The Pacific coast salmon fishery has a legacy extending into the shadows of historic time. Since the last ice age, aboriginal communities have actively participated in the harvesting, regulation and management of the salmon resource. First Nations' societies developed governance structures which regulated resource use and access. Prior to colonization and the articulation of a state resource management system, indigenous systems were the sole management regime and they functioned to sustain the fishery for thousands of years. As European colonization proceeded and British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871, federal institutions began to assert their authority over the management of the Pacific fishery. The net effect was to suppress and marginalize indigenous populations from an active and meaningful role in fisheries management. This thesis provides an analysis of First Nations involvement in current fisheries management in the Skeena inland fisheries and explores the potential of co-management agreements for reconciling the two systems of resource management. The objectives of the thesis are: (i) to outline the divergent value systems which underlie resource-based conflict in crosscultural settings; (ii) to identify key components of the indigenous resource management system as expressed within the fishery; (iii) to apply three analytical frameworks to help analyze the current regulatory regime within the inland fisheries; and (iv) to identify recommendations arising from the case study for the future of co-management within the inland fisheries. The introductory chapters outline the historical, philosophical and theoretical contexts for the research. My case study focuses upon the current fisheries management regime, within the inland fisheries, of the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en Nations. The study examines key features of the indigenous resource management system and discusses how this system acted to restrict access and regulate harvesting activities. Government regulations which have impacted First Nations harvesting are outlined and the history of fisheries conflict between the state and the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en is profiled. The core of the conflict involved a jurisdictional dispute concerning aboriginal rights and authority within the fisheries. Litigation by First Nations resulted in key court rulings which established a legal framework for aboriginal fishing rights. The policy response by government to the new legal context involved the delivery of the Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy. This program, which is intended to deliver co-management, is assessed in terms of its application within the fisheries of the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en Nations. It is argued that a form of co-management is being expressed but the program is not addressing key concerns raised by the First Nations. Nineteen strengths evident within the current fisheries management practice of the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en are identified. Some of these include internal policy development, role of the hereditary system, community support, watershed focus and a pro-active stance. The analysis leads me to conclude that the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en agreements under the Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy are more enhanced than other AFS agreements and I argue that this is directly related to the political empowerment processes which have been actively expressed by these First Nations. It is suggested that co-management, empowerment and community economic development are inter-related processes each acting to reinforce the other. I end my research by generating 13 recommendations to enhance fisheries co-management, sustainability and to deliver some measure of historical justice.

The Pacific coast salmon fishery has a legacy extending into the shadows of historic time. Since the last ice age, aboriginal communities have actively participated in the harvesting, regulation and management of the salmon resource. First Nations' societies developed governance structures which regulated resource use and access. Prior to colonization and the articulation of a state resource management system, indigenous systems were the sole management regime and they functioned to sustain the fishery for thousands of years. As European colonization proceeded and British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871, federal institutions began to assert their authority over the management of the Pacific fishery. The net effect was to suppress and marginalize indigenous populations from an active and meaningful role in fisheries management. This thesis provides an analysis of First Nations involvement in current fisheries management in the Skeena inland fisheries and explores the potential of co-management agreements for reconciling the two systems of resource management. The objectives of the thesis are: (i) to outline the divergent value systems which underlie resource-based conflict in crosscultural settings; (ii) to identify key components of the indigenous resource management system as expressed within the fishery; (iii) to apply three analytical frameworks to help analyze the current regulatory regime within the inland fisheries; and (iv) to identify recommendations arising from the case study for the future of co-management within the inland fisheries. The introductory chapters outline the historical, philosophical and theoretical contexts for the research. My case study focuses upon the current fisheries management regime, within the inland fisheries, of the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en Nations. The study examines key features of the indigenous resource management system and discusses how this system acted to restrict access and regulate harvesting activities. Government regulations which have impacted First Nations harvesting are outlined and the history of fisheries conflict between the state and the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en is profiled. The core of the conflict involved a jurisdictional dispute concerning aboriginal rights and authority within the fisheries. Litigation by First Nations resulted in key court rulings which established a legal framework for aboriginal fishing rights. The policy response by government to the new legal context involved the delivery of the Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy. This program, which is intended to deliver co-management, is assessed in terms of its application within the fisheries of the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en Nations. It is argued that a form of co-management is being expressed but the program is not addressing key concerns raised by the First Nations. Nineteen strengths evident within the current fisheries management practice of the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en are identified. Some of these include internal policy development, role of the hereditary system, community support, watershed focus and a pro-active stance. The analysis leads me to conclude that the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en agreements under the Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy are more enhanced than other AFS agreements and I argue that this is directly related to the political empowerment processes which have been actively expressed by these First Nations. It is suggested that co-management, empowerment and community economic development are inter-related processes each acting to reinforce the other. I end my research by generating 13 recommendations to enhance fisheries co-management, sustainability and to deliver some measure of historical justice. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Completely accurate statements of fishing pressure and harvest can only result from an ennumeration of all anglers and their catch. On most bodies of water it has not been economically feasible for management agencies to effect a complete census of fishermen and harvest. Practically, absolute accuracy is not necessary for management. The development of creel census methods resulting in estimates of known accuracy, yet requiring only a practical outlay of time and money, would be a step toward more effective management.

No description available.

Humanity has been fishing for a long time, more specifically underice with nets, this could be a lot more efficient if it could beautomated in any stage of the procedure. The project aim is toconstruct an automated system for assisting in net fishing under ice.A navigation system using a GPS module, an IMU and radio transceiverwas designed, constructed and implemented on a car for testing. Theresult was a system that could navigate to either a predeterminedpoint or return to a point saved by the system. A "manual mode" wasalso implemented to be able to operate the system as a remotecontrolled car with a computer coupled to an Arduino with a radiotransceiver sending control signals to the prototype. The prototypeworked as intended, but would need further improvements to theautomated navigation system's precision to be ready for commercialuse. This should be the primary focus of any further development ofthis project.

Ongoing urbanization and the demand for food, water and recreation influence the sustainability of blue urban spaces. Fishery is a prominent use of urban blue space and can cause pressure on urban nature, its water bodies and fish. This growing pressure requires more attention to how urban dwellers use and value this space and requests smart fishing management for urban areas. To improve knowledge on how to realise sustainable urban fishing, this thesis used an interview study in the city of Hamburg in Germany. Six fishers, two representatives of fishing clubs and one representative of the fishing club association, were interviewed, and the results were combined with observations during one and a half weeks of field study and literature review. The study shows that Germany uses a distinctive approach regarding fishing management with a general ban on catch-and-release and strict regulations. Since fishing law is a state law, the federal state of Hamburg is responsible for its fishing management. The main managing tool is the new fishing law from 2019, developed with scientists and stakeholders to improve fishing in an ethical and sustainable way. The stakeholder’s different impacts on and interests in the rivers of Hamburg have to be respected and are shown in this thesis. The study concludes that management practices have to be managed adaptive to consider changing environmental conditions. Generic fishing management practices (e.g., education of fishers) are limited, while most have to be individually adapted for the environment and fishing culture (e.g., fish protection).

No description available.

The bus route survey technique is a new on-site angler survey technique that was developed for small rivers, with remote access points and low angler use. The technique employs vehicle counts to collect angler effort information. Interviews are conducted at access points to collect user characteristic and catch data from arriving, mid-trip, or departing anglers. This technique was modified to sample total recreational use on 306 km of the James River from Glen Wilton to Richmond, Virginia. The river was spatially stratified into 6 areas, two urban areas (Areas 5 and 6), and four rural areas (Areas 1-4). The two-year study was conducted from March through November, in 1988 and 1989. In order to compare the bus route technique in a large riverine system, I conducted four 4-day intensive sampling days, two weekend and two week days, in Areas 1 and 4 during each year. During these periods a complete as possible access-point survey was conducted simultaneously with the bus route survey. Surveyors for both techniques collected effort, user characteristic, and catch data from several user groups. Aerial flights were also conducted to estimate effort during the 4-day intensive sampling periods. Effort estimates of the bus route and complete access-point surveys were similar in both areas, however aerial surveys collected 205 (29%) more hours of effort per sample because it included users accessing the river through undefined or private access points. Data collected on most user characteristics were not significantly different among methods. In three of four sampling periods catch was not significantly different between the bus route and complete access-point techniques, but in 1988, Area 4, catch was statistically higher for the complete access-point surveys. To solve this problem of underestimating case with the bus route survey more afternoon samples must be conducted to intercept departing anglers. In areas with more than 15 access points or driving time between access points is longer than half the survey day, the bus route can be extended over a two-day period, or a sub-sample of a number of access points can be surveyed. A 4-day intensive sampling period was conducted in 1989, Area 1 during the summer season to compare effort, user characteristics, and catch data between two-day, sub-sampling, and complete access-point surveys. Also, 26 sampling days were conducted in 1989, Area 1 during the summer season to compare effort, user characteristics, and catch between two-day and sub-sampling bus route techniques. No significant difference in effort, and certain (9) user characteristics, or angler catch data was detected between bus route modifications or the complete access-point survey. Also, no significant differences in effort, user characteristics (11), and angler catch variables (2) were detected between the two-day and sub-sampling methods that were conducted throughout the entire summer period. The bus route survey was designed to have equal daily probabilities. When unequal daily probabilities are used, the daily effort formula becomes complex. Daily effort, user characteristics, and catch data were compared from interviews conducted in morning and afternoon samples in 1989, Area 4 during the summer season. Results showed no statistical difference in effort although a mean of 72 (52%) more hours of effort were collected per afternoon sampling period. Most user characteristics were not significantly different, but a larger proportion of departing users were interviewed in the afternoon period (54%) then the morning period (22%). Because only two departing interviews in the early sampling period were anglers, catch estimates could not be compared between the two periods. If collecting catch data is an important survey objective, then more afternoon bus route sampling periods must be conducted. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Bering Sea pollock fishing is characterized by high levels of physical risk, uncertainties in wages and schedule, close and extensive interdependence on other workers, and long absences from home. This occupation leads to a way of life which is full of extremes and has unusually strong effects on the family. This study examines the effects of the occupation on the quality of family life and working life through a teamwork perspective. It is a study of the slow breakdown in cooperation among families and the enhancement of cooperation in the work setting. The breakdown in family cooperation reduces the family’s ability to respond to its members’ needs for love, inclusion, and intimacy, and has important consequences for the quality of family life. The enhancement of cooperation in the work setting contributes to the creation of important social benefits such as trust, agreement, and a sense of inclusion. These social outcomes, and improved task performance, positively influence the quality of working life. Major themes include anthropology at home and among peers, family adaptations to occupational influences, the role of story-telling in building cooperation and commitment in teams, generosity and relaxed social accounting strategies in adult socialization, and the importance of extremes in evaluating the quality of working life.