that the implemented system works and gives a positioning accuracy of up to 75%.

The use of fingerprints for personal identification has been around for thousands of years (first established in ancient China and India). Fingerprint identification is based on two basic premises that the fingerprint is unique to an individual and the basic characteristics such as ridge pattern do not change over time. Despite extensive research, there are still mathematical challenges in characterization of fingerprints, matching and compression. We develop a new mathematical model in the spatial domain for globally modeling loop pattern fingerprints. Although it is based on the well-known AM-FM (amplitude modulation and frequency modulation) image representation, the model is constructed by a global mathematical function for the continuous phase and it provides a flexible parametric model for loop pattern fingerprints. In sharp contrast to the existing methods, we estimate spatial parameters from the spectral domain by combining the exact values of frequencies with their orientations perpendicular to the fingerprint ridge flow. In addition, to compress fingerprint images and test background Gaussian white noise, we propose a new method based on periodogram spacings. We obtain the joint pdf of these m-dependent random variables at Fourier frequencies and derive the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic.

Cílem této práce je návrh a implementace aplikace pro simulaci poškození umělého otisku prstu. Při studiu jsem se soustředil hlavně na projekt SFinGe, který je průkopníkem v této oblasti. Specifikoval jsem přesněji oblast zájmu na optický či kapacitní senzor a poškození otisků prstů v závislosti na tlaku a vlhkosti, poškození a pošpinění senzoru a deformaci pokožky. Navrhl jsem způsob implementace těchto vlivů poškozujících umělý otisk prstu tak, aby se lépe podobal reálným otiskům. Tyto metody využívají morfologické operátory a model plastického zkreslení u otisků prstů. Výsledky nejúspěšnějších metod mají o 62.5% horší skóre v komerčním produktu oproti originálu a o jednu třídu horší hodnocení dle normy pro kvalitu obrazu otisku prstu. Přínosem této práce je tedy poškození umělých otisků tak, že prokazatelně dosahují horších výsledků než originál a návrh aplikace, která umožňuje rozšíření o další metody.

Projekt sa zaoberá spracovaním a porovnaním otlačkov prstov. Preberá obecné princípy biometrie a rôzne metódy analýzy otlačkov prstov. Navrhuje vlastné riešenie problému formou adaptívnych maskových operátorov na detekciu markantov a štatistické spracovanie výsledkov.

Le développement et la multiplication de dispositifs connectés, en particulier avec les \textit{smartphones}, nécessitent la mise en place de moyens d'authentification. Dans un soucis d'ergonomie, les industriels intègrent massivement des systèmes biométrique afin de garantir l'identité du porteur, et ce afin d'autoriser l'accès à certaines applications et fonctionnalités sensibles (paiements, e-banking, accès à des données personnelles : correspondance électronique..). Dans un soucis de garantir, une adéquation entre ces systèmes d'authentification et leur usages, la mise en œuvre d'un processus d'évaluation est nécessaire.L'amélioration des performances biométriques est un enjeux important afin de permettre l'intégration de telles solutions d'authentification dans certains environnement ayant d'importantes exigences sur les performances, particulièrement sécuritaires. Afin d'améliorer les performances et la fiabilité des authentifications, différentes sources biométriques sont susceptibles d'être utilisées dans un processus de fusion. La biométrie multimodale réalise, en particulier, la fusion des informations extraites de différentes modalités biométriques. / Development and spread of connected devices, in particular smartphones, requires the implementation of authentication methods. In an ergonomic concern, manufacturers integrates biometric systems in order to deal with logical control access issues. These biometric systems grant access to critical data and application (payment, e-banking, privcy concerns : emails...). Thus, evaluation processes allows to estimate the systems' suitabilty with these uses. In order to improve recognition performances, manufacturer are susceptible to perform multimodal fusion.In this thesis, the evaluation of operationnal biometric systems has been studied, and an implementation is presented. A second contribution studies the quality estimation of speech samples, in order to predict recognition performances.

The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively analyze and describe one of the oldest methods of individual identification of individuals, which originates in ancient civilizations and consists of identifying a person on the basis of unique drawings of his papillary terrain. The dactyloscopy will be viewed primarily from a criminalistic perspective, although the text also deals with its expansion and use in other areas of human life. This is also a current trend, whose tendencies can be expected in the future. The thesis is divided into three basic chapters - history, present, future, which will gradually summarize the whole issue of this established forensic science. The text is supplemented with pictures and photographs with regard to practical use of this method. The first part of the thesis deals with the history of dactyloscopy from the discovery of papillary lines by ancient cultures to the gradual introduction of scientific approach to this discipline, either from physiological point of view or later from the criminalistic point of view. The text focuses mainly on important personalities who have helped to develop dactyloscopy and put it into practice. At the end of this part, the historical background and the development of the doctrine of papillary lines in the Czech Republic are also...