Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Wasserhaushaltsprozesse und Stofftransportvorgänge innerhalb der grundwassergeprägten Talauenlandschaften von Tieflandeinzugsgebieten am Beispiel der im Nordostdeutschen Tiefland gelegenen Havel. Die Arbeiten in verschieden skaligen Teileinzugsgebieten der Havel beschäftigen sich dabei zum einen mit der experimentellen Untersuchung und vorrangig qualitativen Beschreibung der Wasserhaushaltsdynamik, zum anderen mit der Entwicklung eines zur quantitativen Analyse von Wasserhaushalts- und Stofftransportprozessen geeigneten Modells und der anschließenden Modellsimulation von Wasserhaushalt und Stickstoffmetabolik im Grundwasser sowie der Simulation von Landnutzungs- und Gewässerstrukturszenarien.<br><br> Für die experimentelle Untersuchung der Abflussbildung und der Wasserhaushaltsprozesse in den Talauenlandschaften des Haveleinzugsgebiets wurde Einzugsgebiet der &#8221;Unteren Havel Niederung&#8220; ein umfangreiches Messnetz installiert. Dabei wurden an mehreren Messstationen und Pegeln meteorologische Parameter, Bodenfeuchte sowie Grundwasserstände und Abflüsse beobachtet. Die Analyse der Messergebnisse führte zu einem verbesserten Verständnis von Wasserhaushaltsprozessen in der durch das oberflächennahe Grundwasser und die Oberflächengewässerdynamik beeinflussten Talauenzone. Darüber hinaus konnten durch die Implementierung der Messergebnisse konsistente Anfangs- und Randbedingungen für die Wasserhaushalts- und Grundwassermodellierung im Modellkonzept IWAN realisiert werden. Mit dem Modell IWAN (Integrated Modelling of Water Balance and Nutrient Dynamics) wurde ein Werkzeug geschaffen, welches die Berücksichtigung spezifischer hydrologischer Eigenschaften von Tieflandauen, wie z. B. den Einfluss des oberflächennahen Grundwassers bzw. der Dynamik von Oberflächenwasserständen auf den Wasserhaushalt, ermöglicht. Es basiert auf der Kopplung des deterministischen distribuierten hydrologischen Modells WASIM-ETH mit dem dreidimensionalen Finite-Differenzen-basierten Grundwassermodel MODFLOW. Die Modellierung der Stickstoffmetabolik im Grundwasser erfolgt durch das mit Grundwassermodell gekoppelte Stofftransportmodel MT3D. Zur modellbasierten Simulation des Wasserhaushalts der Tieflandauenlandschaften wurde das Modellkonzept IWAN für verschieden skalige Teileinzugsgebiete an der Havel für Simulationszeiträume von 2 Wochen bis zu 13 Jahren angewandt. Dabei wurden die Teilmodelle für Wasserhaushalts- und Grundwassermodellierung in zwei unterschiedlichen Teileinzugsgebieten der &#8221;Unteren Havel Niederung&#8220; kalibriert. Die anschließende Validierung erfolgte für das gesamte Einzugsgebiet der &#8221;Unteren Havel&#8220;. Die Unsicherheiten des Modellansatzes sowie die Anwendbarkeit des Modells im Untersuchungsraum wurden geprüft und die Limitierung der Übertragbarkeit auf andere grundwasserbeeinflusste Tieflandeinzugsgebiete analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Wasserhaushaltssimulationen führen einerseits zum erweiterten Prozessverständnis des Wasserhaushalts in Flachlandeinzugsgebieten, andererseits ermöglichten sie durch die Quantifizierung einzelner Prozessgrößen die Beurteilung der Steuerungsfunktion einzelner Wasserhaushaltsprozesse. Auf der Basis lokaler Simulationsergebnisse sowie geomorphologischer und gewässermorphologischer Analysen wurde ein Algorithmus entwickelt, welcher die Abgrenzung des direkten Eigeneinzugsgebiets der Havel als Raum der direkten Interaktion zwischen Oberflächengewässer und umgebendem Einzugsgebiet beschreibt. Durch Simulation des Wasserhaushalts im Eigeneinzugsgebiet mit dem Modell IWAN konnten die Interaktionsprozesse zwischen Fluss und Talauenlandschaft quantitativ beschrieben werden. Dies ermöglichte eine Bewertung der Abflussanteile aus dem Eigeneinzugsgebiet sowie eine Quantifizierung der zeitlich variablen Retentionskapazität der Auenlandschaft während Hochwasserereignissen. Zur Abschätzung des Einflusses veränderter Landnutzung und angepassten Managements auf den Wasserhaushalt der Talaue wurden Szenarien entwickelt, welche Änderungen der Landnutzung sowie der Gewässergeometrie implizieren. Die Simulation des Wasserhaushalts unter jeweiligen Szenariobedingungen ermöglichte die detaillierte Analyse sich ändernder Randbedingungen auf den Gebietswasserhaushalt und auf die Austauschprozesse zwischen Grundwasser und Oberflächengewässer. Zur Untersuchung der Stickstoffmetabolik im Grundwasser der Talauenlandschaft wurde das im Modellkonzept IWAN integrierte Stofftransportmodell MT3D für das Eigeneinzugsgebiet der Havel angewandt. Dies ermöglichte eine Bilanzierung der aus dem Grundwasser des Eigeneinzugsgebiets stammenden Nitratfrachtanteile der Havel sowie von Nitratkonzentrationen im Grundwasser. Szenariensimulationen, welche verminderte Nitrateinträge aus der durchwurzelten Bodenzone annehmen, ermöglichten die Quantifizierung der Effizienz von Managementmaßnahmen und Landnutzungsänderungen in Hinblick auf die Minimierung von Einträgen in Grundwasser und Oberflächengewässer. / For a sustainable management of lowland river basins, a comprehensive knowledge about floodplain water balance and nutrient transport processes is required. This investigation aims to analyse water balance processes and nutrient dynamics and transport within the groundwater influenced floodplains of lowland areas. Thus, the investigation was focused on the Havel river catchment at the Northeast German Lowlands, which is a typical example of a lowland floodplain. Experimental investigations were performed at different spatial scales for qualitative analysis of water balance. The complex model IWAN was developed which enables the simulation and quantitative analysis of water balance and nutrient dynamics. Furthermore it allows the scenario based simulation and analysis of changing landuse management and boundary conditions.<br><br> For experimental investigation of runoff generation and water balance processes within the floodplains of the Havel river an extensive measurement campaign was installed at several testsites of the 198 km2 catchment of the &#8220;Lower Havel river basin&#8220;. These testsites include stations and gauges for the observation of meteorological parameters, soil moisture, groundwater depths and river runoff. Analysis of the observed data led to an improved understanding of water balance processes within the specific part of the floodplain which is influenced by the dynamics of the uppermost groundwater and by the surface water dynamics. Furthermore the implementation of the observed data within the model concept realised the consistent definition of time variable, spatial distributed initial and boundary conditions. The IWAN model was developed as a tool which implements the speci- fic hydrological characteristics of floodplains within the concept of modelling water balance and nutrient dynamics. It is based on the coupling of the distributed deterministic hydrological model WASIM-ETH with the three-dimensional finite difference based numerical groundwater model MODLFOW. Simulation of the metabolism of nitrogen within the groundwater passage was realised by the nutrient transport model MT3D which was coupled with the groundwater model. For model based simulation of the water balance within lowland river floodplains the IWAN model was applied for different scaled subcatchments of the Havel river with varying sizes from 2 to 1000 km2 and simulation periods from 2 weeks up to 13 years. Calibration of the model was performed for two different sized subcatchments of the &#8220;Lower Havel river basin&#8220;. The subsequent validation of the model focused on the entire &#8220;Lower Havel river basin&#8220;. Uncertainties of the model approach and the limited applicability and transferability for further groundwater influenced floodplain landscapes were analysed. The results of the water balance simulations led to an improved understanding of the processes and dynamics within floodplains. It furthermore enabled the quantification and impact analysis of certain processes and interactions. Based on local simulation results and on the analysis of surface and groundwater morphology an algorithm was developed which was used for delineation of the direct catchment of the Havel river. This direct catchment is specified as the part of the floodplain which is characterised by the direct interaction between river and adjacent catchment. Water balance simulations with the IWAN model in the direct catchment led to the quantification of interaction processes between river and floodplain. This enabled the assessment of the runoff fraction from the direct catchment during the ecologically sensitive low flow periods in summer and of the retention capacity of the floodplain during flood events. For the evaluation of the influences of alternative landuse management on the water balance within floodplains, complex scenarios were developed which implemented alterations of landuse or changes of surface water geometries and drainage structures. Simulation of water balances for each scenario allowed the detailed analysis of changing boundary conditions on the floodplain water balance and on the interaction processes between groundwater and river. Modelling nitrogen metabolism within the groundwater: For investigation of the nitrogen metabolism within the groundwater of floodplains the nutrient transport and dynamics model MT3D, which considers also interactions between groundwater and surface waters, was integrated in the IWAN concept. The model was applied for the simulation of nitrate dynamics within the direct catchment of the Havel river.With this approach, the nitrate loads between groundwater and river could be quantified. In addition, nitrate concentrations within the groundwater were analised in dependence of surface water dynamics. Scenario simulations, assuming a decrease of incoming nitrate loads from the root zone, caused by landuse techniques, led to the quantification of the efficiency of landuse changes and advanced management strategies to inhibit pollution of groundwater and surface waters.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-251).

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of Wollongong, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 174-183.

Thesis (M.S.)--Wake Forest University. Dept. of Biology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-47).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-166).

Understanding energy fluxes within and between floodplain water bodies, and between rivers and their floodplains is essential for comprehending the dynamics of modern, altered river systems. Floodplain aquatic invertebrates may move between habitats deliberately (through emergence and dispersal) or through passive transport during flooding. This movement may represent a significant flux of energy and an essential food web subsidy. I assessed the usefulness of the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (D and 18O respectively) for identifying the origins and movements of macroinvertebrates in Mississippi River floodplain water bodies. I sampled water and invertebrates from the Mississippi River, intermittent and permanent floodplain wetlands, and tributaries during 2007 and 2008. Results showed consistent relationships between δD and δ18O signatures in invertebrate tissues and their home water bodies. I also investigated whether δD and δ18O could be used as a multivariate "fingerprint" to trace a captured invertebrate back to its environment of origin. Results showed that δD can be a useful tracer of the movement of floodplain invertebrates in some cases, although δ18O is likely not suitable for that purpose.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNMCN.pdf: 1178647 bytes, checksum: d18af7301e74a6724d6021f399155f9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The phytoplankton communities of five lakes in the floodplain of Turiaçu River (MA) were analysed for taxonomic composition and evaluated regarding temporal dynamics. Changes on phytoplankton densities were analysed as well as the variations in physical and chemical water characteristics along a hydrological cycle, attempting to correlate them to the flood pulse and the consequent water level fluctuations. Samplings were carried out in lakes Cabeludo, Caboclo, Arrodiador, Bate Terra and Quebra Pote, five periods of representative phases: dry, water rising, flooding, water lowing and a second dry. Qualitative samples were taken by horizontal hauls with a 20 µm phytoplankton net, and quantitative samples were taken at the surface and at 20 cm above the bottom with a Van Dorn bottle. Samples were preserved with in 4% formalin and the phytoplankton was identified and enumerated in settling chambers under a Zeiss inverted microscope. Turbulence, rainfall and water level fluctuations were considered the main controlling factors of the successional dynamics. The lakes are shallow and nutrient rich, being eutrophic during the dry period and mesotrophic in the other hydrological phases. The phytoplankton communities of the five lakes are represented by 139 taxa belonging to 9 Classes: 22 Bacillariophyceae, 34 Chlorophyceae, 1 Cryptophyceae, 33 Cyanophyceae, 2 Dinophyceae, 20 Euglenophyceae, 1 Xanthophyceae and 25 Zignematophyceae. Most taxa are new records for Maranhão State. Cyanophyceae was the numerically dominant group in three periods: water rising (March), water lowing (August) and dry (December), with relative abundances varying from 23.13% in Lake Caboclo during the water raising period to 65.72% of the total, at the same lake, in the dry period. Bacillariophyceae were the most abundant organisms in the flooding period (May), with relative abundances varying from 38,14 % in Lake Bate-Terra to 49,70% in Lake Caboclo. The most abundant species of Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were Planktolyngbya circumcreta and Aulacoseira granulata, respectively. Total phytoplankton densities varied from 1725 ind.mL-1 in Lake Arrodiador, in the flood period, to 8272 ind.mL-1 in Lake Cabeludo, at the dry period. The highest densities occurred in dry periods, related to the greater nutrient availability and to the concentration factor resulting from the water level decrease. There was a tendency to higher species richness, lower dominance, higher equitativity and higher diversity of phytoplankton during water rising and water lowering. / As comunidades fitoplanctônicas de cinco lagos da planície de inundação do rio Turiaçu (MA) foram analisadas para a composição taxonômica e avaliadas de acordo com sua dinâmica temporal. As variações na densidade do fitoplâncton também foram avaliadas, assim como as mudanças nas características físicas e químicas da água dos lagos, ao longo de um ciclo hidrológico, buscando correlacioná-las com o pulso de inundação e as conseqüentes variações no nível de água dos lagos. As amostragens foram realizadas nos lagos Cabeludo, Caboclo, Arrodiador, Bate Terra e Quebra Pote, em cinco épocas representativas dos períodos: de seca, enchente, cheia, vazante e de um segundo período de seca, tendo sido realizadas coletas qualitativas, por meio de arrastos horizontais, com rede de 20 µm de abertura de malha e coletas quantitativas do fitoplâncton total, na superfície e 20 cm acima do fundo, com Garrafa de Van Dorn. As amostras foram preservadas em formalina 4% e quantificadas em câmaras de sedimentação, sob microscópio invertido Zeiss. A turbulência, a precipitação e as variações no nível d água foram consideradas os principais fatores controladores da dinâmica sucessional. Os lagos são rasos e suas águas ricas em nutrientes, sendo os lagos eutróficos nos períodos de seca e mesotróficos nos outros períodos hidrológicos. As comunidades fitoplanctônicas dos cinco lagos estão representadas por 139 táxons, distribuídos em 9 Classes: 22 Bacillariophyceae, 34 Chlorophyceae, 1 Cryptophyceae, 33 Cyanophyceae, 2 Dinophyceae, 20 Euglenophyceae, 1 Xanthophyceae e 25 Zignematophyceae. A maioria dos táxons são novas ocorrências para o estado do Maranhão. Cyanophyceae foi a classe numericamente mais abundante em três períodos: enchente (março), vazante (agosto) e seca (dezembro), com abundâncias relativas que variaram de 23,13% no lago Caboclo no período de enchente, a 65,72% do total, neste mesmo lago, no período de seca. Bacillariophyceae foi a classe mais abundante no período de cheia (maio), com abundância relativa variando de 38,14 % no lago Bate-Terra a 49,70% no lago Caboclo. As espécies mais abundantes das classes Cyanophyceae e Bacillariophyceae foram Planktolyngbya circumcreta e Aulacoseira granulata, respectivamente. As densidades totais do fitoplâncton variaram de 1.725 ind.mL-1 no lago Arrodiador, no período de cheia, a 8.272 ind.mL-1 no lago Cabeludo, no período de seca. As maiores densidades ocorreram nos períodos de seca, relacionadas à maior disponibilidade de nutrientes e ao fator de concentração, pela redução no nível de água. As comunidades tenderam a uma maior riqueza de espécies, menor dominância, maior uniformidade e maior diversidade nas fases de enchente e vazante.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5864.pdf: 3534463 bytes, checksum: cd15fcfba13c323323c9b239d2f29ed8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The study of diversity and productivity can contribute to understanding the functioning of Amazonian ecosystems as a whole and especially to the conservation of its aquatic biota, considered one of the richest in species on the planet. The present study aimed to analyze the course of three years the limnological characteristics of three floodplain lakes of the Madeira River in the area of influence of the Santo Antônio hydroelectric plant on the Madeira, in the region near to Porto Velho, Rondônia, with emphasis on the zooplankton community. Samples were quarterly covering the four major hydrological periods: low water, flood, high water and ebb over three years (2010-2013). Physical, chemical and biological variables of the lakes were collected and correlated with species composition, biomass and production of zooplankton. The zooplankton community was characterized by high species richness (195 taxa) and high degree of endemism for the group of Copepoda Calanoida. The results showed that the three lakes have eutrophic or mesotrophic characteristics. The highest values of density and biomass of zooplankton in the lake occurred Cujubim. The rotifers were numerically dominant, but the Copepoda dominated in biomass and secondary production in lakes Cuniã and San Miguel. There was little variability in secondary production of zooplankton, being slightly higher in the lake Cujubim with increased production of copepods and rotifers in this lake. The rainfall variation demarcated the occurrence of well-defined hydrological periods, directly affecting the hydrodynamics of this region, controlling population fluctuations of zooplankton, probably brought by the increased availability of resources on the Madeira River in the flood season, playing an important role in the organization of food webs, and how to link the transfer of matter and energy in food chains. / O estudo da diversidade e produtividade pode contribuir para o entendimento do funcionamento dos ecossistemas amazônicos como um todo e principalmente para a conservação da sua biota aquática, considerada uma das mais ricas em espécies no planeta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar ao longo de três anos as características limnológicas de três lagos de várzea do rio Madeira na área de influência da Usina Hidroelétrica Santo Antônio do Madeira, na região próxima a Porto Velho, Rondônia, com ênfase na comunidade zooplanctônica. As amostragens foram trimestrais abrangendo os quatro períodos hidrológicos principais: Águas baixas, enchente, águas altas e vazante, ao longo de três anos (2010-2013). Foram coletadas variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas dos lagos, correlacionando com a composição de espécies, além de determinadas a biomassa e a produção da comunidade zooplanctônica. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi caracterizada por elevada riqueza de espécies (195 táxons) e alto grau de endemismo para o grupo dos Copepoda Calanoida. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os três lagos apresentam características mesotróficas ou eutróficas. Os maiores valores de densidade e biomassa da comunidade zooplanctônica ocorreram no lago Cujubim. Os Rotifera foram numericamente dominantes, mas os Copepoda dominaram em biomassa e produção secundária, nos lagos Cuniã e São Miguel. Houve pequena variabilidade na produção secundária da comunidade zooplanctônica, sendo ligeiramente superior no lago Cujubim, com maior a produção de Copepoda e Rotifera neste lago. A variação pluviométrica demarcou a ocorrência de períodos hidrológicos bem definidos, afetando diretamente a hidrodinâmica desta região, controlando flutuações populacionais da comunidade zooplanctônica, provavelmente pela maior disponibilidade de recursos trazidos do rio Madeira nos períodos de cheia, desempenhando papel importante na organização das teias tróficas, e como elo de transferência de matéria e energia nas cadeias alimentares.