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The aim of this research was to support new mothers in groups, so that they can function optimally as educators. During the research mothers with babies up to three months of age were used by means of a support group. This research project was done after it became evident from a literature study that new mothers suffered with unique problems during this adaption phase. In the empirical survey the researcher gave attention to the new mothers' specific needs and problems during this trimester. The researcher aimed to explore the experiences of the new mother as educator through weekly group sessions. From the results it was clear that there was a need of support from other mothers that is going through the same experiences. In this way new mothers could receive emotional support and obtain knowledge regarding relevant issues experienced during this unique life phase. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The aim of this research was to support new mothers in groups, so that they can function optimally as educators. During the research mothers with babies up to three months of age were used by means of a support group. This research project was done after it became evident from a literature study that new mothers suffered with unique problems during this adaption phase. In the empirical survey the researcher gave attention to the new mothers' specific needs and problems during this trimester. The researcher aimed to explore the experiences of the new mother as educator through weekly group sessions. From the results it was clear that there was a need of support from other mothers that is going through the same experiences. In this way new mothers could receive emotional support and obtain knowledge regarding relevant issues experienced during this unique life phase. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The purpose of this study was to explore factors which are predictive of parenting stress for first-time parents. Based on attachment theory and empirical research, the factors investigated were the responsibility for child care and housework, the current and retrospective relationship with the family of origin, the change in emotions related to parenthood, the marital relationship, and attachment and individuation.

Background Running is a popular form of exercise that more than 55 million Americans actively participate. Endurance running like marathon and half- marathon is getting increasingly popular among active runners. Although the effect of running is considered beneficial to bone health, the direct relationship between strains and strain gradients occurred during long distance running and bone changes is still not clear. Especially, given a high rate of injury associated with the first-time marathon, understanding the direct effect of strain stimuli on bone health is an important issue. Based on the previous studies, we hypothesized that the higher values of strain will induce bone adaptation more effectively and will lead to higher bone osteogenic changes. Since osteocytes sense shear stress caused by the interstitial fluid flow, which is created by the deformations, and regulate activities of osteoblasts and osteoclast that govern bone adaptation, we also hypothesized that the local strain gradient will create pressure differences within the interstitial fluid network and will increase fluid flow. Furthermore, due to that increased fluid flow, the regions with the higher strain gradient will experience a higher amount of bone adaptation. Thus, in this study, our purpose was to define the effect of the strains and strain gradients on bone changes within distal tibia, which is the most prone anatomical site to low risk stress fracture, during training for first-time marathon. Methods High-resolution and low-resolution computed tomographic (CT) images of the distal tibia were obtained before and after a self-selected training from runners who were actively training to participate in their first-time marathon in the next calendar year. The low resolution scan covered a 69.864 mm length of the distal end of the tibia while the high resolution CT scan covered a 9.02 mm region of the distal tibia. Using low resolution CT image based subject specific finite element (FE) models, the strains and strain gradients of the distal tibia at the instance of the peak ground reaction force (GRF) were calculated. The baseline and follow-up high resolution CT scans were used in high resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HRpQCT) analysis and the estimation of bone changes over the training period. Finally, the effect of strains and strain gradients on the distal tibia bone changes was estimated based on the FE model driven strain values and HRpQCT analysis driven bone changes. We used a linear mixed model to define the relationship between strain values and bone changes in the distal tibia. Results The strain values that occurred during marathon training had significant effects on bone changes in the distal tibia. Particularly, the strain gradients showed a higher effect than the strains. In the cortical compartment, the strain gradients, which were calculated as a strain difference of a node from the surrounding nodes (Strain Gradient-1), affected the bone mineral density (BMD) negatively, and per 1000 µε increase resulted in 2.123% decrease in the cortical BMD. The strain gradients, which were calculated as a strain difference of a node from the surrounding nodes normalized to distance to surrounding nodes (Strain Gradient-2), presented a positive effect on the cortical bone volume with a slope of 4.335% / 1000 µε. In the trabecular compartment, the strain gradient-1 showed negative effects on the percent change in BMD and bone mineral density (BMC), whereas the strain gradient-2 showed positive effects on the percent change in BMD and BMC. Conclusion The linear mixed model analysis revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) relationship between strain gradients that occurred during running and distal tibia bone changes. The strains, biometrics, and initial parameters of bone did not show any significant effect on the bone changes. The connection between local strain environment and bone changes in the distal tibia investigated in this study is an important step to understand the mechanism of mechanically induced bone adaptation.

Syfte: Det är en stor omställning i livet att få en ny familjemedlem. Därför finns det ett behov av att undersöka förstagångsföräldrars erfarenhet av aktivitetsbalans samt vilka aktiviteter som anses vara meningsfulla. Men även undersöka om det finns något intresse av att få stöd i att strukturera aktiviteter under den första tiden hemma med barnet. Metod: Informationen samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, som sedan transkriberades. Meningsbärande enheter togs ut, kondenserades och kodades. Utifrån koderna gjordes en analys. Föräldrarna fick även skatta sin upplevda aktivitetsbalans på en skala mellan 1–10. Resultat: Av studien gick det att utläsa att det inte fanns ett uttalat behov av stöd under barnets första år, men att det utifrån beskrivningarna av situationen som uppstod efter barnets hemkomst, fanns ett visst behov av att få stöd i att hitta aktivitetsbalansen under den första tiden. Slutsats: Utifrån resultatet drogs slutsatsen att det fanns ett behov av stöd under den första tiden med barnet, då det beskrevs som en tid av osäkerhet. Det medförde en stor omställning vilket innebar att föräldrarnas vanor och rutiner ställdes på ända och de behövde hitta ett nytt aktivitetsmönster. Fortsatt forskning: För att få ett större underlag och inom ett bredare åldersspann på både föräldrar och barn, skulle det behövas kvantitativa studier. Men även fler kvalitativa studier vore nödvändigt för att kunna få en fördjupad förståelse för föräldrarnas erfarenheter och upplevelser. / Purpose: It is a great change in life to get a new family member. Therefore there is a need to examine first-time parents' experiences of activity balance and which activities are considered meaningful. But also examine if there is any interest in getting support in structuring their activities during the first time at home with the child. Method: The information was collected through semi-structured interviews, which were then transcribed. Sentences were taken out, condensed and coded. Based on the codes, an analysis was made. The parents estimated their occupational balance on a scale between 1–10. Results: The study showed that there is no explicit need for support during the child's first year. But based on the descriptions of the situation that arose after the child's homecoming, there was a certain need to get support in finding the occupational balance during the first period with the child. Conclusion: Based on the result the conclusion showed that there was a need for support during the first time with the child, as it was described as a time of insecurity. This involves a major change, which includes that the parents' habits and routines where turned upside down. They had to find a new activity pattern. Further research: To obtain a larger basis and within a broader range of ages for both parents and children, quantitative studies would be needed. But even more qualitative studies would be necessary in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the parents' experiences.

Forskning har visat att blivande pappor, som i denna studie även benämns som män eller förstagångspappa, har svårt att känslomässigt knyta an till graviditeten innan den blir synlig. Informationen och stödet från Mödrahälsovården under graviditeten är främst riktat till kvinnan, vilket gör att män ges en känsla av utanförskap. De beskriver känslor som att bli åsidosatt av barnmorskan vilket ökar känslan av oro. I Sverige har alla föräldrar rätt till föräldrastöd och individuellt anpassat stöd. Hur upplever blivande förstagångspappor sin delaktighet och vad är delaktighet för dem? Syftet med studien är att belysa förstagångspappors upplevelse av delaktighet i alla tänkbara aspekter av graviditet. En kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta blivande förstagångspappor utfördes i Västra Götaland, Sverige under hösten 2013. Intervjuerna genomfördes när deras partner var i graviditetsvecka 31 till 40. Resultatet tydliggörs genom tre kategorier: Att vara inkluderad men stå vid sidan av, Relationens trygghetsskapande betydelse och Föreställningar om det okända. Resultatet redogör för mäns tankar och känslor om att vara delaktig under graviditeten. Barnmorskan ses som en kunskapskälla och inkluderar pappan genom ett gott bemötande, trots detta upplever pappor ett utanförskap. Under graviditeten antar männen en stödjande roll och har tankar om samhörighet och föräldraskap. För att män skall kunna uppleva delaktighet i alla tänkbara aspekter av graviditet behöver graviditeten förkroppsligas, vilket synliggörs i studiens övergripande tema: Frånvaro av förkroppsligande- ett hinder för delaktighet. Samhället har en föråldrad syn på graviditet och föräldraskap. Barnmorskan behöver få ökad kunskap om mäns behov av stöd under en graviditet, för att möjliggöra transitionen mot faderskapet och ge alla män rätt till lika föräldrastöd. Abstract: Research shows that expecting fathers, which in this study also referred to as male or first-time fathers’, have difficulties to emotionally connect to the pregnancy before it is visible. Information and support from the maternity care during pregnancy is mainly directed towards the women, this makes men feel left out. They describe feelings like being neglected by the midwife, which increases their feelings of anxiety. In Sweden all parents have the right to attend childbirth education and are entitled to individual support. What possibilities do men have for participating and how are they participating in the pregnancy? The aim of the study is to illuminate first-time fathers’ experiences of participating in all possible aspects of pregnancy. A qualitative study with eight expectant first-time fathers’ was conducted in Västra Götaland, Sweden in the autumn of 2013. The interviews occurred between 31th to 40th weeks of pregnancy. The result is illuminated through three categories: To be included but stand beside, The relationship that enhances security significance and Preconceptions about the unknown. The result describes men´s thoughts and feelings about being included in the pregnancy. Midwifes is seen as a source of knowledge and includes the father with her good care. Despite this, fathers experience being side lined. During pregnancy men takes on a supporting role and has thoughts about togetherness and parenting. If men shall be able to experience participation in all aspects of pregnancy, the pregnancy requires to be embodied, which get visible in the study´s main theme: Absence of embodiment- an impediment to participation. The midwife needs knowledge about men’s need for support during pregnancy in order to enable the transition to fatherhood and give all men the right to equal childbirth education. / Program: Barnmorskeutbildning

The purpose of the study was to investigate the associations between first-time full-time freshmen's attributes and fall-to-fall retention at Northeast State Technical Community College. The 15 attributes included age, first-generation student status, gender, high school classification, race, the student's application date to the institution relative to the start of the semester, the 4 ACT test sub-scores, remedial/developmental course placement, major program of study, financial aid status, first-semester grade point average, and end-of-first-semester credit hour enrollment status. In addition to collecting the variables under study, each first-time full-time freshman's entry term and enrollment status for the subsequent fall semester was ascertained. This information was used to categorize individuals into persister and non-persister classifications for the subsequent fall. The data for this longitudinal study were housed in Northeast State's student records database, Student Information System. A preliminary analysis of the data was conducted to ascertain descriptive statistics. Chi Square and independent samples t tests were used to determine if there was an association between each variable and fall-to-fall retention. A multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the effect of the predictor variables upon the criterion variable, fall-to-fall retention. The results indicated that the variables of age, first-generation student status, gender, and race were not significantly related to fall-to-fall retention, while high school classification, application date, the 4 ACT sub-scores, remedial/developmental course placement, major program of study, financial aid award, first-semester grade point average, and end-of-semester credit hour enrollment status were significantly related to fall-to-fall retention. A multiple linear regression model indicated that the greatest influences upon fall-to-fall retention when researching the collective predictor variables were first-semester grade point average,the number of remedial/developmental courses required,the number of hours in which the student was formally enrolled in at the end of the first semester,an application date greater than or equal to 61 days prior to the start of the fall semester,receipt of financial aid in the form of Pell Grant funds only (negative association),associate of applied science student status (negative association), andGED graduate (negative association).