If a quote contains information as formulated in theory, then it is possible to elicit the information from each quote. We offer a simple method to extract the private and the public information elements from the quote revision. The extraction is only required to know the trade direction of the previous trade. We then present empirical evidence that our estimates are informational pertinent by showing that they are highly correlated with transaction returns. Furthermore, contrasting to the pattern of the bid-ask spread, we show that the intraday private information elements are converging as trading progresses. This phenomenon is consistent to the prediction in the theory. Our public information elements also have a similar declining pattern as that of the private information element only with a different reason.

Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous development in e-publishing tools. The Arab world tendency towards electronic publishing has facilitated the prosperity of Arabic e-publishing over the Internet. Likewise, it has enabled the ordinary user to deploy documents, letters, opinions, and ideas with freedom and ease of use. Although freedom of expression should be guaranteed to everyone, it may be used to disseminate false or distorted information. This may lead to the loss of ordinary user's confidence in e-content. However, the user's confidence in e-content will increase if the credibility of the content is emphasized. There are many factors that challenge this task including not only the rapidly growth of Arabic digital publishing, the absent from control over electronic content, and the lack of e-publishing regulations and laws, but also how to develop an efficient framework to confirm the digital content authenticity. Therefore, the need to monitor the credibility of Internet content while maintaining freedom of expression to its users has become an urgent matter of debate. A flexible framework needs to be developed that will overcome these issues and allow for a comprehensible and comfortable content validation environment that would satisfy the end users' desires. This thesis proposes a framework that serves to confirm fundamental text authenticity in Arabic scripts on the Internet. This framework will demonstrate the design and the development of new quotes verification algorithm and the necessary components of framework design, development and implementation based on Service Oriented architecture.

Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous development in e-publishing tools. The Arab world tendency towards electronic publishing has facilitated the prosperity of Arabic e-publishing over the Internet. Likewise, it has enabled the ordinary user to deploy documents, letters, opinions, and ideas with freedom and ease of use. Although freedom of expression should be guaranteed to everyone, it may be used to disseminate false or distorted information. This may lead to the loss of ordinary user's confidence in e-content. However, the user's confidence in e-content will increase if the credibility of the content is emphasized. There are many factors that challenge this task including not only the rapidly growth of Arabic digital publishing, the absent from control over electronic content, and the lack of e-publishing regulations and laws, but also how to develop an efficient framework to confirm the digital content authenticity. Therefore, the need to monitor the credibility of Internet content while maintaining freedom of expression to its users has become an urgent matter of debate. A flexible framework needs to be developed that will overcome these issues and allow for a comprehensible and comfortable content validation environment that would satisfy the end users' desires. This thesis proposes a framework that serves to confirm fundamental text authenticity in Arabic scripts on the Internet. This framework will demonstrate the design and the development of new quotes verification algorithm and the necessary components of framework design, development and implementation based on Service Oriented architecture.

À partir d’un corpus de 492 faits divers criminels relevés dans les quotidiens parisiens entre 1836 et 1881, ce travail s’efforce de montrer comment ce genre de discours journalistique est un lieu de citation d’autres discours, en particulier professionnels. La démarche stylistique adoptée, qui s’appuie sur les outils de l’analyse du discours, souligne la façon dont ces technolectes circulent dans la rubrique des faits divers, et sont souvent moins des citations explicites que des emprunts à des interdiscours volontiers constitués de clichés et de formules toutes prêtes et toutes faites. C’est ainsi le figement du fait divers qu’on met en avant, figement narratif, syntaxique et lexical ; ce figement lui vient parfois directement des discours auxquels il emprunte, et qui comme lui n’hésitent pas à fictionnaliser voire à inventer un événement. La démonstration s’attache à étudier la citation à l’intérieur de l’espace journalistique, afin de mettre en lumière la façon dont les faits-divers s’approprient l’article d’un autre, et à étudier leur position de sur- ou de sous-énonciateur par rapport au texte originel. C’est cette même position du fait-diversi qui est interrogée dans son rapport aux interdiscours médicaux et policiers ; ces derniers sont en effet des sources privilégiées de l’information fait-divers. L’analyse se reporte dans le même temps aux romans du siècle,feuilletons comme œuvres réalistes et naturalistes, avant de se pencher, à la fin de l’étude, sur les rapports du fait divers et de ces ouvrages. Il s’agit alors de montrer comment le fait divers,traversé de diverses voix, est un discours qui circule également dans la littérature de l’époque. / This work focuses on a corpus of 492 crime news items released in Parisian dailies between 1836 and 1881 and aims at showing how this specific journalistic discourse quotesother forms of discourse (particularly professional ones). The stylistic approach chosen, using discourse analysis tools, underlines the way those technolects circulate in crime news items and shows they are not so much explicit quotes as borrowings from interdiscourses often made up of clichés and ready-made, set phrases. This freezing of the crime news item is what stands out here: a narrative, syntactic and lexical freezing, stemming sometimes straight from the discourses from which it borrows. Both the crime news items and the discourses borrowedtend to fictionalize or even invent a drama.The work focuses on the quote within the journalistic space, so as to highlight how the crime news item writers make someone else’s article their own and studies the writers’ posture (as an over or an under-enunciator) regarding the original text. This same posture is also questioned in relation to both medical and police interdiscourses, which are the two privileged sources of information for crime news items. In the same time, the analysis refers to contemporary novels, whether serials or realist and naturalist works, before focusing on their relationships to crime news items. The aim is thus to show how the crime news item is a multiple-voice discourse which also circulates in the literature of that time.

The report is a degree project for the bachelor's level in Mechanical Engineering atUppsala University. The thesis was carried out at Scienta Omicron AB in Uppsala,Sweden and it is provided a basis determining rules for a vacuum chamberconfigurator that will be used by Scienta Omicron AB.Scienta Omicron AB wants to automate its vacuum chamber design to increasecompany productivity and profitability within this product line. This degree projectdescribes a basis for a configurator that will be used by the company later.This degree project begins by interviewing Scienta Omicron's R&D manager and theDesign Team to understand the company's needs and the reasons behind the desireto change the company's current process. After discussion with the company, aproject plan for the thesis is established to ensure that all parts of the thesis areperformed in time with good quality.The report presents briefly the theory of vacuum technology, especially regardingultra-high vacuum that is used by Scienta Omicron and several methods are used toachieve the project. The report ends with recommendations for Scienta Omicronwith the intention of continuously improving the result of this thesis i.e. implementingthe new process.An intensive study of vacuum chambers manufactured by the company is carried outby reviewing the company's email conversation between the design department andcustomers as well as chamber drawings in order to understand the design conceptand its limitations.As a part of the project, a requirement specification of the thesis has beendetermined and concept generating performed, resulting in two concepts," clashmodels" and" matrix". These enable the design and implementation of a vacuumchamber configurator by an external company specializing in customer productconfiguration.The chosen concept is clash models because it facilitates the implementation of theconfigurator later. A third-party company, Animech, which will implement the rulesdetermined in this thesis when constructing the configurator which will be used bySOAB. The configurator will be a tool that replaces the design team and gives themtime resources to develop new solutions and products.

Context Web engineering is a new research field which utilizes engineering principles to produce quality web applications. Web applications have become more complex with the passage of time and it's quite difficult to analyze the web metrics for the estimation due to a wide range of web applications. Correct estimates for web development effort play a very important role in the success of large-scale web development projects. Objectives In this study I investigated size metrics and cost drivers used by web companies for early web cost estimation. I also aim to get validation through industrial interviews and web quote form. This form is designed based on most frequently occurring metrics after analyzing different companies. Secondly, this research aims to revisit previous work done by Mendes (a senior researcher and contributor in this research area) to validate whether early web cost estimation trends are same or changed? The ultimate goal is to help companies in web cost estimation. Methods First research question is answered by conducting an online survey through 212 web companies and finding their web predictor forms (quote forms). All companies included in the survey used Web forms to give quotes on Web development projects based on gathered size and cost measures. The second research question is answered by finding most occurring size metrics from the results of Survey 1. List of size metrics are validated by two methods: (i) Industrial interviews are conducted with 15 web companies to validate results of the first survey (ii) a quote form is designed using validated results from industrial interviews and quote form sent to web companies around the world to seek data on real Web projects. Data gathered from Web projects are analyzed using CBR tool and results are validated with Industrial interview results along with Survey 1.  Final results are compared with old research to justify answer of third research question whether size metrics have been changed. All research findings are contributed to Tukutuku research benchmark project. Results “Number of pages/features” and “responsive implementation” are top web size metrics for early Web cost estimation. Conclusions. This research investigated metrics which can be used for early Web cost estimation at the early stage of Web application development. This is the stage where the application is not built yet but just requirements are being collected and an expected cost estimation is being evaluated. List of new metrics variable is concluded which can be added in Tukutuku project.

Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous development in e-publishing tools. The Arab world tendency towards electronic publishing has facilitated the prosperity of Arabic e-publishing over the Internet. Likewise, it has enabled the ordinary user to deploy documents, letters, opinions, and ideas with freedom and ease of use. Although freedom of expression should be guaranteed to everyone, it may be used to disseminate false or distorted information. This may lead to the loss of ordinary user's confidence in e-content. However, the user's confidence in e-content will increase if the credibility of the content is emphasized. There are many factors that challenge this task including not only the rapidly growth of Arabic digital publishing, the absent from control over electronic content, and the lack of e-publishing regulations and laws, but also how to develop an efficient framework to confirm the digital content authenticity. Therefore, the need to monitor the credibility of Internet content while maintaining freedom of expression to its users has become an urgent matter of debate. A flexible framework needs to be developed that will overcome these issues and allow for a comprehensible and comfortable content validation environment that would satisfy the end users' desires. This thesis proposes a framework that serves to confirm fundamental text authenticity in Arabic scripts on the Internet. This framework will demonstrate the design and the development of new quotes verification algorithm and the necessary components of framework design, development and implementation based on Service Oriented architecture.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / It has been found that the main causes of insufficient sales of different small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is the low conversion rate of quotes into sales, which entails poor business performance and low economic impact. Therefore, a marketing methodology called inbound marketing is planned, which is modified and adapted to the case study. In contrast, tools such as ABC classification, workflow, and inbound marketing have been used as a structure of the proposed methodology to solve the problem. The implementation of this methodology resulted in an increased efficiency of quote development and an enhanced performance ratio thereof. In conclusion, it is possible to measure the financial impact of the methodology implementation which has been beneficial for the company under study. Business performance in the last month of implementation improved by 10%.

L’étude diachronique des écrits en français de Cioran montre que le dynamisme de cette œuvre a pour source la manière d’écrire. L’univers idéel est statique. La manière de dire est en mouvement. La volonté de s’imposer sur la scène culturelle française pousse « le métèque » à mettre fin à son lyrisme. La frivolité qui consiste à jouer avec les idées en est la conséquence. Elle est à l’antipode de l’écriture philosophique dont la principale raison d’être est l’appréhension de l’essence des choses. Après l’échec des Syllogismes, Cioran s’est rendu compte qu’il a mal misé sur la frivolité des Français. A partir de La Tentation d’exister, il cherche à créer un texte relativement suivi. Un sceptique ne peut endurer cette corvée qu’en recourant à la fiction. La sécheresse des concepts abstraits est adoucie grâce à un langage métaphorique. La narration rompt avec les principaux procédés de l’écriture philosophique comme l’analyse et l’argumentation. Le texte évolue par contiguïté sémantique. Le conflit entre vérité et littérature devient moins intense. Le vieux Cioran, en proie au compte-gouttes de la vieillesse, souffre de ne plus pouvoir se manifester. Recourir à ses expériences quotidiennes ou à des passages lus est une source de matière verbale. Les scènes de la vie quotidienne rafraîchissent la conscience desséchée par la recherche exclusive de l’idée. La citation participe du même travail de concrétisation. La vie quotidienne a une valeur cognitive supérieure à celle du raisonnement philosophique. De même, les écrits des maîtres spirituels, des mystiques et des poètes sont plus pénétrants que les ouvrages philosophiques. Littérature et vérité se sont réconciliées. / The diachronic study of the writings in French of Cioran shows that the dynamism of this work has for manner source to write. The ideal universe is statistical. The manner to say is in movement to meet different challenges. The willingness to impose itself on the French cultural scene pushes the "Wog" to put an end to his lyricism. The frivolity of playing with ideas to create unusual forms is the consequence. It is the antithesis of the philosophical writing whose primary purpose to be the understanding of the essence of things. After the failure of Syllogismes, Cioran realized that he bet badly on the frivolity of the French people. From The Temptation to exist, it seeks to create a relatively tracking text. A skeptic cannot endure this chore than through fiction. The drought of abstract concepts is eased thanks to a metaphorical language. The narrative breaks with the main processes of philosophical writing as deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis and arguing. The text evolves by semantic contiguity. The conflict between truth and literature becomes less intense. The old Cioran, in prey to the dropper of the old age, suffer of more power to appear. To resort to its daily experiences or read passages is a source of verbal matter. The scenes of daily life refresh the dry conscience by exclusive research idea. The quote participates the same search for concrete. The daily life has a cognitive value than the philosophical reasoning. Similarly, the writings of spiritual teachers, mystics, poets and writers are more penetrating than philosophical work. Literature and truth are reconciled.

L'acquisition d'un appartement dans un immeuble en copropriété semble être aujourd'hui une opération banale tant pour les consommateurs que pour les praticiens, chacun semblant considérer que l'objet de l'acquisition se limite à "la propriété" d'un appartement dans un ensemble immobilier.La notion de copropriété en France est définie par l’article 1° de la loi du 10 juillet 1965 qui dispose : « La présente loi régit tout immeuble bâti ou groupe d'immeubles bâtis dont la propriété est répartie, entre plusieurs personnes, par lots comprenant chacun une partie privative et une quote-part de parties communes. ». Le lot de copropriété se présente donc comme un lien de droit à vocation perpétuelle instaurée entre des parties de l’immeuble pour permettre la répartition de sa propriété. Le lot de copropriété est finalement la résultante d’une appropriation individuelle (la partie privative) à l’aide d’un procédé collectif (l’indivision généralisée des parties communes) et entre dans la notion plus large de propriété privée.L'analyse de la nature juridique du lot de copropriété vient cependant démontrer que l'objet de l’acquisition par le candidat acheteur est de nature bien différente. Celle-ci réside en une forme d’appropriation complexe en raison des distinctions qu’elle implique entre les différentes composantes du lot mais aussi en raison de la multiplicité des qualifications juridiques qu’elle conjugue.Les droits attachés à la notion de lot de copropriété semblent être des droits complexes, tantôt droits personnels, tantôt droits réels, combinant pleine propriété, indivision, servitudes, usufruit et nue-propriété, ce que l’on pourrait appeler « la propriété plurielle », une forme de propriété « caméléon » avec des composantes hétérogènes.Le candidat acquéreur n’achète pas un appartement dans un immeuble mais, en réalité, une quote-part indivise dans des choses communes dont il ne connait ni l’étendue ni l’état ainsi que la jouissance exclusive d’un volume dénommé « partie privative » dont l’étendue est à la fois le critère et la conséquence (l’usage exclusif)L’analyse met en exergue une réelle discordance entre ce que les copropriétaires pensent posséder et la complexe réalité juridique de l’étendue de leur propriété et des droits et devoirs qui en découlent. Le découpage ainsi opéré démontre l’insécurité juridique du statut mis en place par la loi du 10 juillet 1965 ; c’est « l’illusion » de la copropriété immobilièreSi le statut de la copropriété devait être revu afin d’expliquer clairement au consommateur, qu’est le candidat copropriétaire, l’objet de son acquisition et ses implications juridiques et financières, il est fort à craindre qu’il se tourne vers une forme de propriété moins absconse. / The concept of ownership in condominium in France is defined by the Article 1 of the Law of 10 July 1965 states: "This Act governs any building or group of buildings whose ownership is divided among several people, composed each one by a private part and a part of common areas. ".The Lot of condominium is as a legal relationship established between perpetual vocation parts of the building to allow the distribution of its property. The condominium lot is the result of an individual appropriation with a collective process and into the wider concept of private property.Private property was designed by the French Revolution as a natural and inalienable human right, just as freedom. It is an inviolable and sacred right which no one can be private.The analys however highlights one hand great complexity on the scope of rights forming the components of the condominium lot but also its materiality. Difficulty identifying the physical reality of size lot suggests the distortion that may exist between the reality of this form of property and what the owner thinks .This Illusion present a real legal insécurity for the owner who does not measure extent of their rights and duties with respect to the nature of his property.