Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar um novo complexo trinuclear de rutênio, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, através de rotas sintéticas previamente descritas na literatura para complexos análogos. Para a obtenção deste complexo, foram necessárias cinco etapas de síntese, cada qual gerando o precursor da etapa seguinte. Os complexos precursores [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)3]+, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(CO)] e [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(H2O)]+, foram caracterizados por técnicas espectroscópicas e voltamétricas. Para o complexo de interesse, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, além da caracterização por técnicas espectroscópicas e voltamétricas, foram realizados estudos de fotólise e de interação com albumina de soro humano (HSA). Pelas técnicas espectroscópicas, pudemos ratificar as estruturas propostas tanto para o nitrosilo quanto para os precursores estudados. Para a caracterização do complexo [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho verificamos a coordenação do ligante NO ao centro metálico [Ru3O], devido ao estiramento característico deste ligante. Os espectros de absorção UV-vis e RMN mostraram que existe uma forte interação entre o elétron desemparelhado do centro metálico e o elétron do ligante NO. Pelos estudos de voltametria cíclica, observamos que os processos redox envolvendo o ligante NO, são compartilhados com o centro metálico. A fotólise do complexo [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, mostrou-se eficiente, uma vez que a liberação fotoinduzida do NO ocorreu na região do visível e em pH fisiológico. Pelos estudos de supressão de fluorescência, observamos que o complexo realmente interage com a HSA na proporção de 1:1, na região em que se encontra o resíduo de triptofano. / The aim of the present study was synthesize and characterize a new trinuclear ruthenium complex, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, via synthetic routes previously described in the literature for analogous complexes. To obtain this complex, it took five synthetic steps, each one yielding a precursor for the next step. The precursor complexes [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)3]+, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(CO)] and [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(H2O)]+, were characterized by spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques. For the complex of interest, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, in addition to characterization by spectroscopic and voltammetric studies, it was carried out photolysis and interaction with human serum albumin. By spectroscopic techniques, we could confirm the proposed structures for both the nitrosyl and precursors. For characterization of the complex [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, infrared spectroscopy allowed us to verify that the ligand coordination to the metal center [Ru3O], due to the characteristic stretching band of that ligand. The absorption spectra of UV-vis and NMR showed that there is a strong interaction between the unpaired electron of the metal center and the NO ligand. By cyclic voltammetry studies, we observed that the redox processes involving the NO ligand are shared with the metal center processes. The photolysis of the complex [Ru3O (CH3OO) 6 (3-pic) 2 (NO)] +, was efficient, since the photoinduced release of NO occurred in the visible region and at physiological pH. By fluorescence quenching studies, we observed that the complex actually interacts with the HSA in a 1:1 ratio, in the region which is the residue of tryptophan.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da fotólise de uma série de brometos de benzila orto-substituídos em solventes apoIares, visando contribuir para a elucidação, tanto dos mecanismos operativos após a homólise de ligações carbono., halogênio em sistemas benzílicos, como das espécies intermediárias envolvidas no processo. Assim sendo, irradiaram-se soluções benzênicas dos compostos α-bromo-o-xileno (MBX), &#945, α-dibromo-o-xileno (GBX), &#945, α-dibromo-o-xileno (DBX), &#945, α α\'tribromo-o-xileno (TRBX) e &#945, α &#945, α-tetrabromo-o-xileno (TBX) e soluções de MBX e DBX em iso-octano, utilizando-se uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de baixa pressão ( λemissão=254nm). Os produtos foram analisados e identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas e confirmados por co-injeção de amostras autênticas, sintetizadas por via térmica. Os rendimentos quânticos dos produtos foram calculados, utilizando-se o leucocianeto de verde-malaquita como actinômetro. A análise dos produtos revelou que a homólise da ligação C-Br é seguida de uma série de reações de abstração de hidrogênio e recombinação de radicais resultando sempre em xilenos menos e mais bromados que o xileno de partida. Benzaldeídos, resultantes da hidrólise dos dibrometos geminais, também são formados, devido à presença de traços de água. Quando o solvente é iso-octano, o produto menos bromado aparece com maior rendimento quântico relativo, devido à abstração de hidrogênio do solvente pelo fotoproduto primário, um radical benzila; além disso, observa-se a formação de um novo produto: o 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimetil-pentano. Os rendimentos quânticos de desaparecimento de substrato observados na fotólise de soluções benzênicas de MBX (0,33) e DBX (0,52) foram superiores àqueles encontrados ao se utilizar iso-octano como solvente: 0,22 e 0,32, respectivamente. Isto sugere que o benzeno excitado esteja intermediando o processo (i.e., agindo como sensibilizador), transferindo energia de excitação para o brometo de benzila. Um intermediário bi-radicalar do tipo orto-quinodimetano (o-xilileno) era esperado em caso de: (i) fotólise do radical benzila formado (processo bifotônico) ou (ii) abstração de hidrogênio intramolecular. Entretanto, não se observaram produtos derivados de adição de Diels-Alder, quando ciclo-hexeno foi adicionado ao sistema. Também não se observou formação perceptível de brometo de hidrogênio, em nenhum dos sistemas investigados. Foram feitos, também, estudos de fotólise por pulso de laser, em iso-octano, para os compostos MBX, DBX, GBX e TBX utilizando-se o 4º harmônico de um laser de Nd:YAG (λ =266nm). As soluções de trabalho foram desaeradas por, pelo menos, três ciclos de congelamento-degaseamento-descongelamento até 10-5mmHg. A cinética de decaimento das absorções observadas foi analisada como sendo devida a duas espécies, isto é, os resultados são compatíveis com um decaimento duplo-exponencial, cujos tempos de vida seriam da ordem de µs e ms, para as espécies de tempos de vida curto e longo, respectivamente. Além disso, as distribuições espectrais observadas a 0,1 e 10µs mostraram-se diferentes, indicando a presença de dois transientes. A análise da cinética de decaimento das absorções transientes de MBX e DBX, além das distribuições espectrais obtidas para as transições Dn←Do (λ.=320nrn e 338nm, respectivamente) mostram que, na fotólise destes dois compostos, forma-se, inicialmente, um radical, de tempo de vida da ordem de microssegundos, por cisão homolítica da ligação C-Br: o-metil-benzila, no caso de MBX e o-(bromo-metil)benzila para DBX. Além destas espécies, formam-se cátions (detectáveis para todos os compostos estudados) que apresentam uma banda de absorção larga e desestruturada (de 330 a 360nrn;λ .max = 347nrn) e com tempo de vida da ordem de milissegundos nas condições de trabalho, a partir de um radical excitado, pela perda de um segundo elétron (Tokumura et a/ii 1989; 1991). Resultados análogos foram obtidos para a fotólise de DBX e TBX, em solução benzênica, empregando-se um laser de exímero de XeCI (308nrn), tendo sido nestes experimentos que se detectou o radical gerado de TBX, o qual não é observável em iso-octano. Em benzeno observou-se, também, a formação do complexo Br./benzeno (λ..max = 550nrn), fato este que vem a reforçar a proposição de estarem-se gerando radicais nestes sistemas. / In the present work, the photolyses, in apoIar soIvents, of a series of bromoderivatives of o-xylene is investigated, aiming at attaining an improved understanding of the reaction mechanism and at the identification of the transient species formed after homolysis ofthe carbon-halogen bond. α-Bromo-o-xylene (MBX), α, α -dibromo-o-xylene (GBX), α, α\' -dibromo-o-xylene (DBX), α, α, α \' -tribromo-o-xylene and α, α, α,α\' -tetrabromo-o-xylene (TBX) were subjected to steady-state 254nm irradiation in deaerated benzene and isooctane. The products were identified by GC-MS and also by co-injection of authentic samples. The analysis of the products formed revealed that homolysis of C-Br bond is followed by a series of hydrogen abstraction and radical recombination reactions, resulting in xylenes more and less brominated than the starting compound. Benzaldehydes are also formed from hydrolysis of the geminal dibromides, due to the presence of trace amounts of water. When isoöctane is the solvent, the less brominated products are formed with higher relative quantum yields, as the solvent undergoes hydrogen abstraction by the primary photoproduct, the o-methylbenzyI radical, a process also leading to the formation of 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimethylpentane. This notwithstanding, no trace of HBr was detected. The photolysis of MBX and DBX presented higher absolute quantum yields in benzene than in isoöctane, indicating sensitization by the solvent in the former case. A biradical intermediate, belonging to the orto-quinodimethane c1ass, was expected on the occurrence of either (a) photolysis of the o-methylbenzyl radical formed (a biphotonic process) or (b) intramolecular hydrogen abstraction. However, in the presence of cyclohexene no Diels-AIder adduct was observed. Laser flash-photolysis studies at 266nm (quadrupled Nd:YAG) have been performed for MBX, DBX, GBX and TBX, using degassed isoöctane as solvent. The observed transient spectral and kinetic data indicates initial formation of a radical and of a cation, which present micro and millisecond lifetimes, respectively. Moreover, the spectral distributions were different at 0.1 and 10µs, as expected for two different transients. Similar results were obtained from DBX, on 308nm laser irradiation (XeCl eximer). For TBX, however, on1y in these latter conditions we were able to detect the α-bromo-o-(dibromomethyl)benzyl radical (which half-life is toa short in isoöctane to be detected by our apparatus). Both substracts also gave rise to the Br/benzene complex (λmax = 550nm), in the 308nm photolyses, thus confirming the presence ofBro in the system under study.

[EN] Bile acids are a family of amphiphilic steroids that play a pivotal role in physiological functions such as elimination of cholesterol or solubilization of lipids. Chemically, they share a steroidal skeleton with an unusual cis fusion between rings A and B, a short lateral chain ending in a carboxylic acid moiety and different number of hydroxyl groups on the alpha-face. Hence, bile acids offer a versatile architecture that can be used to investigate photophysical processes of interest such as hydrogen atom transfer, through-bond energy trasfer, through-bond exciplex formation and DNA photodamage-related reactions. First, unmodified bile acids have been used to evaluate hydrogen atom trasfer to benzophenone-like triplet carbonyls. Dehydrogenation of bile acids at positions C-3 and/or C-7 by a radical-mediated mechanism from the excited state of benzophenone has been demonstrated. Moreover, synthesized lithocholic acid derivatives including benzophenone or carbazole as donors and a naphthalene, biphenyl or thymine as acceptors have been employed to investigate through-bond energy transfer and exciplex formation processes. Thus, energy transfer from benzophenone to naphthalene or biphenyl and extended through-bond exciplex formation in benzophenone/naphthalene and benzophenone/biphenyl linked systems has been demostrated by laser flash photolysis. Finally, bile acid derivatives incorporating one benzophenone and two thymine units with different degrees of freedom have been prepared to investigate the photochemical formation of oxetanes or thymine dimers. Photosensitized formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers through the generation of a delocalized triplet excited state has been demonstrated in intermolecular systems, while oxetane formation is observed when the degrees of freedom are reduced. / [ES] Los ácidos biliares son una familia de esteroides anfifílicos que juegan un papel clave en diferentes funciones fisiológicas tales como la eliminación del colesterol o la solubilización de lípidos. Su estructura química está constituida por un esqueleto esteroideo con una fusión cis poco común entre los anillos A y B, una cadena lateral corta que termina con una función ácida y un número variable de grupos hidroxilo en la cara alfa. Por tanto, los ácidos biliares ofrecen una estructura versátil que puede ser utilizada para investigar procesos fotofísicos de interés como abstracción de hidrógeno, transferencia de energía y formación de exciplejos a larga distancia o reacciones relacionadas con el daño fotoinducido al ADN. En esta Tesis, en primer lugar, los ácidos biliares naturales se han utilizado para evaluar la abstracción de hidrógeno a carbonilos triplete en compuestos derivados de la benzofenona, demostrándose la deshidrogenación de los ácidos biliares en las posiciones C-3 y/o C-7 por un mecanismo radicalario desde el mencionado triplete de la benzofenona. En segundo lugar, se han preparado derivados de ácido litocólico que incluyen los dadores benzofenona o carbazol y los aceptores naftaleno, bifenilo o timina, que a continuación se han utilizado para investigar los procesos de transferencia de energía y formación de exciplejo intramolecular a larga distancia. De hecho, en los sistemas benzofenona/naftaleno y benzofenona/bifenilo, se demostró por fotólisis de destello láser la transferencia de energía desde benzofenona a naftaleno o bifenilo y la formación de exciplejo a larga distancia. Por último, se han preparado derivados de ácidos bliares que incorporan una unidad de benzofenona y dos de timina en diferentes posiciones del esqueleto para investigar la influencia de los diferentes grados de libertad en la formación fotosensibilizada de oxetanos o dímeros de timina. Gracias a ellos, se ha demostrado la formación fotosensibilizada de dímeros ciclobutánicos pirimidínicos a través de la generación de estados excitados triplete deslocalizados en sistemas en los que la benzofenona es intermolecular, mientras que se observa formación de oxetanos cuando los grados de libertad se ven reducidos. / [CAT] Els àcids biliars són una família d'esteroides anfifílics que juguen un paper clau en funcions fisiològiques com l'eliminació del colesterol o la solubilització de lípids. La seua estructura química està constituïda per un esquelet esteroïdal amb una fusió cis entre els anells A i B poc comuna, una cadena lateral curta que acaba amb una funció àcida i un nombre diferent de grups hidroxil en la cara alfa. D'aquesta manera, els àcids biliars ofereixen una estructura versàtil que pot ser utilitzada per investigar processos fotofísics d'interès com abstracció d'hidrogen, transferència d'energia i formació de exciplexes a llarga distància o reaccions relacionades amb el dany a l'ADN induït per llum. En primer lloc, els àcids biliars naturals s'han utilitzat per avaluar la abstracció d'hidrogen a carbonils triplets derivats de la benzofenona, demostrant-se la deshidrogenació dels àcids biliars en les posicions C-3 i/o C-7 per un mecanisme radicalari des de l'estat excitat de la benzofenona. A més, derivats d'àcid litocòlic que inclouen els donadors benzofenona o carbazol i els acceptors naftalé, bifenil o timina s'han utilitzat per investigar els processos de transferència d'energia i formació de exciplexe a llarga distància. En els sistemes benzofenona /naftalé i benzofenona/bifenil la fotòlisis làser va demostrar la transferència d'energia des de benzofenona a naftalé o bifenil i la formació d'exciplexe a llarga distància. Finalment, per tal d'investigar la formació fotosensibilitzada d'oxetans o dímers de timina, s'han preparat derivats d'àcids bliars que incorporen una unitat de benzofenona i dues de timina amb diferents graus de llibertat. La formació fotosensibilitzada de dímers ciclobutànics pirimidínics mitjançant la generació d'estats excitats triplet deslocalitzats ha estat demostrada en sistemes intermoleculars, mentre que la formació d'oxetans s'observa quan els graus de llibertat es veuen reduïts. / Miró Richart, P. (2016). Hydrogen-Abstraction, Energy Transfer and Exciplex Formation in Photoactive Systems Based on Bile Acids [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64084 / TESIS

Thermal reactions and flash photolysis are used to study the olefin bond-migration promoted by tungsten carbonyls. Substitution of piperidine (pip) by 2- allylphenyldiphenylphosphine (adpp) in the cis-(pip)(η^1- adpp)W(CO)-4 complex was investigated, and no olefin bond-migration was observed. This suggests that a vacant coordinated site adjacent to the coordinated olefin is an essential requirement for olefin bond rearrangement. The rates of olefin attack on the photogenerated coordinatively unsaturated species, cis-[(CB)(η^1-ol- P)W(CO)-4] (CB = chlorobenzene, p-ol = Ph-2P(CH-2)-3CH=CH-2; n = 1-4) were measured. Kinetics data obtained both in pure CB and in CB/cyclohexane mixtures support a dissociative mechanism in which the W-CB bond is broken in the transition state. In contrast to results observed in studies of other related systems, no olefin bond-migration is noted. This observation is attributed to P-W coordination at all stages of the reaction, which precludes formation of a reactive intermediate containing a vacant coordination site adjacent to a P-ol bond.

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The nitrate radical (NO3·) was first identified as early as the 1881, but its role in atmospheric oxidation has only been identified within recent decades. Due to its high one-electron reduction potential and its reactivity toward a diverse set of substrates, it dominates nighttime atmospheric oxidation and has since been the subject of much work. Despite this, studies on NO3· hydrogen atom transfer reactions have been somewhat neglected in favor of its more reactive oxidative pathways. The first section of the dissertation will highlight the role of substrate structure, solvent effects, and the presence of a polar transition state on NO3· hydrogen abstractions from alcohols, alkanes, and ethers. In this work the acquisition of absolute rate constants from previously unexamined substrates was analyzed alongside a curated list of common organic pollutants degraded through hydrogen atom abstraction. It was found that NO3· reacts with low selectivity through an early polarized transition state with a modest degree of charge transfer. Compared to the gas-phase, condensed-phase reactions experience rate enhancement—consistent with Kirkwood theory—as a result of the polarized transition state. These insights are then applied to abstractions by NO3· from carboxylic acids in the next section. It was found that the rate constants for abstraction of α-carbons were diminished through induction by the adjacent carbonyl compared to the activation seen for the aforementioned substrates. The deactivation of abstraction by the carbonyl was found to be dramatically reduced as the substrate's alkyl chain was lengthened and/or branched. This apparent change in mechanism coincides with hydrogen abstraction of the alkyl chain for sufficiently large carboxylic acids and rules out the possibility of concerted bond breaking elsewhere in the molecule. Finally, the dissertation will cover some additional projects related to the overall nature of the work including examination of the kinetics of radical clock systems when complexed with metal ions and the examination of a highly oxidative biosourced monomer. / Doctor of Philosophy / The nitrate radical (NO3·) was first identified as early as the 1881, but its role in the breakdown of atmospheric pollutants has only been identified within recent decades. Operating primarily at night, NO3· serves as a major atmospheric oxidant—it breaks down pollutants by reactions that involve the removal of electrons from those substrates. This chemistry is particularly important in understanding the consequences of an increasingly industrialized world and the subsequent short-term health and environmental implications. Geographically, these reactions will occur in large concentrations near locations that contribute greatly to atmospheric pollution, such as above coal-powered plants, heavily industrialized areas, above the canopy of large forests, and immediately behind the engines of airplanes as they move through the sky. The proximity of these locations to large population centers has caused the pollutants to greatly impact human health. These contaminants have been linked to several of the leading global causes of death, such as ischemic heart disease, stroke, and respiratory illnesses. The first section of the dissertation will focus on the role of pollutant structure, the medium in which the reaction occurs, and the development of a charged complex when NO3· reacts with alcohols, alkanes, and ethers. These substrates are often found as the result of incomplete combustion when burning fuel or as products of even more sustainable biodiesels. In this work the exact rate constants were found for substrates that were previously unexamined and compared with similar known reaction rates. It was found that NO3· has a low preference for what it reacts with and passes through a modestly charged complex early in the reaction. Compared to gaseous reactions, reactions in a liquid environment proceed faster due to the formation of a charged complex. This was then applied to reactions with carboxylic acids in the next section. Carboxylic acids are often found in large concentrations above the canopy of large forests resulting from the oxidation of isoprenes that are naturally released from broad-leaf trees. It was found that these reactions were slower than reactions with alkanes as the development of the charged complex was inhibited due to the presence of an adjacent dipole. When the carboxylic acid was longer and/or more branched, the formation of the charged complex was no longer inhibited as the reaction site moved further from the dipole. A change in reaction pathway was observed when the acids were sufficiently large. This ruled out the possibility of the reaction occurring simultaneously with a fracturing and rearrangement elsewhere. Finally, the dissertation will cover some additional projects that share some overlap with the work already described including the study of the rates of radical clock systems in the presence of metal ions and the study of naturally sourced monomers that are prone to losing electrons.

It has been observed that in certain cases the exposure of dyed fibres to aging techniques results in the strengthening of fibres. This thesis explores the hypothesis that the strengthening is due to radical cross-coupling reactions that could be initiated through metal ion mediated photodecarboxylation. The approaches taken in this research include kinetic experiments (using flash photolysis), examination of possible cross-coupling experiments (using species of opposite charge), and the design and examination of small molecule model systems. A flash photolysis system was developed and used in attempts to determine the rates of photochemical product formation for cobalt(III) amino acid complexes. Lower limits have been established for the rate of product formation in these systems. The lower limits are: 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺; 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(gly)]²⁺; and 5 x 10⁶ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(aib)]²⁺, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; gly is glycinate; tpa is tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; and aib is aminoisobutyrate. In past studies, the rates of a series of cobalt(III) amino acid complexes were reported as being the same, and much slower. It is thought that in these cases it may not be the rate of the formation of product that was being measured, but rather the response time of the electronics that was being observed. In this thesis the results obtained for the rate for the aib complex were somewhat lower than those of the gly complexes. This may imply, for the aib complex at least, the rate of the formation of the metallocycle is being observed (and not the response times of the electronics or other limitations of the instrumentation), but the data is poor and there is considerable doubt about this. The steady state photolysis of opposite charged species [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺ and [Co(EDTA)]⁻ is reported. The reactions were carried out on a small scale in deuterated solvent for NMR spectrometry analysis and also on a large scale for the possible isolation and characterisation of the products. Evidence was found for a different reaction occurring when both complexes were present. The exact nature of the product remains elusive. A model system was designed in which a dinuclear ligand would bind to two metal centres and a fibre mimic would be later added. Eight ligands are discussed that could potentially bind two octahedral metal centres. They all had a xylene spacing group linking the two polydentate sites together. Five of the ligands have two bidentate binding sites. The other three had two tridentate sites. The binding sites in three of the bis(bidentate) ligands were based on ethane-1,2- diamine (en). Two of these ligands produced hypodentate monocobalt and sundentate dicobalt complexes. The other two bidentate ligands were based on 2- aminomethylpyridine (ampy). Both of these ligands degraded in the complexation reaction conditions. The binding sites in the tridentate ligands were all based on tacn. Once again, the principal products isolated were hypodentate systems in which only one metal ion was coordinated by the ligands. There is a distinct pattern observed in the xylene spaced ligands to form hypodentate complexes with cobalt(III) metal centred complexes. There is evidence of the di-nuclear species from a reaction with a charcoal catalyst in the bis(bidentate) system. ¹H NMR spectrometry, ¹³C NMR spectrometry, elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to study and characterise the complexes and ligands that were prepared in this project.

It has been observed that in certain cases the exposure of dyed fibres to aging techniques results in the strengthening of fibres. This thesis explores the hypothesis that the strengthening is due to radical cross-coupling reactions that could be initiated through metal ion mediated photodecarboxylation. The approaches taken in this research include kinetic experiments (using flash photolysis), examination of possible cross-coupling experiments (using species of opposite charge), and the design and examination of small molecule model systems. A flash photolysis system was developed and used in attempts to determine the rates of photochemical product formation for cobalt(III) amino acid complexes. Lower limits have been established for the rate of product formation in these systems. The lower limits are: 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺; 2 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(gly)]²⁺; and 5 x 10⁶ s⁻¹ for [Co(tpa)(aib)]²⁺, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; gly is glycinate; tpa is tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; and aib is aminoisobutyrate. In past studies, the rates of a series of cobalt(III) amino acid complexes were reported as being the same, and much slower. It is thought that in these cases it may not be the rate of the formation of product that was being measured, but rather the response time of the electronics that was being observed. In this thesis the results obtained for the rate for the aib complex were somewhat lower than those of the gly complexes. This may imply, for the aib complex at least, the rate of the formation of the metallocycle is being observed (and not the response times of the electronics or other limitations of the instrumentation), but the data is poor and there is considerable doubt about this. The steady state photolysis of opposite charged species [Co(bpy)2(gly)]²⁺ and [Co(EDTA)]⁻ is reported. The reactions were carried out on a small scale in deuterated solvent for NMR spectrometry analysis and also on a large scale for the possible isolation and characterisation of the products. Evidence was found for a different reaction occurring when both complexes were present. The exact nature of the product remains elusive. A model system was designed in which a dinuclear ligand would bind to two metal centres and a fibre mimic would be later added. Eight ligands are discussed that could potentially bind two octahedral metal centres. They all had a xylene spacing group linking the two polydentate sites together. Five of the ligands have two bidentate binding sites. The other three had two tridentate sites. The binding sites in three of the bis(bidentate) ligands were based on ethane-1,2- diamine (en). Two of these ligands produced hypodentate monocobalt and sundentate dicobalt complexes. The other two bidentate ligands were based on 2- aminomethylpyridine (ampy). Both of these ligands degraded in the complexation reaction conditions. The binding sites in the tridentate ligands were all based on tacn. Once again, the principal products isolated were hypodentate systems in which only one metal ion was coordinated by the ligands. There is a distinct pattern observed in the xylene spaced ligands to form hypodentate complexes with cobalt(III) metal centred complexes. There is evidence of the di-nuclear species from a reaction with a charcoal catalyst in the bis(bidentate) system. ¹H NMR spectrometry, ¹³C NMR spectrometry, elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to study and characterise the complexes and ligands that were prepared in this project.