The potential for aquaculture to be integrated within a large-scale irrigation system taking a poverty-focused approach was investigated in the Mahaweli System H irrigation system of North Western Province, Sri Lanka. Using a livelihoods approach an initial situation appraisal identified the potential for aquaculture to be integrated within existing livelihoods activities. The appraisal revealed that decreasing returns from farming and fishing seasonality were major sources of household vulnerability. Using fish caught from the tank fishery, small-scale cage-based fattening of tilapia was developed with participants in an attempt to mitigate seasonal vulnerability caused by fishing seasonality. Participatory technology development was conducted with members of two communities within Mahaweli System H. Upon identifying resources and formulating a research agenda with participants, pilot trials were conducted by fisher-farmers in USG village and by a group of female cage operators in RAJ village. The study identified several constraints to sustainability of the culture system such as variable and low availability of small tilapia with which to stock cages, poor feed quality and latterly, competition for feed inputs. Despite their initial enthusiasm, women were particularly disadvantaged in this process as they were unable to catch their own fish with which to stock their cages and became dependent on men to assist them. The study showed that the cage-based fattening system was able to help meet emergency household expenses, although it was not efficient enough nor practiced on a large enough scale to contribute greatly to household security. In this manner, holding and fattening smaller tilapia is comparable with livestock holdings. Further development of cage design and feed administration improvements are needed to reduce production costs and improve the economic viability of the system.

Coastal Indigenous Peoples worldwide have relied on fish and other marine resources for millennia, and continue to do so despite recent degradation of ocean systems. Their traditional ecological knowledge, comprised of experiences, observations, beliefs, and lifeways, is relevant for modern marine management and conservation. This thesis explores the utility of traditional and local ecological knowledge for extending an understanding of changes over time for places or periods in which scientific data are unavailable. This thesis had three goals: 1) undertake research that is collaborative and inclusive, and that addresses priorities established by participating First Nations; 2) contribute to fisheries management and conservation recommendations by focusing on a species of cultural importance and exploring the applications of traditional and local ecological knowledge to species-level understandings; and 3) contribute a marine social-ecological case study that investigates the use of traditional and local ecological knowledge to understand change over time and provides appropriate context. Two main objectives allowed me to accomplish my goals: 1) demonstrate the application of traditional and local ecological knowledge to establish historical baselines that extend farther back in time than scientific surveys, and investigate reasons for changes, and 2) investigate the utility of a social-ecological trap framework in assessing impacts to a social-ecological system and identifying ways to escape such a trap. My case study occurred in collaboration with four First Nations (as many Indigenous Peoples of Canada are called) on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. My methods included semi-structured interviews with knowledge holders to examine traditional and local ecological knowledge of a culturally and economically important species, Yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus). In this study, I interviewed First Nations fishers and Elders (n=43), asking about: observed changes to the body sizes (length) and abundance of this species over the last ~60 years, the factors driving these changes, stewardship principles or traditional management strategies, concerns for marine resources, and perceived opportunities for cultural revitalization. I then quantified the interview participants’ current and historical estimates of size and abundance, compared interview data to current biological survey data, and qualitatively analyzed responses regarding stewardship, culture, perceived threats, and cultural solutions. I utilized the framework of a social-ecological trap to analyze responses about stewardship, traditional stories or management, and threats to culture, selecting illustrative quotes to contextualize the lived experiences of participants. Overwhelmingly, respondents had observed a decrease in Yelloweye rockfish body sizes since the 1980s. Median historical length observed by participants was nearly twice the modern length. Participants reported substantial decrease in Yelloweye rockfish abundance since the 1980s, and most stated that this change was evident in the early 2000s. Sizes of modern Yelloweye rockfish estimated by participants resembled measurements from ecological data recorded concurrently at the study region. Thus, my study extends baseline historical data of Yelloweye rockfish reliably by about 50 years. Questions about traditional stories and culture revealed the presence of a social-ecological trap created and reinforced by the interplay between species decline and colonization (e.g. the residential schooling system). When asked about traditional management or stewardship practices, only one participant could remember specific traditional stories about Yelloweye rockfish, though all participants expressed adherence to the stewardship principles of taking only what is needed and respecting all life. Though participants expressed concern about the muting of traditional ecological knowledge, culture, and language, they also highlighted key ways towards revitalization and Indigenous resurgence. The ubiquitous presence of stewardship principles suggests there are ways beyond the social trap: participants described on-going cultural revitalization efforts, recovery of depleted species and ecosystems, and the reassertion of Indigenous management rights as ways to overcome problems inherent to the social-ecological trap. My research adds to a growing body of literature that supports the use of traditional and local ecological knowledge in marine management and conservation science. Adding to this literature, my work suggests the significant value of traditional and local ecological knowledge for filling gaps in historical scientific data or in data-poor regions, and highlights the importance of appropriately contextualizing Indigenous knowledge. To overcome the social-ecological trap of knowledge loss and to achieve informed marine management, reassertion of Indigenous management rights and application of traditional management strategies to modern fisheries management is vital. / Graduate / 0326 / 0768 / 0416 / eckertleckert@gmail.com

Small-scale fisheries are learning contexts of importance for generating, transferring, and updating ecological knowledge of natural environments through everyday work practices. The rich knowledge fishers have of local ecosystems is the result of the intimate relationship fishing communities have had with their natural environments across generations (see e.g. Urquhart and Acott 2013). This relationship develops strong emotional bonds to the physical and social place. For fishing communities and fishers – who depend directly on local ecosystems to maintain their livelihoods – fishing environments are natural places for living, working and defining themselves. Previous research on fishers’ ecological knowledge has mainly been descriptive, i.e., has focused on aspects such as reproduction, nutrition and spatial-temporal distribution and population dynamics, from a traditional view of knowledge that only recognises scientific knowledge as the true knowledge. By doing this, fishers’ ecological knowledge has been investigated separately from the learning contexts in which it is generated, ignoring the influence of social, cultural and historical aspects that characterise fishing communities, and the complex relationships between fishers and the natural environments they live and work in. This thesis investigates ecological knowledge among small-scale fishers living and working in the ecosystems of Lake Vättern and the Blekinge Archipelago (Baltic Sea) in Sweden and explores how ecological knowledge is generated with particular regard to the influences of work and nature on fishers’ knowledge of ecosystems. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge and understanding of informal learning processes of ecosystem complexity among small-scale fishers. This knowledge further contributes to the research field of ecological knowledge and sustainable use and management of natural resources. It addresses the particular research questions of what ecological knowledge fishers generate, and how its generation is influenced by their fishing work practices and relationships to nature. The thesis consists of three articles. Article I focuses on the need to address the significant lack of theoretical and methodological frameworks for the investigation of the cognitive aspects involved in the generation of ecological knowledge. Article II deals with the need to develop theoretical, methodological and empirical frameworks that avoid romanticising and idealising users’ ecological knowledge in local (LEK), indigenous (IEK) and traditional (TEK) ecological knowledge research, by rethinking it as being generated through work practices. Article III addresses the lack of studies that explicitly explore theories linking complex relations and knowledge that humans form within and of ecosystems. It also addressed the lack of attention from environmental education researchers to theory and empirical studies of ‘sense of place’ research, with a particular focus on environmental learning. Research into the question of what ecological knowledge fishers generate shows differences in their ways of knowing ecosystem complexity. These differences are explained in terms of the influences of the species being fished, and the sociocultural contexts distinguishing fishers’ connection to the fishing profession (i.e., familial tradition or entrepreneurship) (Article I), but also by the fishing strategies used (Article II). Results answering the research question of how work practices influence fishers’ knowledge of ecosystem complexity show a way of rethinking their ecological knowledge as generated in a continuous process of work (Article II), thus, far from romantic views of knowledge. Results answering the research question of how fishers’ relationships to nature influence their knowledge of ecosystem complexity demonstrate the complex interconnections between psychological processes such as identity construction, proximity maintenance and attachment to natural environments (Article III). Finally, more similarities than differences between fishers’ knowledge were found, despite the variation in cases chosen, with regards to landscape, target species, regulations systems and management strategies, fishing environments scales, as well as cultural and social contexts. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p><p> </p> / Ecological knowledge and sustainable resource management: The role of knowledge acquisition in enhancing the adaptive capacity of co-management arrangements

A pesca artesanal de pequena escala representa a principal fonte de proteína animal e tem um importante papel na atividade econômica das populações que dela dependem. Entretanto, a pesca de pequena escala também pode levar à diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros. Estratégias de manejo da pesca de pequena escala costumam se dar em diferentes níveis de organização: individual, comunitário e regional. Devido à limitação logística e financeira que as instituições de manejo da pesca enfrentam, é necessário direcionar os esforços para aprimorar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar em qual escala espacial de manejo o desembarque pesqueiro no Rio Tapajós (Amazônia brasileira) é mais influenciado. Onze comunidades ribeirinhas pertencentes a diferentes categorias de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável tiveram seus pescadores entrevistados. Os desembarques foram avaliados por meio da biomassa capturada, da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) e do rendimento econômico potencial. No total, 2013 desembarques pesqueiros, de 51 pescadores, durante 12 meses foram analisados. As variáveis com mais importância sobre a biomassa de peixes, a CPUE e o rendimento potencial foram aquelas correspondentes a escala espacial de manejo individual ligadas ao comportamento do pescador, juntamente com variáveis ambientais. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o manejo da pesca deve priorizar regras que influenciam o comportamento do pescador em face das características ambientais locais. / Small-scale artisanal fisheries represent the main source of animal protein and play an important role in the economic activity of the populations that depend on it. However, small-scale fisheries can also lead to decline of fish stocks. Small-scale fisheries management strategies tend to occur at different levels of organization: individual, communitarian and regional (groups of interest). Due to the logistical and financial limitations of fisheries management institutions, it is necessary to direct the efforts to improve management. The objective of this research is to determine in which spatial scale of management influence most the fish landings in the Tapajós River (Brazilian Amazon). Eleven riverine communities belonging to different categories of conservation units were sampled. Landings were assessed using the biomass of fish caught, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and potential economic yield. In total, 2013 fish landings of 51 fishermen during 12 months were analyzed. The variables with more importance on fish biomass, CPUE and potential yield were those corresponding to the spatial scale of individual linked to the fisherman’s behavior and environmental variables. Therefore, the results obtained in this study indicate that fisheries management should prioritize rules that influence the fisher’s behavior related to the local environmental characteristics.

Commercial fisheries on the West Coast are traditionally managed under large-scale management and conservation plans implemented by state and federal agencies. This scale of management can present obstacles for fishing communities. This thesis examines emerging cases of attempts to define and implement sustainable management of commercial fisheries under a community-based co-management model. In Port Orford, Sitka, San Diego and Santa Barbara, preliminary community-based co-management models are enabling fishing communities to pursue social sustainability through preserving access, participating in local science, and direct marketing for fish products. These communities are actively reshaping traditional models of conceptualizing and managing common-pool resources like fisheries.

No description available.

A ecologia humana analisa as relações entre populações humanas e os recursos naturais e pode gerar informações úteis para o manejo das atividades de pesca em áreas costeiras. Este estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2007 e 2008 em duas comunidades de pescadores do litoral sul do Brasil, localizadas nas praias da Guarda do Embaú (GE) e Pinheira (PP), no estado de Santa Catarina. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: analisar as estratégias de pesca e as interações entre diferentes grupos humanos nas atividades da pesca artesanal de subsistência; identificar as decisões e estratégias utilizadas pelos pescadores na pesca artesanal comercial e registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores de duas comunidades sobre os peixes, comparando-o com o conhecimento científico e comparando o CEL entre as comunidades. Na praia da GE foi registrado o número de pescadores e obtidas as seguintes variáveis da pesca através de entrevistas realizadas com estes pescadores: procedência, atividade econômica, petrechos e técnicas utilizadas, tempo gasto pescando e pontos de pesca utilizados, além da composição e biomassa de peixes capturados. Na época de migração de tainhas e paratis (Mugil platanus e M. curema), pescadores locais e ocasionais (de outras regiões) intensificaram a atividade da pesca, registrando um maior rendimento pesqueiro. As técnicas de pesca (espía e sarraio utilizadas com tarrafas e a vara de pesca) utilizadas pelos pescadores (n=163), apresentaram diferenças quanto à produtividade e seletividade. A espía foi a técnica mais produtiva. O sarraio e a espía foram técnicas mais seletivas, quando comparadas à vara de pesca. Foi evidenciada a partilha de nicho entre os pescadores locais e ocasionais quanto ao uso do espaço de pesca e das estratégias de captura utilizadas. Foram observados indícios de regras de uso do espaço de pesca: o respeito dos pescadores ocasionais sobre o ponto de pesca utilizado apenas pelos pescadores locais, além de um comportamento territorial dos pescadores locais que defenderam o ponto de pesca através de sanções sociais (intimidação). Foram registrados os fatores sócio-ecológicos que favorecem planos de co-manejo pesqueiro, como a presença da associação de pescadores dentre outros. A pesca na praia da Pinheira foi analisada através do modelo de forrageio ótimo a partir de um “lugar central” (ponto de saída das embarcações de pesca), que prevê que os pescadores procurarão maximizar os ganhos (biomassa de peixe capturada) em pontos de pesca mais distantes intensificando o esforço de captura. Foram registrados os seguintes dados dos desembarques pesqueiros (n=285): técnicas e áreas de pesca, tempo de viagem até as áreas de pesca (custos), tempo de permanência nas áreas de pesca (esforço) e espécies capturadas (benefícios). O comportamento dos pescadores não seguiu as premissas do modelo de forrageio ótimo. Os pescadores das técnicas de pesca caceio e fundeio visitaram as áreas de pesca de maior probabilidade de boas capturas, independente da distância do “lugar central”. Para encontrar esses lugares os pescadores utilizaram técnicas de sondagem que indicaram as áreas de pesca de maior produtividade. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com pescadores das praias da GE (n=28) e PP (n=31), com mais de dez anos de experiência na atividade, com o objetivo de registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) e compará-lo com a literatura científica e com estudos biológicos. Foi registrado o CEL dos pescadores sobre a abundância, período de reprodução e itens alimentares ingeridos por 7 espécies de peixes na GE e 13 espécies na PP. Foram coletados peixes de cinco espécies junto aos pescadores da PP para análises dos aspectos reprodutivos e alimentares. Os pescadores das duas comunidades possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre as espécies de peixes, que foi influenciado por fatores como a utilidade e a abundância dos peixes e esteve de acordo com a literatura científica, na maioria das vezes. Algumas informações obtidas pelo CEL não foram encontradas na literatura científica e outras não condizentes com a literatura serviram para formular hipóteses para futuras investigações. Foram registradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto à biologia das espécies de mugilídeos e da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix), quando comparadas as duas comunidades de pesca. O reconhecimento das particularidades das diferentes comunidades de pescadores permite conduzir as estratégias de manejo dos recursos de uma forma participativa e mais eficiente, através de práticas de co-manejo pesqueiro. / Human ecology examines the relationships between human populations and natural resources and can generate useful information for management of fishing activities in coastal areas. This study was conducted in the years 2007 and 2008 in two fishing communities of southern Brazilian coast, located at Guarda do Embaú (GE) and Pinheira beaches (PP), state of Santa Catarina. The main objectives of this study were: analyze the strategies of fisheries and interactions between different groups in the activities of artisanal fisheries subsistence, identifying the decisions and strategies used by fishermen on the fishing trade and register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers of two communities over the fish, comparing it with scientific knowledge and comparing the LEK between communities. On the beach GE was the number of registered fishers and the following variables of fishing through interviews with fishers: origin, economic activity, fishing gear and techniques, time spent fishing and fishing spots used in addition to the composition and biomass fishes. At the time of migration of mullets (Mugil platanus and M. curema), local fishers and fishers occasional (other regions) have intensified the activity of fishing, logging a higher yield fishery. The fishing techniques (espia and sarraio used with cast nets and fishing pole) used by fishers (n = 163) differed in yield and selectivity. The espia was the most productive technique. The sarraio and espia techniques were more selective when compared to the fishing pole. There was evidence for niche sharing between local fishers and occasional about the use of the area of fisheries and capture strategies used. Indication, rules of use of space fishing: respect for the occasional fishers on the fishing spot only used by local fishermen, and a territorial behavior of the local fishers who defended the fishing spot through social sanctions (intimidation). Were recorded the socio-ecological factors that promote co-management plans for fisheries, as the presence of the fishermen's association and others. Fishing on the beach Pinheira was analyzed using the model of optimal foraging from a "central place" (point of exit of fishing vessels), which provides that the fishers seek to maximize gains (biomass of fish caught) in points more distant fishing intensifying the fishing effort. Were recorded the following data of fishing landings (n = 285): techniques and fishing areas, travel time to the fishing areas (costs), time in the fishing areas (effort) and species caught (benefits). The behavior of the fishers did not follow the model assumptions of optimal foraging. The fishers of the fishing techniques caceio and fundeio, visited the fishing areas with the highest probability of good catches, regardless of distance from the "central place". To find these places the fishers used probing techniques indicated that the fishing areas of higher productivity. Were also conducted interviews with fishers from the beaches of GE (n = 28) and PP (n = 31), with over ten years experience in the activity, in order to register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) and compare it with the scientific literature and other biological studies. Were registered fishers LEK on the abundance, breeding period and food items eaten by 7 species of fish and 13 species at GE in the PP. Were collected five species of fish of the fishers at PP for analysis of the reproductive aspects and feeding. Fishers from both communities have a detailed knowledge about the species of fish, which was influenced by such factors as the usefulness and abundance of fish and was in accordance with the scientific literature, most of the time. Some information obtained from LEK was not found in the literature and others not consistent with the literature used to formulate hypotheses for future investigations. Differences in the KEL were fishermen on the biology of the species of mullets and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), compared to the two fishing communities. The recognition of the particularities of different fishing communities allows driving the strategies for managing resources in a participatory manner and more efficiently, through practices of comanagement fisheries.

Pescarias tropicais são consideradas multiespecíficas, mas podem apresentar diferentes níveis de seletividade. A falta de longas séries temporais de dados pesqueiros, principalmente em ecossistemas tropicais, prejudica a avaliação das mudanças e impactos relacionados à pesca. A explotação pesqueira em ambientes tropicais está associada ao processo de substituição das maiores espécies por espécies de menor porte (fishing down process). O conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) de pescadores tem sido aplicado em estudos de ecologia, distribuição e abundância atual e passada de peixes para avaliar a conservação de espécies, de ecossistemas e na elaboração de normas de manejo. O objetivo da tese é analisar os padrões de seletividade da pesca continental da Amazônia através de dados secundários, investigar mudanças na abundância e composição das espécies capturadas no Baixo Rio Tapajós ao longo do tempo, bem como propor uma abordagem de manejo pesqueiro baseado no conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores, registrados através de entrevistas e desembarques pesqueiros (dados primários). Analisamos a seletividade de pescarias em 46 locais ao longo da Bacia Amazônica, através da proporção da biomassa das principais espécies capturadas, proveniente de 15 estudos científicos já publicados. Entrevistamos 203 pescadores e 51 deles realizaram o monitoramento participativo de suas pescarias durante um ano, em 11 comunidades do Baixo Rio Tapajós. Analisamos o CEL de pescadores sobre possíveis mudanças na abundância e composição; tamanho e época reprodutiva das espécies de peixes mais capturadas, relacionando à literatura cientifica e desembarques pesqueiros. Avaliamos o nível de conservação dos recursos pesqueiros em três diferentes categorias de Unidades de Conservação (UCs), com diferentes tempos de criação. A maioria das pescarias Amazônicas foram consideradas moderadamente seletivas. Onze espécies de peixes (nove delas migratórias) têm recebido maior pressão de pesca nas regiões Amazônicas (Capítulo 1). A composição das espécies mais capturadas variou temporalmente no Baixo Rio Tapajós, apresentando tendência de diminuição das maiores espécies como o pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tucunaré (Cichla spp.). O tempo de criação das UCs na Amazônia apresentou influência positiva na conservação das espécies, enquanto que a proximidade e o acesso ao mercado consumidor apresentaram influência negativa (Capítulo 2). Pescadores citam tamanhos reprodutivos das espécies de acordo com os tamanhos registrados na literatura científica. Pescadores citam o período reprodutivo das espécies de acordo com desembarques pesqueiros, mas parcialmente de acordo com a literatura (Capítulo 3). O CEL dos pescadores mostrou-se eficiente na avaliação do tamanho reprodutivo e mudança da composição das espécies explotadas ao longo do tempo, identificando o “fishing down process” no Baixo Rio Tapajós. O manejo dos recursos pesqueiros na Amazônia e no Baixo Rio Tapajós pode ser direcionado às principais espécies e deve considerar o conhecimento das populações locais de duas maneiras: a) abordagem ecossistêmica integrada direcionada a espécies migratórias e áreas de vulnerabilidade; e b) incentivo aos sistemas de co-manejo locais, onde os pescadores participam da elaboração, implementação e fiscalização das normas de pesca baseadas em seu conhecimento sobre os recursos, podendo focar no manejo de espécies sedentárias e na proteção de lagos e igarapés próximos às comunidades ribeirinhas. / Tropical fisheries are considered multi-species, but these fisheries may show different degrees of selectiveness. The lack of long-term fisheries data, mainly in tropical ecosystems, affects the assessment of changes and impacts related to fisheries. The fisheries exploitation in tropical environments is associated to the process of replacing the larger species by smaller species, called fishing down process. The Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of fishers have been applied to studies of ecology, distribution and current and past abundance of fishes to assess the conservation of species and ecosystems and in the development of management rules. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the patterns of selectivity of the inland fisheries of the Amazon through secondary data, to investigate changes over time in the abundance and composition of species caught in the Lower Tapajós River, as well as, to propose an approach to fisheries management based to fishers’ LEK, recorded by interviews and fish landings (primary data). The selectivity of fisheries was analyzed in 46 sites along the Amazon Basin through the proportion of biomass accounted for the most caught fish species from 15 scientific studies already published. We interviewed 203 fishers and 51 of them conducted participatory monitoring of their fish landings during one year, in 11 communities of the Lower Tapajós River. We analyzed the fishers’ LEK about possible changes in abundance and composition, size and spawning season of the most caught fish species and compared LEK with scientific literature and fish landings. We evaluated the level of conservation of fisheries resources in three different categories of Conservation Units (CUs) created at distinct periods. Most of the studied Amazonian fisheries were considered moderately selective. Eleven fish species (nine of them migratory) have received more fishing pressure in the Amazonian regions (Chapter 1). The composition of the most caught species changed over time in the Lower Tapajós River, showing a trend of decreasing abundance of larger species, such as, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and tucunaré (Cichla spp.). The time of creation of CUs had a positive influence in the species conservation, while the proximity and access to the consumer market had a negative influence (Chapter 2). Fishers cited reproductive sizes of the species which agreed to sizes reported in the scientific literature. Fishers cited fish spawning seasons that agreed with fish landings, but were only partly in accordance with the literature (Chapter 3). The fishers’ LEK was efficient in the evaluation of the reproductive size and changes in the composition of the exploited species over time, identifying the fishing down process in the Lower Tapajós River. The fisheries management in the Amazon and in the Lower Tapajós River may be directed to the main fish species and must consider the knowledge of local populations in two ways: a) an integrated ecosystem approach directed to migratory species and vulnerability areas; and b) encouraging local systems of co-management, where fishers participate in the creation, design, implementation, enforcement and monitoring of fishing rules based on their knowledge about resources, and the management should focus on sedentary species and the protection of lakes and streams near the riverside communities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosSilva.pdf: 1396028 bytes, checksum: 3034f3a10a9c7773e4f01247d36bc8e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents a case study on the role of the Technical Chamber of Fishing (CTP) of the Intermunicipal Consortium Lagos São João (CILSJ) in mediating conflicts management of artisanal fisheries in the Araruama Lake (LA) region. The CTP is managed by the priorities of the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH), preservationist, as opposed to National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Fishing Activity (PNDSAP), for purposes of profiteering. The management of the Lagos São João River Basin by, CILSJ, prioritizes actions for the conservation and maintenance of water bodies for supplies, leaving in low priority the recovery of estuaries that launches the treated sewage and still untreated, precisely the places where it occurs fishing. The research subject was the representation of fishermen, who are the presidents of the colonies. Data collection occurred through interviews, direct observation, participant observation, documents, films, photographs, testimonials, also considering the actors in public management of local, state and federal fishing. The interviews were examined based on textual analysis. The research approach is qualitative. Artisanal fishing is practiced in the locality of small scale, using the fine craft, work occurs in communion and / or family. The co-management is a methodology for managing common resources most used nowadays in artisanal fisheries. The data revealed that the model of co-management of TCC is not adequate to mediate conflicts fishery in the locality. This study found that there is a union of the colonies through the CTP, but even so, the CTP mechanism does not allow greatest accomplishments are achieved by fishermen, given that the model of co-management is advisory only, where power public consultation, but makes the decision independently without sharing power management, thus no empowerment by fishermen. Thus, it is urgent to replace the co-management system exercised by the CTP, by a better one that allows greater participation of fishermen and not only their representations, management autonomy for fishermen, possibility of funding beyond preservation activities, but also to economic development of fisheries. Other models of co-management can substitute the CTP are the Extractive Reserve (RESEX), the Sustainable Development Reserve or Fishing Forum considering that these are the most successful models of co-management in the country and even in part of region, RESEX Arraial do Cabo. The confirmation of this study of the role played by the CTP regarding the co-management in LA is compatible with the shortcomings of the models the co-management of fisheries in Brazil, with less empowerment of fishermen against government and own submission and public fisheries management on public management environment. Although there is some academic research on fisheries, the literature on fisheries management in the city of LA is scarce, hampering the development of fisheries sustainability and the application of any management plan and indicates the urgency of the development of further investigation, in this work seeks to provide some contribution. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o papel da Câmara Técnica de Pesca (CTP) do Consórcio Intermunicipal Lagos São João (CILSJ) na mediação de conflitos de gestão da pesca artesanal na região da Lagoa de Araruama (LA). A CTP é gerida pelas prioridades da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH), preservacionista, em oposição a Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Atividade Pesqueira (PNDSAP), com fins de exploração econômica. Na Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, o CILSJ, prioriza as ações de conservação e manutenção dos corpos de água para o abastecimento, deixando em segundo plano a recuperação dos estuários em que lança o esgoto tratado e o não tratado, justamente os locais onde ocorre a pesca. O sujeito da pesquisa foi a representação dos pescadores, que são os presidentes das colônias. O levantamento de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas, observação direta, observação participante, documentos, filmes, fotografias, depoimentos, considerando também os atores da gestão pública da pesca local, estadual e federal. As entrevistas foram examinadas com base em análise textual. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa. A pesca artesanal praticada na localidade é de pequena escala, se utiliza de embarcações miúdas, o trabalho ocorre em regime de companha e/ou familiar. O co-manejo é a metodologia de gestão dos recursos comuns mais utilizadas na atualidade na pesca artesanal. Os dados revelaram que o modelo de co-manejo da CTP não é o mais adequado para mediar os conflitos da pesca na localidade. Este estudo constatou que existe a união das colônias por meio da CTP, mas mesmo assim, o mecanismo CTP, não permite que maiores conquistas sejam alcançadas pelos pescadores, tendo em vista que o modelo de co-manejo é apenas consultivo, em que o poder público consulta, mas toma a decisão de forma autônoma sem compartilhar o poder de gestão, desse modo não há o empoderamento por parte dos pescadores. Assim, se faz urgente a substituição do sistema de co-manejo exercido pela CTP, por outro que possibilite maior participação dos pescadores e não só das suas representações; autonomia de gestão dos pescadores; possibilidade de financiamento além das atividades de preservação, mas também de desenvolvimento econômico da pesca. Outros modelos de co-gestão passíveis de substituir a CTP são a Reserva Extrativista (RESEX), a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável ou Fórum de Pesca tendo em vista serem esses os modelos de co-manejo mais bem sucedidos no país e inclusive em parte da região, a RESEX de Arraial do Cabo. A constatação desta pesquisa do papel exercido pela CTP no que tange o co-manejo na LA é compatível com as deficiências dos modelos de co-manejo da pesca no Brasil, com menor empoderamento dos pescadores diante do poder público e da própria submissão da gestão pública da pesca diante da gestão pública do ambiente. Apesar de haver certa produção acadêmica sobre a pesca, a literatura sobre a gestão da pesca na localidade da LA é escassa, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade pesqueira e da aplicação de qualquer plano de manejo e indica a urgência do desenvolvimento de maiores investigações, no que este trabalho procura oferecer alguma contribuição.

A pesca artesanal de pequena escala representa a principal fonte de proteína animal e tem um importante papel na atividade econômica das populações que dela dependem. Entretanto, a pesca de pequena escala também pode levar à diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros. Estratégias de manejo da pesca de pequena escala costumam se dar em diferentes níveis de organização: individual, comunitário e regional. Devido à limitação logística e financeira que as instituições de manejo da pesca enfrentam, é necessário direcionar os esforços para aprimorar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar em qual escala espacial de manejo o desembarque pesqueiro no Rio Tapajós (Amazônia brasileira) é mais influenciado. Onze comunidades ribeirinhas pertencentes a diferentes categorias de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável tiveram seus pescadores entrevistados. Os desembarques foram avaliados por meio da biomassa capturada, da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) e do rendimento econômico potencial. No total, 2013 desembarques pesqueiros, de 51 pescadores, durante 12 meses foram analisados. As variáveis com mais importância sobre a biomassa de peixes, a CPUE e o rendimento potencial foram aquelas correspondentes a escala espacial de manejo individual ligadas ao comportamento do pescador, juntamente com variáveis ambientais. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o manejo da pesca deve priorizar regras que influenciam o comportamento do pescador em face das características ambientais locais. / Small-scale artisanal fisheries represent the main source of animal protein and play an important role in the economic activity of the populations that depend on it. However, small-scale fisheries can also lead to decline of fish stocks. Small-scale fisheries management strategies tend to occur at different levels of organization: individual, communitarian and regional (groups of interest). Due to the logistical and financial limitations of fisheries management institutions, it is necessary to direct the efforts to improve management. The objective of this research is to determine in which spatial scale of management influence most the fish landings in the Tapajós River (Brazilian Amazon). Eleven riverine communities belonging to different categories of conservation units were sampled. Landings were assessed using the biomass of fish caught, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and potential economic yield. In total, 2013 fish landings of 51 fishermen during 12 months were analyzed. The variables with more importance on fish biomass, CPUE and potential yield were those corresponding to the spatial scale of individual linked to the fisherman’s behavior and environmental variables. Therefore, the results obtained in this study indicate that fisheries management should prioritize rules that influence the fisher’s behavior related to the local environmental characteristics.