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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Structure-Function Investigations of Site-Directed Mutants of Citrus paradisi Flavonol-Specific 3 O Glucosyltransferase (Cp3OGT) – Impact of Mutations of Serine, Histidine, and Glutamine

Sathanantham, Preethi, Shivakumar, Devaiah P., McIntosh, Cecelia A. 09 August 2015 (has links)
Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that enable transfer of glucose from an activated donor (UDP-glucose) to the acceptor substrates. A flavonol specific glucosyltransferase cloned from Citrus paradisi has strict substrate and regiospecificity (Cp3OGT). The amino acid sequence of Cp3OGT was aligned with a purported anthocyanin GT from Clitorea ternatea and a GT from Vitis vinifera that can glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. Using homology modeling to identify candidate regions followed by site directed mutagenesis, three double mutations of Cp3OGT were made. Biochemical analysis of the three mutant proteins was performed. S20G+T21S protein retained activity similar to the wildtype (WT- Kmapp-80 µM; Vmax = 16.5 pkat/µg, Mutant- Kmapp-83 µM; Vmax -11 pkat/µg) but the mutant was more thermostable compared to the WT and this mutation broadened its substrate acceptance to include the flavanone, naringenin. S290C+S319A mutant protein retained 40% activity relative to wildtype, had an optimum pH shift, but had no change in substrate specificity (Kmapp-18 µM; Vmax-0.5 pkat/µg). H154Y+Q87I protein was inactive with every class of flavonoid tested. Product identification revealed that the S20G+T21S mutant protein widened the substrate and regio-specificity of CP3OGT. Docking analysis revealed that H154 and Q87 could be involved in orienting the ligand molecules within the acceptor binding site. H363, S20, and S150 were also found to make close contact with the 7-OH, 4-OH and 3’-OH groups, respectively.
22

Cartographie génétique des composés phénoliques de la pomme

Verdu, Cindy 11 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
En lien avec leur potentiel antioxydant, les composés phénoliques sont généralement associés à l'effet protecteur sur la santé d'une alimentation riche en fruits et légumes. Ils sont également fortement associés à la qualité organoleptique des cidres puisqu'ils affectent directement leur astringence, leur amertume, leur couleur et leurs arômes. Deux études ont récemment été publiées sur la détection de QTL des composés phénoliques des pommes de table. Aucune étude n'a encore été publiée pour les pommes à cidre, réputées pour leur forte teneur en composés phénoliques. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les régions génétiques impliquées dans la teneur en composés phénoliques d'une descendance de pommiers à cidre. Dans un premier temps, deux méthodes de quantification ont été développées et comparées en UHPLC-UV et UHPLC-MS/MS pour les principaux composés phénoliques du jus de pomme. Bien qu'il y ait des surestimations avec l'un des détecteurs pour certains composés, ces deux méthodes corrèlent très fortement. Des dosages ont également été réalisés sur fruit entier à l'INRA de Rennes. Une grande variabilité a été observée pour les fruits et les jus de cette descendance, représentative des principales variétés de pommes à cidre cultivées en Europe. 48 QTL ont été détectés sur neuf groupes de liaison (LG). Neuf clusters semblent particulièrement stables, indépendamment de l'année ou du matériel (fruit ou jus) étudié. Les enzymes de la biosynthèse des composés phénoliques et facteurs de transcription ont été ciblés pour l'identification des gènes candidats, réalisée au niveau des principaux QTL. Ces travaux proposent de nouvelles cibles pour la sélection assistée par marqueurs comme le QTL pour l'acide chlorogénique du LG17 pour l'amélioration des variétés de pommes à cidre
23

Intraspezifische Variabilität und Einflüsse von Anbaumaßnahmen auf den Inhaltsstoffgehalt und Ertrag von Solidago virgaurea L.

Lück, Lorna 03 August 2001 (has links)
Mit den vorgestellten Untersuchungen sollten das Potential der in Europa vorkommenden Echten Goldrute für den Anbau evaluiert und der Einfluß von Erntetermin, Schnitthöhe und Düngungsmaßnahmen sowie der abiotischen Umweltfaktoren Licht und Wasser auf den Ertrag und den Inhaltsstoffgehalt von Solidago virgaurea L. geprüft werden. In vier Feldversuchen wurden Inhaltsstoffgehalte, Ertragsparameter, Entwicklungsstadien sowie morphologische Merkmale untersucht. Die Gehalte an Flavonolglycosiden, Phenolglucosiden und Kaffeesäurederivaten wurden mittels HPLC und nachfolgender DAD-Detektion bestimmt. 45 Akzessionen aus dem europäischen Verbreitungsgebiet wurden anhand ihres Blühtermines gegliedert, den Unterarten virgaurea und minuta zugeordnet, und mit Hilfe von 33 morphologischen Merkmalen charakterisiert. Die Analyse von 452 Einzelpflanzen ergab Spannweiten von 0.4 bis 2.4 % Flavonolglycosiden, 0.7 bis 4.6 % Kaffeesäurederivaten und 0 bis 1.6 % Phenolglucosiden. Die phytochemische Zusammensetzung war innerhalb der einzelnen Akzessionen, insbesondere in der Unterart virgaurea hoch variabel. In einer anbaubezogenen Gesamtbewertung der Akzessionen erwiesen sich Herkünfte der Unterart virgaurea aufgrund hoher Drogenerträge von maximal 109 dt/ha und eines ausgewogenen Inhaltsstoffspektrums als die Wertvollsten. Im Lauf der Ontogenese stieg der Drogenertrag der Echten Goldrute an, während die Inhaltsstoffgehalte schwankten (Kaffeesäurederivate, Flavonolglycoside) oder relativ kontinuierlich absanken (Phenolglucoside). Eine gehaltsorientierte Ernte müßte daher zum relativ frühen Zeitpunkt des mittleren Knospenstadiums erfolgen. Hohe Masse- und Inhaltsstofferträge sind in einem Ernteverfahren mit niedrigen Schnitthöhen von 15 bis 30 cm erreichbar. In voll besonnten Pflanzen wurde im Vergleich zu schattierten eine höhere Anreicherung von Flavonolglycosiden und Kaffeesäurederivaten festgestellt, die durch die UV-Schutzfunktion dieser Stoffgruppen erklärbar ist. Daher muß angenommen werden, daß ontogenetisch bedingte Gehaltsveränderungen der Flavonolglycoside und Kaffeesäurederivate durch unterschiedliche Strahlungsverhältnisse überlagert werden können. Stickstoffdüngung verursachte neben der erwarteten ertragssteigernden Wirkung Unterschiede im Inhaltsstoffgehalt. In der ungedüngten Variante wurden jeweils die höchsten Flavonolglycosidgehalte bestimmt, gefolgt von der organischen Düngung sowie der Mehrnährstoff- und Stickstoffdüngung. Während die ermittelten Stickstoff- (maximal 96 kg/ha N) und Phosphorentzüge (maximal 39 kg/ha P2O5) vergleichsweise gering waren, wurden Kaliumentzüge (maximal 172 kg/ha K2O) festgestellt, die auch im Vergleich zu anderen Blatt- und Krautdrogen relativ hoch ausfielen. Im Gesamtüberblick aller Einflüsse wurde deutlich, daß Flavonolglycoside, gefolgt von Kaffeesäurederivaten am empfindlichsten auf Umwelteinflüsse wie Lichteinstrahlung und Nährstoffverfügbarkeit reagierten, während die Gruppe der Phenolglucoside nur geringe Schwankungen zeigte. Die Ergebnisse aller Versuchsfragen spiegeln das Spannungsfeld von landwirtschaftlichem Ertrag und pharmazeutisch geforderter Qualität wider, die häufig negativ korreliert sind. Bei der Produktion der Droge von Echter Goldrute muß daher eine Balance zwischen beiden Zielgrößen gefunden werden. / The aim of the presented studies was to evaluate the potential for cultivation of the European Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) and to examine the influences of harvesting date, cutting height, fertilization and of the abiotic environmental factors light and water on drug yield and compound content of the plant. In four field trials a fingerprint of 10 constituents, several parameters of drug yield, development stages and morphological traits were examined. The contents of flavonol glycosides, phenolic glucosides and caffeic acid derivatives were determined by HPLC and UV-detection by DAD. 45 european accession were sorted by their dates of anthesis and subdivided into the subspecies virgaurea and minuta and thereafter characterized by 33 morphological traits. The analysis of 452 individual plants showed ranges of 0.4 to 2.4 % flavonol glycosides, 0.7 to 4.6 % caffeic acid derivatives and 0.0 to 1.6 % phenolic glucosides. Within the examined accessions, especially subspecies virgaurea, a high variability of the phytochemical composition was observed. In an evaluation, accessions of subspecies virgaurea turned out to be most suitable for cultivation due to high drug yields up to 106 dt per ha and well-balanced spectra of constituents. During ontogenesis the drug yield of S. virgaurea increased, while compound contents varied (caffeic acid derivatives, flavonol glycosides) or decreased continuously (phenolic glucosides). Therefore a harvest aiming at high compound contents has to be carried out at a early development stage of mid budding. High mass and constituent yields can be obtained by a harvesting method with low cutting heights of 15 to 30 cm above ground. Plants in a sunny environment accumulated significantly higher amounts of flavonol glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives than shaded plants, which can be explained by the UV-protective function of these compound groups. Therefore it can be concluded that phytochemical variations during ontogenesis could be modified by different light conditions. Beside the expected drug yield increase, fertilization with nitrogen caused differences in the compound contents. The highest flavonol glycosides contents were observed in the unfertilized treatment, followed by treatments with organic fertilization, multinutrient fertilizer and calcium ammonium nitrate. While the nitrogen uptake by the plant (maximal 96 kg/ha N) and phosphorus (maximal 39 kg/ha P2O5) were relatively low, contrary potassium uptake (maximal 172 kg/ha K2O) was relatively high compared to other herbal drugs. In an overview of all influences it became obvious that the reaction of flavonol glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives were relatively sensitive to environmental influences such as light conditions and nutrient availability, while the group of phenolic glucosides showed low variations. The results of all field trials reflect the conflict between agricultural yield and pharmaceutical quality which are frequently negatively correlated. Therefore a balance between these two goals has to be found during drug production of S. virgaurea.
24

Analysis of Impact of R382W Mutation on Substrate Specificity of Grapefruit Flavonol Specific 3-Glucosyltransferase

King, Kathleen, Shivakumar, Devaiah P., McIntosh, Cecelia A. 09 April 2015 (has links)
Flavonoids are a class of plant metabolites with a C6-C3-C6 structure. They are responsible for a large range of biological functions including UV protection, pigmentation, and anti-microbial properties. Citrus paradisi, the grapefruit, contains a wide variety of flavonoids, including the target flavonols which are characterized by a hydroxyl group at the C3 position. A glucose molecule is added to flavonols by 3-Oglucosyltransferases (3-O-GTs). C. paradisi F3-O-GT only glucosylates flavonols; however, Vitis vinifera (grape) 3-O-GT can accept both flavonols and anthocyanidins. The two enzymes have some identity with one another but sequence alignment pinpointed several areas of non-homology. Homology modeling using the crystallized structure of the V. vinifera 3-GT revealed sites within the non-homologous areas that could influence the binding site most directly. The 382 site was of particular interest with arginine in C. paradisi changed to tryptophan in V. vinifera, a much bulkier and non-charged amino acid. Site-directed mutagenis was performed to form the R382W mutant line and transformed into yeast for expression after induction with methanol. Western blot was used to determine the optimal protein induction time, after which the cells were harvested and broken to extract the proteins. Isolation and purification of the protein in question allows for enzyme analysis. This is performed by measuring incorporation of radioactive glucose onto various substrates from each flavonoid class. High counts indicate that the enzyme is active upon the substrate while low counts indicate little to no activity. Characterization will also be performed by varying reaction conditions. Thus, the optimal pH, temperature, substrate quantity, enzyme quantity, and reaction duration can be determined for this specific mutant. These experiments will determine if the R382W mutation has a significant impact on the substrate specificity or reaction conditions for the enzyme. A change in activity to include other classes of flavonoids besides flavonols indicates that the mutation site has a direct impact on the conformation of the binding site. Failure of the mutation to change substrate specificity still provides valuable information for the structure and function of the enzyme. This has implications for engineering enzymes to perform specific functions.
25

Maize and Sunflower of North America: Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Diversity

Kost, Matthew January 2014 (has links)
No description available.

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