The purpose of this qualitative ethnographic study was to explore citizen perceptions of the phenomenon of law enforcement shootings involving an imitation firearm. A secondary purpose was to document knowledge of current imitation firearm policies and thoughts on the effectiveness of said policies. Kingdon's multiple streams approach was used as the theoretical framework. This theory addressed the sources of power that influence policy decisions, the stakeholders involved in agenda setting, and factors that shape policy debates. Data were collected using a combination of secondary data analysis, field observations and semi structured, face-to-face interviews with 23 citizens. Sampling strategies included a combination of snowball, purposeful, and variation sampling to identify interviewees from four specific subject groups: law enforcement, parents of children aged 10-17-years-old, citizens with no law enforcement experience and no children aged 10-17-years-old, and leaders in the community. Results from domain and taxonomic coding revealed the themes of safety, responsibility, and accountability. Specifically, subjects wanted to ensure both law enforcement and citizens were safe in the community, they wanted to see parents take responsibility for their children, and they wanted to see legislation that held people accountable for their actions when using imitation firearms during the commission of a crime. Findings may be used for positive social change by enhancing imitation firearm policies, recognizing ways to improve data tracking, and identifying educational opportunities for both citizens and law enforcement. Enhanced firearm policies can also help mitigate unnecessary shootings and reduce community conflicts between citizens and police.

Introdução: O Traumatismo Raquimedular (TRM) é um evento catastrófico súbito e inesperado que traz consequências drásticas nos âmbitos de saúde e social de um indivíduo. Os estudos que avaliam as causas e recuperação funcional de TRM no nosso meio são escassos. Não há estudos que utilizem o emprego de biomarcadores séricos como prognosticadores da recuperação funcional. Os objetivos deste estudo são: descrever as Causas das Lesões Medulares de um hospital especializado em trauma na cidade de Porto Alegre e comparar com outros centros no Brasil; avaliar as taxas de mortalidade, tempo de ventilação mecânica, tempo de internação destes pacientes; avaliar e funcionalidade mediante o emprego da MIF no momento da alta e 6 meses após a lesão medular; avaliar os Niveis Séricos dos Biomarcadores: Neuronio Específico Enolase, Irterleucina-6, e Fator Neurotrófico Derivado das Celulas Gliais em pacientes com Trauma Raquimedular Isolado; avaliar o comportamento destes Biomarcadores nas primeiras 48 horas e comparar com o grupo controle, correlacionando as alterações clínicas e o prognóstico nos pacientes com TRM. Material e Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes com TRM de várias etiologias. Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes que sobreviveram de TRM isolado que foram atendidos no nosso hospital Cristo Redentor no período de 2010 a 2013. Devido ao considerável número de pacientes com TRM devido a lesões por arma de fogo, estudamos prospectivamente a reabilitação funcional deste grupo de pacientes. Durante a hospitalização, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma intensiva reabilitação e a mesmo continuou após a alta hospitalar. Foram avaliadas as escalas da American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) e a Medida de Indepencência Funcional (MIF) no momento a alta hospitalar e após 6 meses de lesão. Ainda, foram estudados biomarcadores da fase aguda da lesão com objetivo de entender melhor a fisiopatologia das lesões medulares e pesquisar marcadores de prognóstico nesses pacientes. Resultados: A Coorte foi composta de 81 pacientes com média (DP) de 32.6 (±12.2) anos, sendo 76 (93.8%) homens. Na nossa coorte, lesão por arma de fogo foi a maior causa de TRM (x%), enquanto que TRM em acidente de trânsito foram obersvadas em x% e as provocadas por quedas em x%. Os pacientes com TRM causado por lesão por arma de fogo apresentaram menor grau de comprometimento na escala ASIA motora de membro superior, em função de estas lesões afetarem mais porções mais caudais da medula. Entretanto, não observamos diferenças na MIF entre os grupos. Após seis meses, os pacientes apresentaram uma significativa melhora nas escalas ASIA e MIF. O grau de melhora foi similar nas lesões causadas por arma de fogo e de outras etiologias. Nas 48 horas após o TRM observamos elevação significativa de interleucina 6 (IL-6) e enolase neurônio-específica (NSE). No entanto, essa elevação não pôde ser correlacionada com a causa, tipo, severidade da lesão ou prognóstico dos pacientes. Conclusôes: As lesões por arma de fogo são importantes causas de TRM e déficits neurológicos no nosso meio, sendo essse cenário possivelmente reflexo da panorama do TRM no Brasil. A recuperação funcional do TRM severo provocado por armas de fogo é pequena, mas similar aos traumas provocados por queda e acidentes automobilísticos. Nas primeiras 48 horas IL-6 e NSE aumentam significativamente nesses pacientes, embora esse amento não tenha uma correlação clínica mais direta. / Introduction: The Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a sudden and unexpected catastrophic event that brings drastic consequences in the areas of health and welfare of an individual. Studies assessing the causes and functional recovery of TRM in our environment are lacking in literature. No studies using the employment of serum biomarkers as predictors of functional recovery. The objectives of this study are to describe the Causes of Spinal Injuries of a specialized trauma hospital in the city of Porto Alegre and compare with other centers in Brazil. We assessed the rates of mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay of these patients and evaluated the functionality through the use of the FIM at discharge and 6 months. We also evaluated levels of serum biomarkers : Neuron Specific Enolase , Interleukin -6 -Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cells from patients with Spinal Cord Trauma Isolated and the behavior of these biomarkers in the first 48 hours and compared with the control group correlating the clinical findings and prognosis in patients with SCI . Material and Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in patients with severe TSCI with different etiologies. All survivals patients of isolated acute TCSI who were attended in our center from 2010 to 2013 were included in this study. Patients were divided in two groups if TSCI, those with lesions provoked by firearms was provoked by firearm or other causes. During hospitalization all patients were submitted to intensive rehabilitation and followed in a rehabilitation program after discharge. They were evaluated with ASIA and FIM at the time of the hospital discharge and six mounts latter. Sorological biomarkers were evaluated in the first 48 hours. Results: The cohort was composed by 81 patients, mean age (±S.D.) of 32.6 (±12.2) years, being 76 (93.8%) males. Patients with TSCI caused by firearms showed lower degree of impairment than other patients in ASIA motor superior, because a larger number of patients in the group of firearm lesions showed lumbar woods. However, in the other scales we did not observed this difference. After six months, patients showed significant improvement in ASIA and FIM scales. The degree of improvement was similar between patients with TSCI caused by firearms or others. There was an increase of biomarkers IL-6, NSE and GDNF. Conclusions: TSCI provoked by firearms are an important cause of spinal lesion and neurological deficits in Brazil. Functional recovery in severe TSCI provoked by firearms is limited but similar than severe TSCI provoked by falls or automobilist accidents.

There is limited research using small-scale simulation in applied behavior analysis. We used small-scale simulation to train firearm safety skills to 3 to 5-years-old children and assessed whether the skills generalized to the natural environment through in situ assessment. Three participants completed the training and all participants learned the safety skills from simulation training. Two of the participants acquired the safety skills after the first simulation training and the third participant required one booster training before demonstrating the safety skills in the natural environment.

Introdução: O Traumatismo Raquimedular (TRM) é um evento catastrófico súbito e inesperado que traz consequências drásticas nos âmbitos de saúde e social de um indivíduo. Os estudos que avaliam as causas e recuperação funcional de TRM no nosso meio são escassos. Não há estudos que utilizem o emprego de biomarcadores séricos como prognosticadores da recuperação funcional. Os objetivos deste estudo são: descrever as Causas das Lesões Medulares de um hospital especializado em trauma na cidade de Porto Alegre e comparar com outros centros no Brasil; avaliar as taxas de mortalidade, tempo de ventilação mecânica, tempo de internação destes pacientes; avaliar e funcionalidade mediante o emprego da MIF no momento da alta e 6 meses após a lesão medular; avaliar os Niveis Séricos dos Biomarcadores: Neuronio Específico Enolase, Irterleucina-6, e Fator Neurotrófico Derivado das Celulas Gliais em pacientes com Trauma Raquimedular Isolado; avaliar o comportamento destes Biomarcadores nas primeiras 48 horas e comparar com o grupo controle, correlacionando as alterações clínicas e o prognóstico nos pacientes com TRM. Material e Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes com TRM de várias etiologias. Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes que sobreviveram de TRM isolado que foram atendidos no nosso hospital Cristo Redentor no período de 2010 a 2013. Devido ao considerável número de pacientes com TRM devido a lesões por arma de fogo, estudamos prospectivamente a reabilitação funcional deste grupo de pacientes. Durante a hospitalização, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma intensiva reabilitação e a mesmo continuou após a alta hospitalar. Foram avaliadas as escalas da American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) e a Medida de Indepencência Funcional (MIF) no momento a alta hospitalar e após 6 meses de lesão. Ainda, foram estudados biomarcadores da fase aguda da lesão com objetivo de entender melhor a fisiopatologia das lesões medulares e pesquisar marcadores de prognóstico nesses pacientes. Resultados: A Coorte foi composta de 81 pacientes com média (DP) de 32.6 (±12.2) anos, sendo 76 (93.8%) homens. Na nossa coorte, lesão por arma de fogo foi a maior causa de TRM (x%), enquanto que TRM em acidente de trânsito foram obersvadas em x% e as provocadas por quedas em x%. Os pacientes com TRM causado por lesão por arma de fogo apresentaram menor grau de comprometimento na escala ASIA motora de membro superior, em função de estas lesões afetarem mais porções mais caudais da medula. Entretanto, não observamos diferenças na MIF entre os grupos. Após seis meses, os pacientes apresentaram uma significativa melhora nas escalas ASIA e MIF. O grau de melhora foi similar nas lesões causadas por arma de fogo e de outras etiologias. Nas 48 horas após o TRM observamos elevação significativa de interleucina 6 (IL-6) e enolase neurônio-específica (NSE). No entanto, essa elevação não pôde ser correlacionada com a causa, tipo, severidade da lesão ou prognóstico dos pacientes. Conclusôes: As lesões por arma de fogo são importantes causas de TRM e déficits neurológicos no nosso meio, sendo essse cenário possivelmente reflexo da panorama do TRM no Brasil. A recuperação funcional do TRM severo provocado por armas de fogo é pequena, mas similar aos traumas provocados por queda e acidentes automobilísticos. Nas primeiras 48 horas IL-6 e NSE aumentam significativamente nesses pacientes, embora esse amento não tenha uma correlação clínica mais direta. / Introduction: The Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a sudden and unexpected catastrophic event that brings drastic consequences in the areas of health and welfare of an individual. Studies assessing the causes and functional recovery of TRM in our environment are lacking in literature. No studies using the employment of serum biomarkers as predictors of functional recovery. The objectives of this study are to describe the Causes of Spinal Injuries of a specialized trauma hospital in the city of Porto Alegre and compare with other centers in Brazil. We assessed the rates of mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay of these patients and evaluated the functionality through the use of the FIM at discharge and 6 months. We also evaluated levels of serum biomarkers : Neuron Specific Enolase , Interleukin -6 -Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cells from patients with Spinal Cord Trauma Isolated and the behavior of these biomarkers in the first 48 hours and compared with the control group correlating the clinical findings and prognosis in patients with SCI . Material and Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in patients with severe TSCI with different etiologies. All survivals patients of isolated acute TCSI who were attended in our center from 2010 to 2013 were included in this study. Patients were divided in two groups if TSCI, those with lesions provoked by firearms was provoked by firearm or other causes. During hospitalization all patients were submitted to intensive rehabilitation and followed in a rehabilitation program after discharge. They were evaluated with ASIA and FIM at the time of the hospital discharge and six mounts latter. Sorological biomarkers were evaluated in the first 48 hours. Results: The cohort was composed by 81 patients, mean age (±S.D.) of 32.6 (±12.2) years, being 76 (93.8%) males. Patients with TSCI caused by firearms showed lower degree of impairment than other patients in ASIA motor superior, because a larger number of patients in the group of firearm lesions showed lumbar woods. However, in the other scales we did not observed this difference. After six months, patients showed significant improvement in ASIA and FIM scales. The degree of improvement was similar between patients with TSCI caused by firearms or others. There was an increase of biomarkers IL-6, NSE and GDNF. Conclusions: TSCI provoked by firearms are an important cause of spinal lesion and neurological deficits in Brazil. Functional recovery in severe TSCI provoked by firearms is limited but similar than severe TSCI provoked by falls or automobilist accidents.

The subject of this diploma thesis deals with possibilities of the CAM software PowerMILL 2018 for machining of a component for a firearm. The thesis consists of a research focused on the issue of combined firearms, the specification of the part the thesis deals with and the analysis of the materials used. The practical chapters solve component clamping, tool selection and subsequent elaboration of the NC programs. At the end of the thesis there is shown the simulation of machinig including collison control.

Die Arbeit liefert einen Betrag zur Objektivierung der Bewertung und Auswertung von waffenspezifischen Spuren auf Geschossen. Durch den Vergleich der Spuren können Geschosse den verwendeten Waffen zugeordnet werden. Es wurde ein Algorithmus entwickelt, der die Auswahl der relevanten Spurenbereiche aus großflächigen Bilder ermöglicht. Ein weiterer Algorithmus kann die Spuren automatisiert um den Drallwinkel korrigieren. Zwei bekannte Vergleichsmodelle wurden an den vorliegenden Spuren angewandt. Ein Vergleichsalgorithmus, basierend auf der Fuzzy-Theorie, wurde zum Spurenvergleich entwickelt. Der Vergleich mittels dieses Algorithmus kann eindimensional oder zweidimensional erfolgen. Eine Gegenüberstellung der Vergleichsansätze zeigt, dass ein Spurenvergleich mit dem Fuzzy-Modell, bei welchen nur die Lage der Riefenspuren einfließt, bessere Ergebnisse liefert als die anderen Modelle und so für die Begründung von Untersuchungsergebnissen im Spurenvergleich verwendet werden kann.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviviciusbaptista_dissert.pdf: 5989384 bytes, checksum: 709f4e156c11b3804c116e8d1679f733 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-31 / In Brazil, there was a significant increase of deaths due to external causes resulting from wounds of firearm projectiles. This kind of wound is the third cause of Brazilians? deaths, after cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases. Taking into account the necessity of public and social order, both the Medicine and Forensic Justice have interest in victims of wounds of external causes. In this case, Justice searches in the medical science a set of juridical knowledge to help it to defend the rights and interests of men and society: this is the Forensics Medicine. The Forensic Physician has to be able to provide the causa mortis as well to describe the wounds of the Justice interest. In the cases associated with firearms, this physician has to determine if the orifice from the projectile in the body is of entrance or exit. This is very important according to the juridical and proceeding point of view. The firearm projectiles cause in the human skin several typical wounds; however, the shot direction or if the wound occurred due to the entrance or the exit of the projectile are not always determined macroscopically by the forensic physician. Therefore, other means, as the histological, to provide an accurate diagnosis should be taken into account. This study analyzed macroscopically and microscopically 14 wounds of entrance and their 14 wounds of exits, comparing data with the related in the literature. This study showed that hystopathological analysis of wounds due to firearm projectiles provides an effective diagnosis of the entrance and exit orifice. Coagulation necrosis of keratinocytes associated with subepidermal fissure (effects of burn injuries) is a pathognomonic feature of the entrance orifice, whereas the presence of adipose, muscle and bone tissues in the derm is characteristic of the exit orifice. / No Brasil, nos ?ltimos anos, houve um aumento acentuado de mortes por causas externas, devido a ferimentos de proj?teis de arma de fogo. Atualmente, os ferimentos causados por armas de fogo s?o a terceira causa de morte entre os brasileiros, atr?s somente das doen?as card?acas e das c?rebro-vasculares. As v?timas dos ferimentos por causas externas s?o de interesse da Medicina e tamb?m da Justi?a, levando-se em considera??o as necessidades de ordem p?blica e social. Neste caso, a Justi?a busca na ci?ncia m?dica um conjunto de conhecimentos extrajur?dicos para auxili?-la a defender os direitos e os interesses dos homens e da sociedade: ? a Medicina Legal. Compete ao M?dico Legista estabelecer a causa mortis e descrever os ferimentos de interesse da Justi?a. Nos casos que se correlacionam com armas de fogo, compete ao mesmo determinar se o orif?cio decorrente do proj?til no corpo humano ? de entrada ou de sa?da, tendo este fato suma import?ncia do ponto de vista jur?dico e processual. Os proj?teis de arma de fogo ocasionam na pele humana uma s?rie de ferimentos t?picos, mas nem sempre possibilitam o m?dico legista estabelecer, do ponto de vista macrosc?pico, a dire??o do tiro ou se um ferimento foi ocasionado pela entrada do proj?til ou pela sua sa?da. Deve-se, ent?o, lan?ar m?os de meios mais precisos ? histol?gicos ? para se estabelecer o diagn?stico de certeza. Este estudo analisou 14 ferimentos de entrada e suas 14 respectivas sa?das, do ponto de vista macrosc?pico e microsc?pico, comparando-se com os dados j? existentes na literatura. Este estudo demonstrou que a an?lise histopat?logica dos ferimentos ocasionados por proj?teis de arma de fogo fornece substrato para o diagn?stico mais acurado do orif?cio de entrada e de sa?da, sendo que a necrose de coagula??o dos ceratin?citos associada ? fenda sub-epid?rmica (efeitos de les?o por queimadura) ? caracter?stica de orif?cios de entrada e a presen?a de tecido adiposo, tecido muscular e tecido ?sseo, na derme, ? caracter?stica de orif?cio de sa?da.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal