Major cavitation damages can seriously endanger the stability of hydraulic structures, in worst case lead to dam failure. To remedy the effect of cavitation on spillway chutes the most common method today is aeration of the flow. Aerators introduce air to the bottom layers of the flow, enough to prevent damages to occur in the concrete lining. The design of an aerator system is of a complex manner due to the many involving parameters such as the channel slope, ramp angle, Froude number, flow velocity. In this report the susceptibility of the Höljes Dam to cavitate has been outlined with the result that this would occur at an extreme and most unlikely situation and remedial measures have been proposed. The design of an aerator system has been proposed as the result from theoretical research. A physical hydraulic model to assess the efficiency of a proposed aerator design is highly recommended. Alternative causes to the damages observed in the spillway chute are discussed.

<p> One of the major industrial metalworking processes is extrusion and it is of technological importance to be able to estimate the loads and material flow characteristics within the deforming metal. Hot metals and superplastic materials are particularly sensitive to the speed of the operation al though it is difficult to col".sider this in an analysis of the problem. </p> <p> This thesis reviews the analytical techniques available to the engineer to determine the loads in bulk forming processes and examines the way in which rate effects have been accommodated. The upper bound method, which is an approximate analytical technique, is reviewed in detail. The concept of a tangential shear zone of constant shear strain rate is introduced and used to enable strain rate effects to be considered within the upper bound technique. The work rate across each discontinuity is shown to be a function of the material strain rate sensitivity, the shear zone width and the tangential veloc i ty change. </p> A number of tangential velocity fields are proposed for the side extrusion process. These are examined and compared by minimizing the work rate using a computer optimization technique. The optimum solution for a simple tangential velocity discontinuity field is shown to give load estimates which are within 10% of those given by the more exact slip-line field method. </p> <p> Experiments, performed by the author on the side extrusion of two materials, which have very different strain rate sensitivities, are reported in detail. A characteristic difference in the extrudate geometry for the two materials is identified and shown to be a result of the difference in the materials strain rate sensitivity index. The experimental extrusion pressures for the two materials at different ram velocities are compared with theoretical values derived using the theory developed earlier in the thesis; the correlation is good. </p> <p> The shape of the tangential discontinuity between a uniform translational and uniform rotational field is examined and shown to be a circular arc. A number of new tangential velocity discontinuity fields are presented for a variety of common metalworking processes. These fields comprise straight and circular discontinuities and represent a new type of "mixed" field which predicts the rotation of the extrudate. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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No description available.

No description available.

Most realistic fluid flow problems are characterised by high Reynolds numbers and complex boundaries. Over the last ten years, immersed boundary methods (IBM) that are able to cope with realistic geometries have been applied to Lattice- Boltzmann methods (LBM). These methods, however, have normally been applied to low Reynolds number problems. In the present work, an iterative direct forcing IBM has been successfully coupled with a multi-domain cascaded LBM in order to investigate viscous flows around rigid, moving and wilfully deformed boundaries at a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The iterative force-correction immersed boundary method of (Zhang et al., 2016) has been selected due to the improved accuracy of the computation, while the cascaded LB formulation is used due to its superior stability at high Reynolds numbers. The coupling is shown to improve both the stability and numerical accuracy of the solution. The resulting solver has been applied to viscous flow (up to a Reynolds number of 100000) passed a NACA-0012 airfoil at a 10 degree angle of attack. Good agreement with results obtained using a body-fitted Navier-Stokes solver has been obtained. At moving or deformable boundary applications, emphasis should be given on the influence of the internal mass on the computation of the aerodynamic forces, focusing on deforming boundary motions where the rigid body approximation is no longer valid. Both the rigid body and the internal Lagrangian points approximations are examined. The resulting solver has been applied to viscous flows around an in-line oscillating cylinder, a pitching foil, a plunging SD7003 airfoil and a plunging and flapping NACA-0014 airfoil. Good agreement with experimental results and other numerical schemes has been obtained. It is shown that the internal Lagrangian points approximation accurately captures the internal mass effects in linear and angular motions, as well as in deforming motions, at Reynolds numbers up to 4 • 104. Finally, an expanded higher-order immersed boundary method which addresses two major drawbacks of the conventional IBM will be presented. First, an expanded velocity profile scheme has been developed, in order to compensate for the discontinuities caused by the gradient of the velocity across the boundary. Second, a numerical method derived from the Navier-Stokes equations in order to correct the pressure distribution across the boundary has been examined. The resulting hybrid solver has been applied to viscous flows around stationary and oscillating cylinders and examined the hovering flight of elliptical wings at low Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the proposed scheme smoothly expands the velocity profile across the boundary and increases the accuracy of the immersed boundary method. In addition, the pressure correction algorithm correctly expands the pressure profile across the boundary leading to very accurate pressure coefficient values along the boundary surface. The proposed numerical schemes are shown to be very efficient in terms of computational cost. The majority of the presented results are obtained within a few hours of CPU time on a 2.8 GHz Intel Core i7 MacBook Pro computer with a 16GB memory.

My thesis deals with the collecting of basic information and data on riparian vegetation in surroundings of the minor watecourse Rosička through field research and subsequent inventory. In the theoretical part, I outlined the theme of watercourses and their modifications, revitalization and solutions. I also focused on vegetation accompaniment of the flows and their typology. I described the riparian and associated vegetation in detail, focused on their functions and establishment and on taking care of them. The final section of the thesis includes data of my field research. Here can be found the current condition of the species structure and the state of health of the riparian vegetation.

A obstrução de natureza física é ocasionada por partículas sólidas presentes em suspensão na água de irrigação e tem sido apontada como a mais comum entre os tipos de obstrução. A suscetibilidade dos gotejadores a problemas de obstrução é influenciada pela qualidade da água e por características geométricas do canal de escoamento do gotejador. Normalmente locais com baixa velocidade de escoamento, como as regiões de estagnação de fluxo e o centro de vórtices, proporcionam baixa capacidade de sustentação das partículas, o que favorece a sedimentação e acúmulo de sedimentos no canal, favorecendo a obstrução do emissor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características geométricas de gotejadores e as características de escoamento no labirinto com seu desempenho hidráulico e a dinâmica da obstrução causada por partículas sólidas, a fim de adquirir fundamentos para suporte ao aprimoramento de geometrias de labirintos de emissores. Para isso foram projetados, desenvolvidos e avaliados dois grupos de protótipos de labirintos com características construtivas que conduzem a condições de escoamento distintas. No primeiro grupo os labirintos apresentaram escoamento uniforme (EU) apresentando geometria e características de escoamento que minimizam zonas de vórtice, comparando canais com diferentes seções de escoamento e ângulos de defletores. No segundo, os labirintos foram desenvolvidos para favorecer a formação de vórtices bem desenvolvidos (EV) por meio de alterações na altura dos defletores e na largura do canal. Alterações nos parâmetros construtivos dos labirintos resultaram em variações significativas na magnitude da perda de carga e no expoente de fluxo dos labirintos. Os emissores com características geométricas que favoreceram a formação de vórtices bem desenvolvidos apresentaram maior potencial de perda de carga e menores expoente de fluxo comparado aos emissores que permitem escoamento com características mais uniformes no canal. Em relação ao desempenho antiobstrução observou-se que a seção do canal foi um fator limitante, sendo que para ambas as etapas, emissores com largura de canal inferior a 0,8 mm, foram obstruídos rapidamente por partículas relativamente grandes. Por outro lado, os emissores com largura de canal igual ou superior a 1,0 mm não foram sensíveis à obstrução. Os resultados indicaram que a adoção dos vórtices bem desenvolvidos nos labirintos é benéfica do ponto de vista de desempenho hidráulico e antiobstrução pois permite a construção de labirintos com canais mais largos e mais curtos, além de não favorecerem a sedimentação de partículas ao longo do canal nas condições estudadas. / Clogging of physical nature is caused by solid particles present in suspension in irrigation water and has been pointed out as the most common type of clogging. The susceptibility of the drippers to clogging problems is influenced by the water quality and geometric characteristics of the drip channel of the dripper. Usually low flow velocity sites, such as the regions of flow stagnation and the center of vortices, provide low particle support capacity, which favors sedimentation and sediment accumulation in the channel, favoring the emitter clogging. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between geometrical characteristics of drip and flow characteristics in the labyrinth with its hydraulic performance and dynamics of the clogging caused by solid particles in order to acquire fundamentals to support the enhancement of emitters labyrinth geometries. For this, two groups of labyrinth prototypes with constructive characteristics were designed, developed and evaluated that lead to different flow conditions. In the first group the labyrinths presented uniform flow (EU) presenting geometry and flow characteristics that minimize vortex zones, comparing channels with different flow sections and deflector angles. In the second the labyrinths were developed to favor the formation of well developed vortices (EV) by means of changes in the height of the baffles and the width of the channel. Changes in the constructive parameters of the labyrinths resulted in significant variations in the magnitude of the head loss and the exponent of flow of the labyrinths. The emitters with geometric characteristics that favored the formation of well developed vortices presented greater potential of head loss and smaller exponent of flow compared to the emitters that allow flow with more uniform characteristics in the channel. Regarding the anti-clogging performance, it was observed that the section of the channel was a limiting factor, and for both steps, emitters with channel width less than 0.8 mm, were obstructed by relatively large particles. On the other hand, the emitters channel width exceeding 1.0 mm were not sensitive to clogging. The results indicated that the adoption of well developed vortices in the labyrinths is beneficial from the point of view of hydraulic performance and anti-obstruction because it allows the construction of labyrinths with wider and shorter channels, besides not favoring the sedimentation of particles along the channel in the conditions studied.

The development flow region of stepped chutes was studied experimentally. Three configuration of chute bed slopes 3.5H:1V, 5H:1V, and 10H:1V were used to study the flow characteristics. Each model had five horizontal steps and with constant step height of 15 cm. Constant temperature anemometry was used to investigate the velocity field characteristics as well as local void fraction. Pressure transducers were used to examine the pressure distribution. The conditions of aerated and non-aerated cavity were studied. It was found that the temperature anemometry is a valuable tool in the study of water flow problems due to its good spatial and temporal resolution. It is recommended that the constant overheat ratio procedure should be used in dealing with non-isothermal water flows. Flow conditions along the development flow region were found to be quite complex with abrupt changes between steps depending whether or not the flow jet has disintegrated. The flow on this region does not resemble a drop structure and after the first step, the step cavity condition does not affect the flow parameters. Pressure distribution was also found to be complex. It was found that there are no conclusive pressure profiles either on the step treads nor on step risers. No correlation was observed with the values of pool depth. The instantaneous characteristics of the velocity field along the jet of a drop structure were also studied. It was concluded that the cavity condition does not affect the velocity field of the sliding jet. The shear stress layer at the jet/pool interface was quantified. / May 2006

The development flow region of stepped chutes was studied experimentally. Three configuration of chute bed slopes 3.5H:1V, 5H:1V, and 10H:1V were used to study the flow characteristics. Each model had five horizontal steps and with constant step height of 15 cm. Constant temperature anemometry was used to investigate the velocity field characteristics as well as local void fraction. Pressure transducers were used to examine the pressure distribution. The conditions of aerated and non-aerated cavity were studied. It was found that the temperature anemometry is a valuable tool in the study of water flow problems due to its good spatial and temporal resolution. It is recommended that the constant overheat ratio procedure should be used in dealing with non-isothermal water flows. Flow conditions along the development flow region were found to be quite complex with abrupt changes between steps depending whether or not the flow jet has disintegrated. The flow on this region does not resemble a drop structure and after the first step, the step cavity condition does not affect the flow parameters. Pressure distribution was also found to be complex. It was found that there are no conclusive pressure profiles either on the step treads nor on step risers. No correlation was observed with the values of pool depth. The instantaneous characteristics of the velocity field along the jet of a drop structure were also studied. It was concluded that the cavity condition does not affect the velocity field of the sliding jet. The shear stress layer at the jet/pool interface was quantified.