Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5088.pdf: 2129130 bytes, checksum: 02a24c6d091630804bfb287ee5ac07e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04 / Nowadays, it is common to see small phrases spread in the media which have been removed from their original context and they gained incalculable proportions of movement, being able to (re)create the most diverse discursive events. The current trend, reveals Krieg-Planque (2011), is the fragmentation of short discourses, due to the speed of the narrativization of the facts. The small phrase is a reality that newspapers, websites, social networks help to build when they publish the "phrases of the week", "the best phrases of the year", etc., and that makes us realize that the work of sobreasseveration and / or aforization is in full steam: never the spoken phrases and that they mark some event were so discussed and disseminated. According Maingueneau (2011b), the recent development of a media configuration that associate print media, television, internet, mobile, etc.., increased to an unprecedented level the detachment and the circulation of aforizations. For the author, some reach the state of the pandemic. Thus, for a short period of time, we see to circulate a sentence with a very high frequency in all media of the moment and that occopy a variety of statutes: newspaper titles, sentence at the bottom of the TV screen, etc.. In this thesis, we take as the object of study four small phrases that erupted on stable discursive fields and that, due to the rapid movement engendered, especially the Internet, became to appear in a various discursive fields. We attend a large file consisting of various discoursive genres (advertising, cartoon, humorous, journalistic comments on the net, etc.) and in which circulates notably four small phrases ―ai, se eu te pego‖, ―menos Luiza que está no Canadá‖, ―cala a boca, Galvão‖ and ―vada a bordo, cazzo‖. To account for this enterprise we adopt the Discourse Analysis of French orientation, especially the recents works of Alice Krieg-Planque (2011) and Dominique Maingueneau (2006a; 2006b; 2007; 2008; 2010; 2011a; 2011b; 2012a), reflections tha seek to understand accurately the production, circulation and transformation of small enunciates of political field. Our back question is to argue that, at presente due to the configuration media existing in our society, smalls phrases focus on various discursive fields. / Na contemporaneidade, é comum vermos circular na mídia pequenas frases as quais foram retiradas de seu contexto original e que ganharam proporções de circulação incalculáveis, sendo capazes de (re)criar os mais diversos acontecimentos discursivos. A tendência atual, revela Krieg-Planque (2011), é de fragmentação de discursos curtos, devido à rapidez da narrativização dos fatos. A pequena frase é uma realidade que os jornais, sites, redes sociais ajudam a construir quando publicam as ―frases da semana‖, ―as melhores frases do ano‖, etc. e que nos faz perceber que o trabalho de sobreasseveração e/ou de aforização está a todo vapor: nunca as frases ditas e que marcam algum acontecimento foram tão discutidas e divulgadas. Segundo Maingueneau (2011b), o desenvolvimento recente de uma configuração midiática que associou mídia impressa, televisão, internet, celular, etc., aumentou para um nível sem precedentes o destacamento e a circulação de aforizações. Para o autor, algumas chegam ao estado de pandemia. Desse modo, por um curto período de tempo, vemos circular uma sentença com uma frequência muito alta em todas as mídias do momento e que ocupou uma variedade de estatutos: títulos de jornais, sentença na parte inferior da tela da TV, etc. Nesta tese, tomamos como objeto de estudo quatro pequenas frases que irromperam em campos discursivos estáveis e que, por conta da rápida circulação engendrada, sobretudo, pela internet, passaram a figurar nos mais variados campos discursivos. Frequentamos um vasto arquivo constituído pelos mais variados gêneros discursivos (publicitário, chárgico, humorístico, jornalísticos, comentários na net, etc) e no qual circula(ra)m destacadamente quatro pequenas frases ―ai, se eu te pego‖, ―menos Luiza que está no Canadá‖, ―cala a boca, Galvão‖ e ―vada a bordo, cazzo‖. Para dar conta deste empreendimento filiamo-nos à Análise de Discurso de orientação francesa, sobretudo aos recentes trabalhos de Alice Krieg-Planque (2011) e de Dominique Maingueneau (2006a; 2006b; 2007; 2008; 2010; 2011a; 2011b; 2012a), reflexões que procuram compreender de forma acurada a produção, a circulação e a transformação de pequenos enunciados no campo político. Nossa questão de fundo é defender que, atualmente por conta da configuração midiática existente na nossa sociedade, as pequenas frases incidem sobre os mais variados campos discursivos.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo investigar o impacto do reconhecimento legal das centrais como entidades de representação geral dos trabalhadores sobre o sistema sindical vigente. Sua primeira parte se dedica ao estudo analítico da representação sindical no Brasil, para qual usa a aproximação com a Teoria dos Sistemas, de Niklas Luhmann, como estratégia de investigação, na perspectiva de observar o modelo como um sistema autopoiético, identificar seus códigos e explicar os processos de variação, seleção e estabilização. A segunda parte se dedica ao surgimento das centrais sindicais que, na perspectiva sistêmica, são compreendidas como resultantes de operação realizada pelo próprio sistema, na medida em que elas portam idêntico código diferencial. A partir dessa percepção o estudo se volta para a análise da necessidade de legalização das centrais, do processo político correlato e dos principais aspectos da Lei 11.648/2008. A principal hipótese conclusiva decorrente da análise é a de que a atuação da lei induzirá a dependência das centrais aos espaços do Estado e à participação no rateio da contribuição sindical, o que significa a preservação e o fortalecimento dos códigos genéticos do sindicalismo oficialista. / This dissertation has the purpose of investigating the impact of legal acknowledgement of the central unions as entities that represent generally the workers in the current union system. Its first part is dedicated to the analytical study of union representation in Brazil applying the approach of the Theory of Systems by Niklas Luhmann as investigative strategy in order to observe the model as an autopoietic system, to identify its codes and to explain the variation, selection and stabilization processes. The second part deals with the birth of the central unions that are understood in the systemic perspective as resulting from the operation performed by the system itself insofar they carry on identical differential code. From this perception the study turns to the analysis of the necessity of legalizing the central unions, the correlative political process and the main aspects of the Law 11.648/2008. The main hypothetical conclusion resulting from the analysis is that the application of the law will lead to the central unions dependence on the spaces within the State and the participation in the distribution of the union dues that would means the preservation and strengthening of the genetic codes of the official syndicalism

This study applied dual processing theory, the theory of working memory, and the theory of cue summation to examine how the video and audio in a television news story interact with or against each other when the story uses pull quote graphics to convey key information to viewers. Using eye-tracking, the study produced visual depictions of exactly what viewers look at on the screen when the words in the reporter's voice track match the text in the pull quote graphic verbatim, when the reporter summarizes the text in the graphic, and when the reporter's voice track ignores the text in the pull quote. The study tested the effect on recall when viewers were presented with these three story conditions—high redundancy, medium redundancy, and low redundancy, respectively. Key findings included the following: first, that stories with low redundancy resulted in lower recall and memory sensitivity scores (a measure of memory strength) than pull quotes that the reporter either summarized or read verbatim on the air. Second, it was found that neither high-redundancy nor medium-redundancy stories were superior or inferior to the other when looking at the effect on recall and memory sensitivity. And finally, in high-, medium-, and low-redundancy conditions, subjects stated that they relied more on the reporter's narration than the pull quote to get information. The study states possible implications for news producers and reporters and suggests future research in the broadcast television news industry.

This study applied dual processing theory, the theory of working memory, and the theory of cue summation to examine how the video and audio in a television news story interact with or against each other when the story uses pull quote graphics to convey key information to viewers. Using eye-tracking, the study produced visual depictions of exactly what viewers look at on the screen when the words in the reporter's voice track match the text in the pull quote graphic verbatim, when the reporter summarizes the text in the graphic, and when the reporter's voice track ignores the text in the pull quote. The study tested the effect on recall when viewers were presented with these three story conditions—high redundancy, medium redundancy, and low redundancy, respectively. Key findings included the following: first, that stories with low redundancy resulted in lower recall and memory sensitivity scores (a measure of memory strength) than pull quotes that the reporter either summarized or read verbatim on the air. Second, it was found that neither high-redundancy nor medium-redundancy stories were superior or inferior to the other when looking at the effect on recall and memory sensitivity. And finally, in high-, medium-, and low-redundancy conditions, subjects stated that they relied more on the reporter's narration than the pull quote to get information. The study states possible implications for news producers and reporters and suggests future research in the broadcast television news industry.

The purpose of this thesis is: (i) to produce an in-depth data analysis and computer-based simulations of the market environment to investigate whether financial stability is affected by the presence of High-Frequency investors; (ii) to verify how High-Frequency Trading and financial stability interact with each other under non-linear conditions; (iii) whether non-illicit behaviours can still lead to potentially destabilising effects; (iv) to provide quantitative support to the theses, either from the audit trail data or resulting from simulations. Simulations are provided to test whether High-Frequency Trading: (a) has an impact on market volatility, (b) leads to market splitting into two tiers; (c) takes the lion's share of arbitrage opportunities. Audit trail data is analysed to verify some hypotheses on the dynamics of the Flash Crash. The simulation on the impact of High-Frequency Trading on market volatility confirms that when markets are under stress, High-Frequency Trading may cause volatility to significantly increase. However, as the number of ultra-fast participants increases, this phenomenon tends to disappear and volatility realigns to its standard values. The market tiering simulation suggests that High-Frequency traders have some tendency to deal with each other, and that causes Low-Frequency traders also to deal with other slow traders, albeit at a lesser extent. This is also a kind of market instability. High-Frequency Trading potentially allows a few fast traders to grab all the arbitrage-led profits, so falsifying the Efficient Market Hypothesis. This phenomenon may disappear as more High-Frequency traders enter the competition, leading to declining profits. Yet, the whole matter seems a dispute for abnormal gains only between few sub-second traders. All simulations have been carefully designed to provide robust results: the behaviours simulated have been drawn from existing literature and the simplifying assumptions have been kept to a minimum. This maximises the reliability of the results and minimizes the potential of bias. Finally, from the data analysis, the impact of High-Frequency Trading on the Flash Crash seems significant; other sudden crashes occurred since, and more can be expected over the next future. Overall, it can be concluded that High-Frequency Trading shows some controversial aspects impacting on financial stability. The results are at a certain extent confirmed by the audit trail data analysis, although only indirectly, since the details allowing the match between High-Frequency traders and their behaviour are confidential and not publicly available Nevertheless, the findings about HFT-induced volatility, market segmentation and sub-optimal market efficiency, albeit not definitive, suggest that careful monitoring by regulators and policy-makers might be required.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this dissertation, we analyze how the memory domain of Linguistics is resumed and articulated in the discursive constitution, emphasizing the echoes and the signification soundings of the already said registered in the line of discourse. We aim to understand the way how the discursive process is historically determined, besides the way how certain notions of Linguistics, present in the Cours de linguistique générale, are repeated and/or modified as they are resumed in another sociohistorical and ideological conjuncture. From this, we aim the crossing of linguistic knowledge which belong to other conjunctures and return chaining in the discursive formulation as an effect of interdiscourse on itself, that is, by the functioning of the transverse-discourse. For this, we delimitated as temporal snip, the fifties, from XX century, once it was a fruitful moment in studies related to the Portuguese language and in linguistic researches which begin in the academic environment and we mobilized as file search some works by Serafim da Silva Neto: Introdução ao Estudo da Língua Portuguêsa no Brasil (1950); Manual de Filologia Portuguêsa (1952); Introdução ao Estudo da Filologia Portuguêsa (1956); História do Latim Vulgar (1957); Língua, Cultura e Civilização (1960). The corpus of analysis is composed by discursive passages from these works, whose choice criterion was the reference to two essential Saussure s dichotomies: language vs. speech and synchrony vs. diachronic. The mobilized analytical procedure is constituted by the moving among quote, the discursive paraphrase and the transverse-discourse. We begin from Course s quote which allows us to analyze the discursive paraphrase s functioning, that, on the other hand, enables the effect instauration of the transversediscourse in the discursive constitution, since, through the discursive paraphrase; we demonstrate the crossing and the articulation of other knowledge in the discourse horizontality by the repetition/reformulation and/or the signification soundings. This proposed analytical motion gives the basis to our thesis, giving light to the functioning of the transverse-discourse, which concern us, in a particular way, by allowing the reflection about the historical and sense filiations inscribed in the production of linguistic knowledge that we analyzed. Our research is affiliated to the History of Linguistic Ideas linked to the theoretical and methodological apparatus of Discourse Analysis of Pecheuxtian orientation, as both are being carried out in Brazil, in the last times. / Na presente tese, analisamos como o domínio de memória da Linguística é retomado e articulado na constituição discursiva, enfatizando os ecos e as ressonâncias de significação dos já ditos inscritos em determinada produção do conhecimento. Buscamos compreender como o processo discursivo é afetado historicamente, a partir da maneira como os saberes da Linguística, via citação do Cours de linguistique générale, estão atravessados e linearizados no fio do discurso. Com isso, visamos à articulação de saberes da Linguística que pertencem a outra conjuntura sócio-histórica e ideológica e retornam encadeando-se na formulação discursiva enquanto um efeito do interdiscurso sobre si mesmo, ou seja, pelo funcionamento do discurso-transverso. Para tanto, delimitamos como recorte temporal a década de 50, do século XX, em função de ser um momento fecundo em estudos relacionados à língua portuguesa e em pesquisas linguísticas que se iniciam junto ao meio acadêmico, e mobilizamos como arquivo de pesquisa algumas das obras de Serafim da Silva Neto, um autor expressivo da época. As obras que compõe o nosso arquivo são: Introdução ao Estudo da Língua Portuguêsa no Brasil (1950); Manual de Filologia Portuguêsa (1952); Introdução ao Estudo da Filologia Portuguêsa (1956); História do Latim Vulgar (1957); Língua, Cultura e Civilização (1960). Já o corpus de análise é constituído por recortes discursivos dessas obras, cujo critério de escolha foi a referência a duas dicotomias essenciais do postulado saussuriano: língua vs. fala e sincronia vs. diacronia. O procedimento analítico mobilizado constitui-se pelo movimento entre a citação, a paráfrase discursiva e o discurso-transverso. Partimos das citações do Cours, as quais nos permitem analisar o funcionamento da paráfrase discursiva, que, por sua vez, possibilita a instauração do efeito do discurso-transverso na constituição discursiva, visto que, pela paráfrase discursiva, explicitamos o atravessamento e a articulação de saberes outros na horizontalidade do discurso por meio da repetição/reformulação e/ou das ressonâncias de significação. Esse gesto analítico proposto dá a base para nossa tese, colocando em evidência o funcionamento do discurso-transverso, o qual nos interessa de modo particular por possibilitar a reflexão sobre as filiações históricas e de sentidos inscritas na produção do conhecimento linguístico que analisamos. Nossa pesquisa filia-se à História das Ideias Linguísticas vinculada ao aparato teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso de orientação pecheuxtiana, tal como ambas vêm se realizando no Brasil, nos últimos tempos.

The thesis deals with the process of obtaining a contract in a construction company. It focuses on legislation and procedures in a tender from the perspective of a contractor. The thesis presents processes and methods of creating quotations illustrated on a specific public procurement. Then, it compares the differences among submitted price quotes.

The aim of the thesis is the approximation progress public commercial competition in the construction contract for the perspective of the construction undertaking. The theoretical part of the work deals with the concepts and facts of this issue. This section describes, in particular, the legal obligations of the parties involved, and the elements without which you cannot contest. The practical part will focus on the creation of a separate menu in the company and a separate course of public competition. The theoretical part will be drawn up using the supplied materials to commercial contest new nursery school.

In this study, we explore models for optimal bidding in auctions on the bond market using data gathered from the Bloomberg Fixed Income Trading platform and MIFID II reporting. We define models that aim to fulfill two purposes. The first is to hit the best competitor price, such that a dealer can win the trade with the lowest possible margin. This model should also take into account the phenomenon of the Winner's Curse, which states that the winner of a common value auction tends to be the bidder who overestimated the value. We want to avoid this since setting a too aggressive bid could be unprofitable even when the dealer wins. The second aim is to define a model that estimates a quote that allows the dealer to win a certain target ratio of trades. We define three novel models for these purposes that are based on the best competitor prices for each trade, modeled by a Skew Exponential Power distribution. Further, we define a proxy for the Winner's Curse, represented by the distance of the estimated price from a reference price for the trade calculated by Bloomberg which is available when the request for quote (RFQ) arrives. Relevant covariates for the trades are also included in the models to increase the specificity for each trade. The novel models are compared to a linear regression and a random forest regression method using the same covariates. When trying to hit the best competitor price, the regression models have approximately equal performance to the expected price method defined in the study. However, when incorporating the Winner's Curse proxy, our Winner's Curse adjusted models are able to reduce the effect of the Winner's Curse as we define it, which the regression methods cannot. The results of the models for hitting a target ratio show that the actual hit ratio falls within an interval of 5% of the desired target ratio when running the model on the test data. The inclusion of covariates in the models does not impact the results as much as expected, but still provide improvements with respect to some measures. In summary, the novel methods show promise as a first step towards building algorithmic trading for bonds, but more research is needed and should incorporate more of the growing data set of RFQs and MIFID II recorded transaction prices. / I denna studie utforskar vi modeller för optimal budgivning för auktioner på obligationsmarknaden med hjälp av data som samlats in från plattformen Bloomberg Fixed Income Trading och MIFID II-rapportering. Vi definierar modeller som ämnar att uppfylla två syften. Det första är att träffa det bästa konkurrentpriset så att en handlare kan vinna auktionen med minsta möjliga marginal. Denna modell bör också ta hänsyn till fenomenet Winner's Curse, som innebär att vinnaren av en så kallad common value auction tenderar att vara den budgivare som överskattat värdet. Vi vill undvika detta eftersom det kan vara olönsamt att skicka ett alltför aggressivt bud även om handlaren vinner. Det andra syftet är att definiera en modell som uppskattar ett pris som gör det möjligt för handlaren att vinna en viss andel av sina obligationsaffärer. Vi definierar tre nya modeller för dessa ändamål som bygger på de bästa konkurrentpriserna för varje transaktion vi har data på. Dessa modelleras av en Skew Exponential Power-fördelning. Vidare definierar vi en variabel som indirekt mäter fenomenet Winner's Curse, representerad av budprisets avstånd från ett referenspris för transaktionen beräknad av Bloomberg som är tillgänglig när en request for quote (RFQ) anländer. Relevanta kovariat för transaktionen implementeras också i modellerna för att öka specificiteten för varje transaktion. De nya modellerna jämförs med en linjärregression och en random forest-regression som använder samma kovariat. När målet är att träffa det bästa konkurrentpriset ger regressionsmodellerna ungefär samma resultat som expected price-modellen som definieras i denna studie. När man däremot integrerar effekten av Winner's Curse med den definierade indirekta variablen kan vår Winner's Curse-justerade modell minska effekten av Winner's Curse, vilket regressionsmetoderna inte kan. Resultaten av modellerna som ämnar vinna en förbestämd andel av transaktionerna visar att den faktiska andelen transaktioner som man vinner faller inom ett intervall på 5% kring den önskade andelen när modellen körs på testdata. Att inkludera kovariat i modellerna påverkar inte resultaten till den grad som uppskattades, men ger mindre förbättringar med avseende på vissa mättal. Sammanfattningsvis visar de nya metoderna potential som ett första steg mot att bygga algoritmisk handel för obligationer, men mer forskning behövs och bör utnyttja mer av den växande datamängden av RFQs och MIFID II-rapporterade transaktionspriser.

Syftet med undersökningen var att klargöra om en rökgaskondensor är en bra investering för Nybro Energi AB. Saxlund Bioenergy AB kontaktades för sammanställning av offert. Med hjälp av parametrar från Nybro Energi AB och offerten från Saxlund Bioenergy AB, gjordes beräkningar för att avgöra om en investering är lönsam. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att en investering av sådant slag som behandlats i detta arbete var intjänad efter mindre än sju år i drift och effekten som är möjlig att utvinna uppgår till 2,8 MW, förutsatt att panneffekten utgjordes av minst 15 MW.  Slutsatserna var att investeringen inte var betald efter sju år med underlag av att kostnader som utgjordes av eventuell ombyggnation inte var behandlade i undersökningen, detta innebar dock inte att en investering ärr olönsam då dessa kostnader uppskattades som små i förhållande till den totala besparingen efter att den ekonomiska livslängden på 15 år har löpt ut. / The purpose of this investigation was to clarify whether a flue gas condenser was a good investment for Nybro Energi AB. Saxlund Bioenergy AB was contacted for the compilation of quotation. Using parameters from Nybro Energi AB and the quote from Saxlund Bioenergy AB, calculations were made to determine whether an investment was suitable. The results of the study showed that the investment of the kind dealt with in this work was earned after less than seven years of operation, and the output that was possible to recover amounted to 2,8 MW, provided that the boiler output consisted of at least 15 MW. The conclusions were that the investment was not paid after seven years because of the costs consisted of possible reconstructions were not considered in the survey, this does not mean that an investment was unprofitable since these costs were estimated as small relative to the total savings after the economic life of 15 years, has expired.