The study was conducted with the goal of designing a new pricing model for one of AGNA Logistik AB's customer projects through a detailed flow mapping and cost analysis. The existing pricing model that AGNA Logistik applies in the studied customer project is based on time and material billing, which entails significant risks in terms of unnoticed resource wastage and inefficiency in forecasting an estimated price effectively. To address these issues, a combination of literature reviews, field studies, and Activity Based Costing was used to identify and analyze the costs and time of activities in the logistics flow. This methodology has enabled a precise mapping of the actual costs for each individual activity, for all the studied products. The study resulted in a proposal for a new pricing model based on fixed prices per item. This model is expected to eliminate resource wastage and inefficiency, as well as contribute to more fair and predictable pricing. By introducing fixed prices per item, AGNA Logistik can not only increase efficiency in its internal processes but also improve financial predictability and customer satisfaction. The implementation of the new pricing model has the potential to reduce administrative inefficiency and ensure that pricing includes all costs of the logistics operations. In the long term, this is expected to lead to increased economic benefits for AGNA Logistik, both through improved margins and increased attractiveness of the company's services in the market. / Studien har genomförts med målet att utforma ett underlag för implementeringen av en ny fast prismodell för ett av kunduppdragen hos AGNA Logistik AB genom en detaljerad flödeskartläggning och kostnadsanalys. Den befintliga prismodellen som AGNA Logistik tillämpar i det studerade kunduppdraget bygger på löpande räkning, vilket medför betydande risker i form av resursslöserier som inte fångas upp och ineffektivitet med att prognostisera hanteringskostnader på ett effektivt sätt. För att åtgärda dessa problem har en kombination av litteraturstudier, fältstudier och ABC-kalkylering (Activity Based Costing) använts för att identifiera och analysera kostnader och tidsåtgången för aktiviteterna i logistikflödet. Denna metodik har möjliggjort en noggrann kartläggning av de faktiska kostnaderna för varje enskild aktivitet, för varje enskild studerad produkttyp från inleverans till utleverans. Studien har resulterat i ett förslag på en ny prismodell som baseras på fasta priser per plockad artikel. Denna modell förväntas eliminera identifierade resursslöserier och ineffektivitet, samt bidra till en mer rättvis och förutsägbar prissättning. Genom att införa fasta priser per artikel kan AGNA Logistik inte bara öka effektiviteten i sina interna processer utan också förbättra den ekonomiska förutsägbarheten och kundnöjdheten. Implementeringen av den fasta prismodellen har potential att minska den administrativa ineffektiviteten och säkerställa att prissättningen inkluderar samtliga kostnader för logistikverksamheten. På lång sikt förväntas detta leda till ökade ekonomiska fördelar för AGNA Logistik, både genom förbättrade marginaler och genom ökad attraktivitet för företagets tjänster på marknaden.

Suppliers in competitive electricity markets regularly respond to prices that change hour by hour or even more frequently, but most consumers respond to price changes on a very different time scale, i. e. they observe and respond to changes in price as reflected on their monthly bills. This thesis examines mixed complementarity programming models of equilibrium that can bridge the speed of response gap between suppliers and consumers, yet adhere to the principle of marginal cost pricing of electricity. It develops a computable equilibrium model to estimate the time-of-use (TOU) prices that can be used in retail electricity markets. An optimization model for the supply side of the electricity market, combined with a price-responsive geometric distributed lagged demand function, computes the TOU prices that satisfy the equilibrium conditions. Monthly load duration curves are approximated and discretized in the context of the supplier's optimization model. The models are formulated and solved by the mixed complementarity problem approach. It is intended that the models will be useful (a) in the regular exercise of setting consumer prices (i. e. , TOU prices that reflect the marginal cost of electricity) by a regulatory body (e. g. , Ontario Energy Board) for jurisdictions (e. g. , Ontario) where consumers' prices are regulated, but suppliers offer into a competitive market, (b) for forecasting in markets without price regulation, but where consumers pay a weighted average of wholesale price, (c) in evaluation of the policies regarding time-of-use pricing compared to the single pricing, and (d) in assessment of the welfare changes due to the implementation of TOU prices.

Suppliers in competitive electricity markets regularly respond to prices that change hour by hour or even more frequently, but most consumers respond to price changes on a very different time scale, i. e. they observe and respond to changes in price as reflected on their monthly bills. This thesis examines mixed complementarity programming models of equilibrium that can bridge the speed of response gap between suppliers and consumers, yet adhere to the principle of marginal cost pricing of electricity. It develops a computable equilibrium model to estimate the time-of-use (TOU) prices that can be used in retail electricity markets. An optimization model for the supply side of the electricity market, combined with a price-responsive geometric distributed lagged demand function, computes the TOU prices that satisfy the equilibrium conditions. Monthly load duration curves are approximated and discretized in the context of the supplier's optimization model. The models are formulated and solved by the mixed complementarity problem approach. It is intended that the models will be useful (a) in the regular exercise of setting consumer prices (i. e. , TOU prices that reflect the marginal cost of electricity) by a regulatory body (e. g. , Ontario Energy Board) for jurisdictions (e. g. , Ontario) where consumers' prices are regulated, but suppliers offer into a competitive market, (b) for forecasting in markets without price regulation, but where consumers pay a weighted average of wholesale price, (c) in evaluation of the policies regarding time-of-use pricing compared to the single pricing, and (d) in assessment of the welfare changes due to the implementation of TOU prices.