Submitted by Davi Kobayashi Colombo (colombo.davi@gmail.com) on 2012-09-13T02:17:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_D_K.pdf: 2584577 bytes, checksum: 36629745da1382bb64b51500f11c13a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-09-13T12:47:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_D_K.pdf: 2584577 bytes, checksum: 36629745da1382bb64b51500f11c13a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-13T13:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colombo_D_K.pdf: 2584577 bytes, checksum: 36629745da1382bb64b51500f11c13a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-02 / This paper analyzes the effects of child labor on school performance of students belonging to schools of Sao Paulo. Much of the economic literature shows that child labor has a negative effect on the proficiency. In this approach, the goal was analyzed based on data from school performance, indicator of child labor and other control variables. These information set could change over time - between 2007 and 2009. For this purpose, we applied an econometric model capable of analyzing a longitudinal information data base, based on fixed effects. Considering the two proficiencies investigated, child labor does not influence school performance in Portuguese. On the other hand, in Mathematics there is a positive relationship between proficiency and child labor. These results present a new aspect in the relationship between child labor and school proficiency. Nevertheless these findings were obtained in a specific sphere of analysis: students enrolled (at 2007) in the second grade of Cycle II in the municipal schools of São Paulo. / O presente trabalho analisa o efeito do trabalho infantil no desempenho escolar de alunos pertencentes à Rede Municipal de Ensino de São Paulo. Grande parte da literatura econômica mostra que, de maneira geral, o trabalho infantil tem um efeito negativo na proficiência escolar dos indivíduos. Nesta abordagem, o objetivo foi investigado a partir de dados de desempenho escolar, indicador de trabalho infantil e demais variáveis de controle. Tais valores sofrem alterações ao longo do tempo – entre 2007 e 2009. Para tanto, utilizou-se um modelo econométrico capaz de analisar uma estrutura de informações longitudinais, baseado em efeitos fixos. Considerando as duas proficiências analisadas, o trabalho infantil não influencia o desempenho acadêmico do aluno em Língua Portuguesa. Por outro lado, no caso da disciplina de Matemática, há uma relação positiva entre proficiência e o trabalho infantil. Os resultados deste trabalho apresentam um novo aspecto na relação entre trabalho infantil e desempenho acadêmico. Todavia tais conclusões foram obtidas sob uma esfera específica de análise: alunos matriculados (em 2007) na 2ª série do Ciclo II em escolas da rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo.

Submitted by camila maria viana (camyviana@gmail.com) on 2018-09-20T15:46:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Viana - Dissertação - versão 05.pdf: 952471 bytes, checksum: 8fbc1960404ffde19beabb6ca091a80e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T15:50:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Viana - Dissertação - versão 05.pdf: 952471 bytes, checksum: 8fbc1960404ffde19beabb6ca091a80e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T16:55:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Viana - Dissertação - versão 05.pdf: 952471 bytes, checksum: 8fbc1960404ffde19beabb6ca091a80e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T16:55:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Viana - Dissertação - versão 05.pdf: 952471 bytes, checksum: 8fbc1960404ffde19beabb6ca091a80e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / O presente trabalho tem como contribuição avaliar o impacto da formação do secretário municipal de educação sobre o aprendizado dos alunos de ensino fundamental das escolas das redes municipais brasileiras. Utilizamos a metodologia de dados em painel acompanhando os munícipios brasileiros por dois períodos 2011 e 2014, com o objetivo de verificar se municípios onde o secretário municipal de educação tem formação na área de educação mostram melhores resultados nos exames de proficiência do SAEB para as turmas de 5º e 9º anos do ensino fundamental. Os resultados mostram que o secretário municipal de educação com formação em educação gera efeito positivo nas notas de proficiência em português e matemática dos alunos de 5º ano, esse efeito representa 4,3% (português) e 3,6% (matemática) do desvio padrão das notas dos alunos. / The main purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of the educational background of the municipal secretary of education over the learning of the public elementary school students in Brazil. Using the panel data methodology, analyzing two periods 2011 and 2014, with the objective of checking if the cities which the municipal secretary of education has a background in the educational area shows better results in students’ proficiency for 5th and 9th-graders of elementary school. The results show that municipal secretary of education with educational background has a positive impact over the Portuguese and Mathematics 5th-graders scores. This impact account for 4,3% (for Mathematics) and 3,6% (for Portuguese) of the scores standard deviation.

El presente trabajo investiga el efecto presente del tamaño y la capitalización de las instituciones financieras sobre el riesgo de liquidez medido de dos maneras: el ratio LTD, créditos/depósitos, y el que brinda la SBS, activos líquidos/pasivos de corto plazo, se toma en cuenta 34 instituciones financieras con datos de frecuencia mensual para los años 2013-2019 en Perú. Para propósito de la investigación se utiliza una regresión panel de efectos fijos para capturar el efecto conjunto, posteriormente se desagrega la muestra por tipo de institución financiera para evaluar el impacto desagregado de las variables por especialización bancaria. Los resultados muestran que ambas variables tienen un efecto directo (LTD) e inverso (RL) con el riesgo de liquidez, sin embargo, en cuanto a la capitalización el efecto no es el esperado, incluso cuando se desagrega por la especialización bancaria. El trabajo está dividido en 6 secciones: (1) introducción, (2) marco teórico donde se aborda al sistema financiero y el análisis de los estudios previos, (3) los objetivos e hipótesis de la investigación, (4) la presentación y análisis de los datos, (5) los resultados, la metodología empleada y el análisis con los estudios previos, y por último (6) las conclusiones del presente trabajo. / This paper investigates the present effect of the size and capitalization of financial institutions on liquidity risk measured in two ways: the LTD ratio (loans / deposits), and the one provided by the SBS (liquid assets / short-term liabilities). 34 institutions are taken into account with monthly frequency data for the years 2013-2019 in Peru. For the purpose of the research, a fixed effects panel regression is used to capture the joint effect, then the sample is disaggregated by type of financial institution to evaluate the disaggregated impact of the variables by banking specialization. The results show that both variables have a direct (LTD) and inverse (RL) effect with liquidity risk, however, regarding capitalization, the effect is not as expected, even when broken down by bank specialization. The paper is divided into 6 sections: (1) introduction, (2) theoretical framework, where the financial system and the analysis of previous studies are addressed, (3) the objectives and hypotheses of the research, (4) the presentation and analysis of the data, (5) the results, the methodology used and the analysis with the previous studies, and finally (6) the conclusions of the present paper. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis aims to study the banking characteristics of the parent bank of foreign banks and the influence of the economic environment of the home country on the credit risk of subsidiaries. The study collected a data set of 32 foreign banks in eight CEE countries (joining the EU in 2004) from 2009 to 2020 and conducted an empirical analysis using a fixed-effect panel regression model. Credit risk (NPL) is used as the dependent variable, and the explanatory variable is divided into four groups according to the home country and host country, the bank level, and the macroeconomic level. The regression results show that the profitability of the parent bank has a negative impact, while the liquidity, size, capital, and credit risk of the parent bank has a positive impact on the credit risk of the subsidiary. Moreover, the inflation in the country where the parent bank is located has a negative influence on the credit risk of the subsidiary, while the GDP growth and unemployment rate in the country where the parent bank is located leads to an increase in credit risk. These results show that international risk is transferred from the parent country to the host country through a new channel for foreign banks. Key words: credit risk, fixed effects model, CEE countries, banking sytem, foreign bank

Environmental degradation is a coining issue of our time. Hardly any place in the world is spared from its repercussions. Governments on all administrative levels have begun to take action. It has been acknowledged that local governments are playing a key role in combating the sources and adverse effects of environmental degradation. However, there is considerable variation in the extent to which local governments adopt environmental policies and activities. This paper investigates the determinants of local government involvement in the Local Nature Conservation Program (LONA), a nature protection initiative in Sweden, by analyzing a panel data set covering all 290 Swedishmunicipalities from 2010 to 2019. The study aims to contribute to the longstanding debate in the field whether economic or political variables matter more for explaining local differences in environmental policy adoption. For that purpose, four hypotheses have been derived from four competing theories of urban politics - capacity theory; the economic imperatives model; pluralist theory; and regime theory. The hypotheses are tested by building four statistical models using Poisson fixed effects estimation techniques and including functional form transformations and interaction effects. The results found cultural diversity in the local polity, political interest in the constituency, and socioeconomic characteristics of the residents to be the strongest predictors of municipal LONA-involvement. Contrary to previous research findings, municipal administrative capacity and population size are found to have no effect. The influences of fiscal capacity and political orientation of the governing coalition are ambivalent. Hence, whether economic or political variables are more important for LONAinvolvement is inconclusive. Findings suggest that both matter but that their explanatory power seems more pronounced when considering their joint effects. It appears that fiscal characteristics function as opportunity constraints but that the way local governments manage these circumstances is causing the differences between municipal LONAapplication outcomes. Moreover, it seems that LONA has been successful in engaging smaller and fiscally strapped municipalities by helping them overcome the barriers usually associated with these constraints.

This dissertation analyses the effects of current fisheries practices and management regulations of the green spiny lobster (Panulirus gracilis) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Region (ETP). P. gracilis has reached a critical state in the ETP. Country-based studies report that between 60 and 98% of lobsters caught in the wild are under the minimum landing size (MLS). This means that spiny lobsters are being extracted before reproducing and contributing to the replenishment of interconnected populations. The recovery of green spiny lobster populations in the ETP and the future maintenance of a sustainable fishery will depend on effective management decisions and on taking in account environmental factors that influence the population dynamics of the lobsters. In the first study (Chapter 2), the B52 Spiny Lobster individual based simulation model was used for conducting a population viability analysis to quantify the effect of current fishing practices and the effect of varying management regulations on minimum landing size (MLS) and fishing effort. The best suit of regulations to maintain the highest abundance, production of offspring and catch is to protect juveniles and egged females, and to establish a MLS that assures the reproduction of individuals before being extracted. This study revealed regional variations, however the patterns and the causes for variation were not yet clear. This led to the next chapters in this dissertation. In Chapter 3, I used a meta-analysis to explore regional lobster variability by comparing published studies from the ETP. The objective was to identify patterns of variation related to geographic and environmental factors of the region that can inform the establishment and evaluation of coordinated regulations. Morphological relationships showed to be more variable at northern latitudes, where the mean annual sea surface temperatures are higher than at lower temperatures at the Equator. In terms of management, MLS regulations should be adapted accounting for the effect of sea surface temperature and its variation. Additionally, it was observed that monitoring methodologies are not standardized within the region and even in some cases, neither within countries. Furthermore, in most places monitoring of the spiny lobster fishery happens sporadically, only in Galapagos takes place every year. Identifying patterns of variations can improve the accuracy of prediction models which can help to explore, design, and apply more effective management measures, as well as promote regional coordination to support the recovery and maintenance of spiny lobsters. In Chapter 4, I contrast current Ecuadorian minimum landing size (MLS) regulation to lobster empirical measurements within Ecuador in order to recognize potential pitfalls for management enforcement. I used linear regression and multiple regression models with the objective of identifying potential relative size variations of the individuals caught in the wild over time and in the different fishing areas in Ecuador, as well as to analyse the effect of locality, sex, age and mean SST on the tail length/total length ratio. Morphological relations were significantly different among sexes, in time and by all sites. Most importantly, this study shows that current minimum size regulations are not applicable to all sites. Additionally, I found that water temperature has a significant effect on morphological relationship variations. However, it was not the main site-specific variable responsible for explaining such variations. In general, this work emphasizes the need for length data collection standardization and the consideration of temporal and spatial variation implications in national and regional fishery management planning, enforcement and evaluation.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the association of ownership structure and bank risk-taking as well as the effects of capital regulation. This study employs simultaneous equations, panel data and instrumental variables (IV) models on a sample of 192 banks from Eastern Central Europe and Asia Regions from 2005-2014. An assessment was made on how banks adjust their capital level as well as portfolio risks when there is a minimum capital regulatory ratio. The results indicate that firstly, banks react to the capital regulatory pressure by increasing capital and changes in capital and bank risk changes are positively related. Secondly, it is found that Foreign-owned banks have higher default risks than Domestic-owned banks; however, Government-owned banks are more stable in terms of asset risks measure during the year when there is election. When taking the market forces into account, in listed banks, insider owners and institutional owners have positive impacts on asset risks while positive asset risks on listed Government-owned banks only during the election. Finally, the findings also show that when capital regulation is taken as a moderating variable, it has influenced the impacts of ownership structure and bank risk, however, the increasing effects can only be proven for insider owners...

No description available.

La tesis engloba tres capítulos: el primero sobre fertilidad y "calidad" infantil, el segundo sobre planificación familiar y salud infantil, y el tercero sobre la estimación de un indicador de la actividad económica agregada regional. Concretamente, el primer capítulo examina empíricamente usando un modelo de diferencia-en-diferencias con efectos fijos, cómo un aumento inesperado de riqueza (proveniente de una transferencia intergeneracional) afecta a la fertilidad y la inversión de los padres en la calidad de los hijos. Se encuentra un efecto negativo en la cantidad de hijos junto a un efecto positivo en la calidad de los hijos demandados por los hogares. Estos efectos ocurren en diferentes momentos del tiempo para la muestra completa. En el corto plazo se observa una reducción de la fertilidad mientras que en el largo plazo se observa un aumento de la inversión en calidad infantil. También se encuentra un efecto positivo en la inversión en calidad infantil a corto plazo para las parejas que ya tenían hijos. En el segundo capítulo se evalúa una política, estudiando el impacto de haber sido expuesto a un programa de planificación familiar que promovió la anticoncepción quirúrgica/esterilización por primera vez en Perú (Programa de Salud Reproductiva y Planificación Familiar o PNSRPF, 1996- 2000). Los resultados muestran un mayor uso de métodos anticonceptivos temporales y permanentes entre las mujeres expuestas al programa y un menor riesgo de mortalidad infantil entre sus hijos. Este efecto es, en parte, debido a la prolongación de la lactancia materna. Finalmente, en el tercer capítulo se estima un indicador resumen de la actividad económica agregada, en frecuencia mensual, para las regiones españolas. Se utiliza un Modelo de Factores Dinámico dada la escasez de datos a nivel regional. Los indicadores estimados muestran la heterogeneidad del sistema productivo entre regiones a través de la inclusión de diferentes variables con el fin de reflejar con mayor precisión la evolución económica regional. Los indicadores obtenidos son especialmente útiles para estimar el impacto económico del reciente brote de COVID 19 a nivel regional en España. / Esta tesis ha sido elaborada con la financiación concedida por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ECO2014-58434-P).

The main objective of this study was to test if the applicability of known capital structure theories holds water in abnormal economic environments, in particular, in Zimbabwe. Using secondary data collected for listed manufacturing firms from 2009-2018, results from a fixed effects regression model concluded that profitability, company size, non-debt tax shields, firm liquidity, inflation and GDP were significant in explaining capital structure decisions in Zimbabwe. In the context of South Africa, company size, asset tangibility, firm liquidity and inflation were found to be significant. The pecking order and trade-off theories were the only two theories that were found to be applicable in the Zimbabwean context, and the application of both theories indicated the use of internally generated funds as opposed to external finance sources, such as debt and equity. These results attribute to the abnormality and instability of the Zimbabwean economy, especially with regards to limited access to capital. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)