Algae are microscopic organisms with a great potential to produce biomass and lipids at productivities several times higher than terrestrial crops. To grow, these organisms consume carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas. This gas, emitted primarily by power plants after coal burning, can be effectively used for algae production, thus resulting in CO2 remediation and biomass beneficial utilization as feedstuff, industrial filler and biodiesel feedstock. However, since coal is a fuel mined from the earth’s crust, it contains heavy metals that are released during coal burning and inevitably enter the algal cultivation system, contaminating the water were algae is grown, the algal biomass and the products derived from such biomass. The distribution of heavy metals from flue gas in algal cultivation systems is unknown, yet necessary to advance this industry. This study focused on quantifying the distribution and effects that ten coal-derived heavy metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, As, Se, Cr, Hg, Ni and Cd) will have on algae strain Scenedesmus obliquus and on the potential products derived from this algae.

ABSTRACT Investigation of Microalgae Growth Kinetics using Coal-Fired Flue Gas as a Carbon Source Bryan Daniel Brooker Energy related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions make up the majority of the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions must be alleviated to reduce the effects of global climate change. Microalgae cultivation sequesters CO2 while producing biomass. Algal biomass can provide a renewable feedstock for biofuel and electricity production, and ingredients for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, pigments and cosmetics. Utilizing microalgae to mitigate CO2 emissions encourages energy independence by providing a feedstock for biofuels and offers other potentially profitable avenues for the uses of biomass. This study focused on investigating the algal growth kinetics of microalgae cultivated with artificial coal-fired flue gas. Two algal strains, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetraselmis sp. were cultivated in lab scale photobioreactors to assess the feasibility of using flue gas as a carbon source for microalgae growth. The microalgae growth kinetics were compared between flue gas and pure CO2 treatments for each algal strain. Both microalgae species were able to grow under flue gas dosing. The differences in growth characteristics for Chlorella were statistically insignificant between the two gas dosing treatments. Tetraselmis yielded identical maximum specific growth rates among the two gas treatments, while the biomass production was greater using CO2. At a 95% confidence interval, the difference in biomass production between the gas treatments ranged from 45 to 225 mg/L. The decrease in biomass production for Tetraselmis was the only sign of growth inhibition from flue gas. Overall, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetraselmis sp. are capable of fixating CO2 from coal-fired flue gas.

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Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) is a crucial method to minimise the SO2 emissions from industrial processes. The FGD system utilise an alkaline sorbent to remove SO2 from the flue gases. Calcium in form of limestone is a commonly used sorbent where gypsum is produced asa by-product. However, the limestone reactivity, along with impurities within the sorbent, can significantly influence the effectiveness of SO2 removal and the quality of the by-products. At Heidelberg materials Cement Sverige an intermediate product, raw meal (RM) 8, is used assorbent in the FGD and gypsum is used as setting retarder in the cement. The aim with this project is to examine if raw meal 7 or A-sten is a better sorbent than raw meal 8 with respect to consumption rate, gypsum quality and its effect on the cement properties, and economic viability. To accomplish this a theoretical study was performed along with data analysis. RM 7 and A-sten are both purer than RM 8 but the raw material cost for RM 7 is about 1.24 times the raw material cost for RM 8 and the production costs and transportation costs are greater for RM 7 than for RM 8. The raw material cost for A-sten is about 0.45 times the cost for RM 8 but is not produced on site. All sorbents contain magnesium which can react with sulphur and precipitate as epsomite or hexahydrite, which also acts as retarders, where epsomite retard the cement setting time significantly compared to gypsum. To calculate the consumption rate of raw meal and A-sten into the scrubber three different methods were used. The difference between the methods lies in the consideration of how the calcium and magnesium species in the sorbent react with sulphur, with all calcium and magnesium reacting with sulphur in method 1, method 2 take the mass fraction of sulphurcontaining species into consideration, and method 3 incorporating mole fractions of calcium and magnesium species as well as sulphur from the sorbent. The pH and SO2 emissions were analysed for two different time periods where the first analysed period shows a correlation between low pH and high SO2 emissions, while the latter analysed period lacks a clear pH-SO2 correlation. A correlation between a lower pH and a lower percentage of MgSO4⸱6H2O and MgSO4⸱7H2O in the slurry could be made. The calculated rawmeal flow rate for RM 8 is between 520 and 554 kg/h, depending on the method used. To achieve the same desulphurisation efficiency with RM 7 the flow was calculated to 499-538kg/h and 427-464 kg/h for A-sten. Given the comparable mass flow rates of RM 8 and RM 7 it is advisable to retain RM 8 as asorbent in the scrubber regardless of the higher magnesium content due the higher cost associated with RM 7. However, the epsomite content in the slurry should be considered when optimising sulphur in cement production. Using A-sten as sorbent would minimise the rawmaterial costs and result in purer gypsum slurry with a lower epsomite content. Operating with a purer sorbent can also enhance the efficiency of the FGD process, leading to lower SO2 emissions. The calculations in the report assume that calcium and magnesium in the different sorbents react similarly, further analysis of their reactivity is recommended for more accurate results. / Rökgasavsvavling är en avgörande metod för att minimera SO2-utsläppen från industriella processer. Rökgasavsvaling använder en alkalisk sorbent för att avlägsna SO2 från rökgaserna. Kalcium i form av kalksten är en vanligt förekommande sorbent där gips produceras som en biprodukt. Kalkstensreaktiviteten, tillsammans med föroreningar i sorbenten kan emellertid avsevärt påverka avsvavlingseffektiviteten och biproduktens kvalitet. På Heidelberg materials Cement Sverige används en mellanprodukt, råmjöl (RM) 8, somsorbent i avsvavlingsprocessen och gipset används som härdningshämmare i cementet. Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka om råmjöl 7 eller A-sten är en bättre sorbent än råmjöl 8 med avseende på konsumtionshastighet, gipskvalitet och dess effekt på cementens egenskapersamt ekonomisk bärkraft. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes en teoretisk studie tillsammans med dataanalys. RM 7 och A-sten är båda renare än RM 8 men råvarukostnaden för RM 7 är cirka 1,24 gånger råvarukostnaden för RM8. Dessutom är produktions- och transportkostnaderna högre för RM7 än för RM 8. Råvarukostnaden för A-sten är cirka 0,45 gånger råvarukostnaden för RM 8, dock mals inte A-sten på plats. Alla sorbenter innehåller magnesium som kan reagera med svavel och fälla ut som epsomit eller hexahydrit, vilka också har en härdningshämmande effekt, där epsomit fördröjer cementens härdning signifikant jämfört med gips. För att beräkna konsumtionshastigheten för råmjöl och A-sten i skrubbern användes tre olika metoder. Skillnaden mellan metoderna är hur kalcium- och magnesiumarterna i sorbenten reagerar med svavel, där allt kalcium och magnesium reagerar med svavel i metod 1. Metod 2 tar hänsyn till massfraktionen av svavelhaltiga ämnen och metod 3 innehåller molfraktioner av kalcium- och magnesiumarter samt svavel från sorbenten. pH och SO2-utsläppen analyserades under två olika tidsperioder där den första perioden visar ett samband mellan lågt pH och höga SO2-utsläpp, medan den senare analyserade perioden saknar ett tydligt pH-SO2-samband. En korrelation mellan ett lägre pH och en lägre andel MgSO4⸱6H2O och MgSO4⸱7H2O i gipsslurryn skulle kunna göras. Det beräknade flödet av råmjöl för RM 8 är mellan 520 och 554 kg/h, beroende på vilken metod som används. För att uppnå samma avsvavlingseffektivitet med RM 7 måste flödet vara 499–538 kg/h och 427–464 kg/h för A-sten. Med tanke på de jämförbara massflödena för RM 8 och RM 7 är det lämpligt att behålla RM 8 som sorbent i skrubbern, trots den högre magnesiumhalten, på grund av de högre kostnaderna för RM 7. Epsomithalten i slurryn bör dock tas i beakting vid optimering av svavel i cementproduktionen. Att använda A-sten som sorbent skulle minimera råvarukostnaderna och resultera i en renare gipsslurry med lägre epsomithalt. Att använda med en renare sorbent kan också förbättra avsvavlingseffektiviteten, vilket leder till lägre SO2-utsläpp. Beräkningarna i rapporten förutsätter att kalcium och magnesium i de olika sorbenterna reagerar lika, ytterligare analys av deras reaktivitet rekommenderas för mer exakta resultat.

This diploma thesis deals with the calculation of pressure losses in the flue gas ducts. First part of this work describes properties of flue gas and flow dynamics. Part of the theoretical analysis was detailed study of pipeline elements with emphasis on the reasons for the existence of pressure loss in the flow, calculations of the resistance coefficients and possible methods of reducing the losses. In the practical part, a model of the pressure loss calculation of the existing flue gas line installed in the incineration plant was created. At the end of the thesis a proposal for optimization of this route was made with emphasis on the reduction of the overall pressure loss. By optimization the pressure drop of the specified route was reduced from 3581 Pa to 2647 Pa, i.e by 26% and the required power input of the fan was reduced from 225 kW to 166,5 kW.

Syftet med undersökningen var att klargöra om en rökgaskondensor är en bra investering för Nybro Energi AB. Saxlund Bioenergy AB kontaktades för sammanställning av offert. Med hjälp av parametrar från Nybro Energi AB och offerten från Saxlund Bioenergy AB, gjordes beräkningar för att avgöra om en investering är lönsam. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att en investering av sådant slag som behandlats i detta arbete var intjänad efter mindre än sju år i drift och effekten som är möjlig att utvinna uppgår till 2,8 MW, förutsatt att panneffekten utgjordes av minst 15 MW.  Slutsatserna var att investeringen inte var betald efter sju år med underlag av att kostnader som utgjordes av eventuell ombyggnation inte var behandlade i undersökningen, detta innebar dock inte att en investering ärr olönsam då dessa kostnader uppskattades som små i förhållande till den totala besparingen efter att den ekonomiska livslängden på 15 år har löpt ut. / The purpose of this investigation was to clarify whether a flue gas condenser was a good investment for Nybro Energi AB. Saxlund Bioenergy AB was contacted for the compilation of quotation. Using parameters from Nybro Energi AB and the quote from Saxlund Bioenergy AB, calculations were made to determine whether an investment was suitable. The results of the study showed that the investment of the kind dealt with in this work was earned after less than seven years of operation, and the output that was possible to recover amounted to 2,8 MW, provided that the boiler output consisted of at least 15 MW. The conclusions were that the investment was not paid after seven years because of the costs consisted of possible reconstructions were not considered in the survey, this does not mean that an investment was unprofitable since these costs were estimated as small relative to the total savings after the economic life of 15 years, has expired.

This master thesis deals with the feasibility studies desulphurization of powder granulation K3 boiler at Olomouc heating station. K3 boiler burns black energetic coal and after January 1st, 2016 will not meet new more strict emission limits. The theoretical part of the thesis charts usable desulphurization methods from which the semi-dry NID appears as the most appropriate one. In the practical part there is performed a stoichiometric calculation of the flue gas and the balance of raw materials and output products. The possibility of NID method usage is confirmed here. Next the annual operating cost of the desulfurization process is calculated and some NID systems already installed references are presented.

The aim of this thesis is to design the condensation heat exchanger for stationary engine running on natural gas. Flue gas condenser is designed for universal use of refrigerants (i.e. water or 35% fusion ethylene-glycol in water) and their working temperatures. The work includes theoretical, computational and design part. In the attachment is located the drawing documentation to flue gas condenser.