Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:07:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alvaro Cesar Dias Alves.pdf: 1860253 bytes, checksum: fce25e3199fa4e1f2d24f3500c996153 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the process of coagulation/ flocculation and coagulation/flocculation/adsorption combined process for treatment of liquid effluent from the electroplanting industry. Were used the moringa seed as a natural coagulant agent and moringa bark and string bean as adsorbents. Were evaluated the parameters COD, color, pH, turbidity and the concentration of metal ions Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni. In the stage of coagulation/ flocculation were used several concentrations of moringa in salt solution of NaCl 1 M and 0.1M. In the stage of the combined adsorbents were used moringa bark and string beans to determine which of the adsorbent had a better removal efficiency of metals. Tests were also conducted with different ranges of mass for the best adsorbent and variation of pH of the studied effluent. Tests of coagulation/flocculation showed good removal efficiency for the parameters COD, Color, Turbidity and the metals Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni using MO seed in salt solution 1M, these values being 90.49%, 78.34%, 95.13%, 25.29%, 84.30%, 51.11% and 24.74% respectively. In the tests of coagulation/flocculation/adsorption the maximum removal efficiencies were 91.41% for COD, 90.77% for color, 95.31% for Turbidity, 58.36% for Cr, 98.36% for Zn, 97,58% for Cu and 99.11% for Ni. The research showed that after the combined process the electroplanting effluent did not present the necessary characteristics for the released in to water bodies due to the high remaining concentration of Cr (1907.4 mg/L), Color (860 PtCo/L) and COD (330 mg/L). The research for the treatment process demonstrated great effectiveness for most parameters analyzed, however, its necessary to study complementary technologies for this type of treatment effluent in order to achieve an effluent within the release standards into the water bodies. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do processo de coagulação/floculação e do processo combinado de coagulação/floculação/adsorção para tratamento de efluente liquido da indústria galvânica. Foi utilizada a semente de moringa como coagulante natural e a casca e a vagem de moringa como adsorventes. Foram avaliados os parâmetros DQO, Cor, pH, Turbidez e a concentração dos íons metálicos Cr, Zn, Cu e Ni. Na etapa de coagulação/floculação foram utilizadas várias concentrações de moringa em solução salina de NaCl 1M e 0,1M. Na etapa do processo combinado foram utilizados os adsorventes casca e vagem de moringa para determinação do adsorvente com melhor eficiência de remoção dos metais. Também foram realizados ensaios com variação de massa do melhor adsorvente e variação do pH do efluente estudado. Os ensaios de coagulação/floculação mostraram boa eficiência de remoção dos parâmetros DQO, Cor, Turbidez e dos metais Cr, Zn, Cu e Ni utilizando semente de MO em solução salina 1M, sendo esses valores 90,49%, 78,34%, 95,13%, 25,29%, 84,30%, 51,11% e 24,74%, respectivamente. Nos ensaios de coagulação/floculação/adsorção as eficiências máximas de remoção foram 91,41% para DQO, 90,77% para Cor, 95,31% para Turbidez, 58,36% para Cr, 98,36% para Zn, 97,58% para Cu e 99,11% para Ni. Verificou-se que após o processo combinado o efluente galvânico não apresentou as características necessárias para lançamento em corpos hídricos em função da alta concentração remanescente de Cr (1907,4 mg/L), Cor (860 PtCo/L) e DQO (330 mg/L). Verificou-se que os processos de tratamento estudados demonstraram eficiência para a maioria dos parâmetros analisados, entretanto, fazem-se necessários estudar tecnologias complementares para o tratamento deste tipo de efluente com intuito de obter um efluente dentro dos padrões de lançamentos em corpos receptores.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilda M T Fornari.pdf: 813038 bytes, checksum: 1672b5ca9a95a70d2125540cf442fb8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-12 / In the present work has been studied the electro-flocculation efficiency on the reduction of organic and inorganic material concentrations such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, total solids and metal, mainly chromium, on an untreated tannery effluent using a pair of electrodes. For this purpose, a lab scale Electro-Flocculation (EF) reactor was constructed using an 8-L plastic cylindrical container, containing a valve in its lower part for sludge evacuation and a horizontal support in its upper part for fixing a pair of electrolytic cell in upright position into a 5-L available reactor volume. The electrodes plates, made of iron or aluminum, were connected to terminals of direct current power supply. All the physical-chemistry parameters were measured following the Standard Methods for water analysis, while metal concentrations were determined using the Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence technique, available in the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory. In order to determine optimal operating conditions, the effects of current intensity, electrodes distance, effluent initial pH, and EF time have been experimentally examined, according to a statistic planning and correlation analysis. For each electrode, a total of 11 EF experiments were carried out for maximum and minimum values of EF reactor operating parameters. Applying a 95% confidence level into the correlation analysis between EF parameters, the physical-chemistry parameters and metal concentrations were reduced in all of them when the effluent initial pH was increased, while the EF time and the applied voltage were reduced for small electrodes distances. Moreover, the EF treatment efficiencies tend towards higher values with an increasing on the current intensity. In order to determine the best reactor operating values, other EF experiments were performed varying the effluent initial pH from 6.5 to 9.0 and from 6.0 to 8.5 for iron and aluminum electrodes, respectively, fixing the distance between the electrodes in 4.0 cm, the current intensity in 5.5 A and the EF time in 30 minutes. Nevertheless, these EF experiments have shown that the reduction factor on parameter concentrations due to an increasing of effluent initial pH was not significant compared to prior experiments. Henceforth, the effluent pH value was maintained near to the original one for the next EF treatments, avoiding introducing other substances into the effluent. Keeping effluent pH value in 7.5, other EF experiments were performed changing the EF time from 15 to 120 min., fixing current intensities and electrode distances in 5.5 A and 4.0 cm, respectively. For these reactor conditions, the EF time setting up in 30 min. was enough to get a good efficiency according the reduction factor in the most of parameters examined, without increasing a lot the reactor electrical power, for both kinds of electrodes. The EF reactor purpose and examined has shown a high efficiency on turbidity and chromium concentration reduction factor (98%). Furthermore, this system can be also used to reduce other elementary concentrations such as calcium, potassium and zinc, for both kinds of electrodes (Fe/Al). In comparison with iron electrodes, aluminum one has reported a better reduction factor (80%) on COD values and a good reduction factor (50%) on iron concentration. On the other hand, the EF method for tanneries effluent treatment system was also compared with conventional method using coagulating and flocculating agents, showing a great similarity between them in the reduction factor. In the EF method is not necessary to introduce substances to start the coagulation and flocculation process in effluent treatment. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da eficiência da eletro-floculação na redução das concentrações de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas expressas através dos parâmetros: Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), turbidez, sólidos totais e metais, principalmente o cromo, em efluente de curtume não tratado, utilizando um par de eletrodos. Para esse propósito foi construído, em escala laboratorial, um reator confeccionado a partir de um recipiente plástico de 8 litros, contendo uma válvula na parte inferior, para a retirada dos sedimentos, e um suporte horizontal na parte superior para a fixação do par de células eletrolíticas, em posição perpendicular dentro do reator com volume útil de 5 litros. As placas de eletrodos, de ferro e alumínio, foram conectadas a uma fonte de alimentação de energia.Todos os parâmetros físico-químicos foram determinados seguindo o Método Padrão para análise de água, enquanto que as concentrações de metal foram determinadas através da técnica de Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total, (SR-TXRF), disponível no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncroton. A fim de determinar as condições ótimas de operação, os efeitos da intensidade da corrente, distância entre eletrodos, pH inicial do efluente e tempo de eletrólise foram avaliados experimentalmente, de acordo com um planejamento estatístico e análise de correlação. Para cada eletrodo, foram realizados 11 experimentos de EF com valores máximos e mínimos para os parâmetros de operação do reator. Empregando um nível de 95% de confiança na correlação de análises dos parâmetros a análise de correlação entre os parâmetros de EF, os modelos mostraram tendência de redução nas concentrações dos parâmetros físico-químicos e de metais, quando o pH inicial do efluente foi elevado, enquanto o tempo de EF e a voltagem aplicada apresentaram tendência de redução nos valores para uma menor distância entre os eletrodos.. Além disso, a eficiência do tratamento de EF tende a valores mais elevados com o aumento na intensidade de corrente. A fim de determinar as melhores condições de operação do reator, outros experimentos EF foram feitos variando o pH inicial de 6.5 a 9.0 e de 6.0 a 8.5 para eletrodos de ferro e alumínio, respectivamente, fixando a distância entre os eletrodos em 4.0 cm, a intensidade da corrente em 5.5 A e o tempo de EF em 30 minutos. Entretanto, esses experimentos mostraram que o fator de redução percentual na concentração dos parâmetros, causada pelo aumento no pH inicial do efluente, não foi significativo comparado aos experimentos anteriores. Nos tratamentos posteriores de EF, o pH do efluente foi mantido próximo ao original, evitando a introdução de outras substâncias no efluente. Mantendo o valor do pH do efluente em 7.5, outros experimentos de EF foram realizados variando o tempo de eletrólise de 15 a 120 min., e fixando a intensidade da corrente e distância entre os eletrodos em 5.5 A e 4.0 cm., respectivamente. Nessas condições, o tempo de EF fixado em 30 min. foi suficiente para alcançar uma boa eficiência, de acordo com o fator de redução, para maioria dos parâmetros analisados, sem aumentar muito a potência elétrica do reator, para os dois tipos de eletrodos. Os experimentos realizados com reator de EF mostraram uma alta eficiência na redução da turbidez e concentração de cromo (98%). Ademais, esse sistema também pode ser utilizado na redução de outras concentrações elementares como cálcio, potássio e zinco, para ambos os tipos de eletrodos (Fe/Al). Em comparação com os eletrodos de ferro, o eletrodo de alumínio apresentou um melhor fator de redução nos valores de DQO (80%) e um bom fator de redução de ferro (50%). Por outro lado, o método de EF para o tratamento de sistema de efluentes de curtumes foi também comparado ao método convencional utilizando agentes coagulantes e floculantes, mostrando uma grande semelhança entre eles no fator de redução. No método EF não é necessário introduzir substâncias para iniciar o processo de coagulação e floculação no tratamento de efluente.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila M Formentini Schmitt.pdf: 1687104 bytes, checksum: d5ea17cddd5fa8a48f15d9203dd84077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the dairy industry are mostly small and medium-sized and using conventional processing techniques coupled with the use of inorganic coagulants. Therefore, this sector needs special attention with regard to advanced techniques for treating their wastewater, in order to meet new environmental regulations and seek alternatives for reuse of treated water. Within this context, this study evaluated the effectiveness of treatment techniques based on principles of coagulation / flocculation using coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seed with salt solutions of KCl and NaCl 1.0 Molar, adsorption with Moringa oleífera seed as biosorbent and ultrafiltration with tubular ceramic membrane. The different techniques were evaluated individually and in combination, the efficiency of processes was assessed in terms of removal of parameters: apparent color, turbidity and COD. Among the techniques evaluated the best results were obtained with the combination of technique and the coagulation / flocculation / sedimentation for 60 min using 1500 ppm of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleífera with 1.0 Molar KCl solution combined with ultrafiltration technique at a pressure of 2 bar. This combination of techniques has achieved a 99.9% removal of apparent color and turbidity, and 98.5% of COD. Based on the results of Moringa oleífera was presented as a promising natural coagulant for the treatment of wastewater from the dairy industry. This technique combined with ultrafiltration can enable the reuse of water within the industry. / No Brasil, as indústrias de laticínios na sua maioria são de pequeno e médio porte e utilizam técnicas de tratamento convencionais somadas ao uso de coagulantes inorgânicos. Por isso, este setor precisa de atenção especial no que se refere a técnicas avançadas para o tratamento de suas águas residuárias, com objetivo de atender as novas regulamentações ambientais e buscar alternativas de reúso desta água tratada. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência das técnicas de tratamento baseadas nos princípios de coagulação/ floculação utilizando coagulante extraído da semente de Moringa oleífera com soluções salinas de KCl e NaCl 1,0 Molar, adsorção com semente de Moringa oleífera como biossorvente e ultrafiltração com membrana tubular cerâmica. As diferentes técnicas foram avaliadas individualmente e de forma combinada, a eficiência dos processos foi avaliada em termos de remoção dos parâmetros: cor aparente, turbidez e DQO. Dentre as técnicas avaliadas os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a combinação da técnica de coagulação/ floculação/ sedimentação de 60 min utilizando 1500 ppm do coagulante de Moringa oleífera extraído com solução de KCl 1,0 Molar combinada à técnica de ultrafiltração na pressão de 2 bar. Esta combinação de técnicas alcançou uma remoção de 99,9% de cor aparente e turbidez e 98,5% de DQO. Com base nos resultados obtidos a Moringa oleífera apresentou-se como um coagulante natural promissor para o tratamento das águas residuárias da indústria de laticínios. Esta técnica combinada à ultrafiltração pode possibilitar o reúso desta água dentro da indústria.

Lead is a known toxin, with the ability to accumulate in the human body from as early as fetal development. Lead exposure is known to cause a myriad of health effects which are more prominent among children. Health effects upon exposure can range from renal and heart disease or potentially cancer in adults to neurotoxicity in children. The continued presence of old lead service lines and plumbing in distribution systems as well as lead-containing solders and brass fixtures in homes may contribute lead to drinking water. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of a predictor known as the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in controlling lead release. A ratio above 0.5 – 0.6 theoretically increases the aggressiveness of lead leaching in galvanic settings, while a lower ratio controls lead corrosion. A switch in coagulant type could significantly alter the ratio. However, a coagulant switch could also trigger changes in finished water turbidity and organics, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as well as impact sludge production. Anecdotal evidence from an Ontario water treatment utility suggested the potential applicability of a newly formulated polymer, cationic activated silica (CAS), in improving DBP precursor removal when used in concurrence with a primary coagulant. No previous scientific research had been dedicated to testing of the polymer. The present research had three primary objectives: The first was to investigate the effect of conventional coagulation with six different coagulants on the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio as it pertains to lead corrosion in two Ontario source waters of differing quality. Additionally, the effect of coagulant choice on pH, turbidity, and organics removal was investigated. The second objective was aimed at testing potential reductions in CSMR and organics that could be brought about by the use of two polymers, cationic and anionic activated silica (CAS and AAS, respectively), as flocculant aids. Finally, the performance of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process was simulated at bench-scale to gauge its performance in comparison with conventional coagulation simulation techniques. The first series of jar-tests investigated the effectiveness of CAS as a primary coagulant on Lake Ontario water. In comparison with the conventional coagulants aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, CAS did not offer any apparent advantage with respect to turbidity and organics removal. Testing of CAS and AAS as flocculant aids was also conducted. Results from a full factorial experiment focused on CAS testing on Lake Ontario water showed that coagulant dose is the most significant contributor to CSMR, turbidity, DOC removal, and THM control. Generally, improvements resulting from CAS addition were of small magnitude (<15%). Reductions in CSMR were attributed to the presence of the sulfate-containing chemicals alum and sulfuric acid in the CAS formulation. Testing of sulfuric acid-activated AAS on Grand River water showed that pairing of AAS with polyaluminum chloride provides better results than with alum with respect to DOC removal (39% and 27% respectively at 60 mg/L coagulant dose). Highest turbidity removals (>90%) with both coagulants were achieved at the tested coagulant and AAS doses of 10 mg/L and 4 mg/L respectively. CSMR reductions in the presence of AAS were also attributable to sulfate contribution from sulfuric acid. Bench-scale simulation of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process on Grand River water showed comparable removal efficiencies for turbidity (80 – 90% at 10 mg/L), and DOC (30 – 40% at 50 mg/L). Finally, six different coagulants were tested on the two source waters for potential applicability in CSMR adjustment in the context of lead corrosion. The two chloride-containing coagulants polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate increased CSMR in proportion to the coagulant dose added, as would be expected. Average chloride contribution per 10 mg/L coagulant dose was 2.7 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L for polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate, respectively. Sulfate-contributing coagulants aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate, and polyaluminum silicate sulfate reduced CSMR as coagulant dose increased, also as would be expected. The highest sulfate contributors per 10 mg/L dose were pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate (6.2 mg/L) and ferric sulfate (6.0 mg/L). The lowest CSMR achieved was 0.6 in Lake Ontario water at a 30 mg/L dose and 0.8 in Grand River water at a 60 mg/L dose. Highest DOC removals were achieved with the chloride-containing coagulants in both waters (35 – 50%) with aluminum chlorohydrate showing superiority in that respect. DOC removals with sulfate-containing coagulants were less, generally in the range of 22 – 41%. Specificity of critical CSMR values to source water needs to be investigated. Additionally, long term effects of sustained high or low CSMR values in distribution systems need to be further looked into. Finally, the effect of interventions to alter CSMR on other water quality parameters influencing lead corrosion such as pH and alkalinity still represent a research deficit.

Lead is a known toxin, with the ability to accumulate in the human body from as early as fetal development. Lead exposure is known to cause a myriad of health effects which are more prominent among children. Health effects upon exposure can range from renal and heart disease or potentially cancer in adults to neurotoxicity in children. The continued presence of old lead service lines and plumbing in distribution systems as well as lead-containing solders and brass fixtures in homes may contribute lead to drinking water. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of a predictor known as the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in controlling lead release. A ratio above 0.5 – 0.6 theoretically increases the aggressiveness of lead leaching in galvanic settings, while a lower ratio controls lead corrosion. A switch in coagulant type could significantly alter the ratio. However, a coagulant switch could also trigger changes in finished water turbidity and organics, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as well as impact sludge production. Anecdotal evidence from an Ontario water treatment utility suggested the potential applicability of a newly formulated polymer, cationic activated silica (CAS), in improving DBP precursor removal when used in concurrence with a primary coagulant. No previous scientific research had been dedicated to testing of the polymer. The present research had three primary objectives: The first was to investigate the effect of conventional coagulation with six different coagulants on the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio as it pertains to lead corrosion in two Ontario source waters of differing quality. Additionally, the effect of coagulant choice on pH, turbidity, and organics removal was investigated. The second objective was aimed at testing potential reductions in CSMR and organics that could be brought about by the use of two polymers, cationic and anionic activated silica (CAS and AAS, respectively), as flocculant aids. Finally, the performance of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process was simulated at bench-scale to gauge its performance in comparison with conventional coagulation simulation techniques. The first series of jar-tests investigated the effectiveness of CAS as a primary coagulant on Lake Ontario water. In comparison with the conventional coagulants aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, CAS did not offer any apparent advantage with respect to turbidity and organics removal. Testing of CAS and AAS as flocculant aids was also conducted. Results from a full factorial experiment focused on CAS testing on Lake Ontario water showed that coagulant dose is the most significant contributor to CSMR, turbidity, DOC removal, and THM control. Generally, improvements resulting from CAS addition were of small magnitude (<15%). Reductions in CSMR were attributed to the presence of the sulfate-containing chemicals alum and sulfuric acid in the CAS formulation. Testing of sulfuric acid-activated AAS on Grand River water showed that pairing of AAS with polyaluminum chloride provides better results than with alum with respect to DOC removal (39% and 27% respectively at 60 mg/L coagulant dose). Highest turbidity removals (>90%) with both coagulants were achieved at the tested coagulant and AAS doses of 10 mg/L and 4 mg/L respectively. CSMR reductions in the presence of AAS were also attributable to sulfate contribution from sulfuric acid. Bench-scale simulation of a high-rate sand-ballasted clarification process on Grand River water showed comparable removal efficiencies for turbidity (80 – 90% at 10 mg/L), and DOC (30 – 40% at 50 mg/L). Finally, six different coagulants were tested on the two source waters for potential applicability in CSMR adjustment in the context of lead corrosion. The two chloride-containing coagulants polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate increased CSMR in proportion to the coagulant dose added, as would be expected. Average chloride contribution per 10 mg/L coagulant dose was 2.7 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L for polyaluminum chloride and aluminum chlorohydrate, respectively. Sulfate-contributing coagulants aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate, and polyaluminum silicate sulfate reduced CSMR as coagulant dose increased, also as would be expected. The highest sulfate contributors per 10 mg/L dose were pre-hydroxylated aluminum sulfate (6.2 mg/L) and ferric sulfate (6.0 mg/L). The lowest CSMR achieved was 0.6 in Lake Ontario water at a 30 mg/L dose and 0.8 in Grand River water at a 60 mg/L dose. Highest DOC removals were achieved with the chloride-containing coagulants in both waters (35 – 50%) with aluminum chlorohydrate showing superiority in that respect. DOC removals with sulfate-containing coagulants were less, generally in the range of 22 – 41%. Specificity of critical CSMR values to source water needs to be investigated. Additionally, long term effects of sustained high or low CSMR values in distribution systems need to be further looked into. Finally, the effect of interventions to alter CSMR on other water quality parameters influencing lead corrosion such as pH and alkalinity still represent a research deficit.