Les canaux de potassium voltage-dépendant (Kv) sont des tétramères séparés en 12 familles. Chaque sous-unité est composée de six segments transmembranaires (S1-S6). Les quatre premiers (S1-S4) forment le senseur de voltage dont le rôle est de détecter des variations en potentiel membranaire grâce à des acides aminés chargés. Ces acides aminés vont bouger et ce mouvement va être transmis au second domaine, celui du pore (S5-S6). Les domaines du pore des quatre sous-unités vont se combiner pour créer le pore. Ces sous-unités peuvent former des canaux homomériques où chaque sous-unité est identique ou des canaux hétéromériques avec des membres de la même famille. Kv6.4 (KCNG4) est un membre de la famille de sous-unité silencieuse Kv6. Les familles de sous-unités silencieuses incluent également Kv5, Kv8 et Kv9. Ils ne peuvent pas former d’homomères. À la place, il doit former des hétéromères avec Kv2. Les canaux Kv2.1/Kv6.4 ont des propriétés différentes, lorsque comparées aux homomères de Kv2.1, particulièrement avec un décalage de l’inactivation vers les négatifs. Avec la technique du « cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry » (COVCF), nous avons pu déterminer que l’absence d’une charge positive à la position Kv6.4-Y345 est responsable pour une partie du décalage tout en étant capable de réduire ce décalage avec la mutation Kv6.4-Y345R. Nous avons également pu produire l’effet inverse dans Kv2.1 avec Kv2.1-R306Y. Également, nous avons déterminé que la mutation Kv6.4-L360P trouvée chez des patients souffrant de migraines mène à cette pathologie à cause d’un problème de trafic où les sous-unités mutées ne peuvent pas atteindre la surface et produire des canaux fonctionnels. Ce problème est causé par un bris dans l’hélice alpha du segment S4-S5. Uniquement des homomères de Kv2.1 se rendent à la surface ce qui réduit l’excitabilité membranaire. Nous proposons que lorsqu’exprimée dans le ganglion trigéminal, cette mutation mène à des migraines. / Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are tetramers split into 12 families. Each subunit is composed of six transmembrane helices (S1-S6). The first four of those (S1-S4) form the voltage sensor domain whose role it is to detect variations in the membrane potential through charged amino acids. The movement of those amino acids will be transmitted to the second domain, the pore domain (S5-S6). The pore domain of all four subunits will combine to form the ion conducting pore. These subunits can form homomers where all four subunits are identical or heteromers with members of the same family. Kv6.4 (KCNG4) is a member of the silent subunit family Kv6, which also includes Kv5, Kv8 and Kv9. They cannot form functioning homomers. Instead, they form heteromers with Kv2. Kv2.1/Kv6.4 channels have different properties when compared to Kv2.1 homomers, particularly a negative shift of the voltage dependence of inactivation. With the cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry (COVC) technique, we were able to determine that the absence of a gating charge at position Kv6.4-Y345 is responsible for part of this shift. We were able to recover part of this shift with the mutation Kv6.4-Y345R. We were also able to produce the inverse effect in Kv2.1 with the mutation Kv2.1-R306Y. Also, we determined that the mutation Kv6.4-L360P. which is found in patients suffering from migraines, leads to this condition because of a trafficking defect caused by the mutation stopping the subunits from reaching the membrane and making functional channels. The defect is caused by a kink in the alpha helix of the S4-S5 linker. Only Kv2.1 homomers reach the membrane which reduces membrane excitability. We propose that when expressed in the trigeminal ganglion, this mutation leads to migraines because of this trafficking defect.

Настоящая работа состоит из 3 глав, заключения и списка используемых источников. Работа посвящена разработке способа селективного вольтамперометрического определения хлорамфеникола с использованием производных карбазола в качестве агентов молекулярного распознавания. Обоснована актуальность детектирования хлорамфеникола – антибиотика водного экотоксиканта. Рассмотрена альтернатива биологическим рецепторам оригинальными органическими молекулами для электрохимических и флуорометрических методов детектирования хлорамфеникола, а также подходы к электроосаждению рецепторного слоя. В работе изучена возможность применения оригинальной органической молекулы производного карбазола для определения хлорамфеникола. Приведены аналитические характеристики разработанного селективного способа определения хлорамфеникола. / This work consists of 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used. The work is devoted to the development of a method for selective voltammetric determination of chloramphenicol using carbazole derivatives as molecular recognition agents. The urgency of detecting chloramphenicol, an antibiotic of an aquatic ecotoxicant, is substantiated. An alternative to biological receptors with original organic molecules for electrochemical and fluorometric methods for detecting chloramphenicol, as well as approaches to electrodeposition of the receptor layer, are considered. The possibility of using an original organic molecule of a carbazole derivative for the determination of chloramphenicol has been studied. The analytical characteristics of the developed selective method for the determination of chloramphenicol are given.

Les canaux potassiques voltage-dépendants forment des tétramères dont chaque sous-unité comporte six segments transmembranaires (S1 à S6). Le pore, formé des segments S5-S6 de chaque sous-unité, est entouré de quatre domaines responsables de la sensibilité au potentiel membranaire, les senseurs de voltage (VS; S1-S4). Lors d’une dépolarisation membranaire, le mouvement des résidus chargés situés dans le VS entraine un mouvement de charges détectable en électrophysiologie, le courant de « gating ». L’activation du VS conduit à l'ouverture du pore, qui se traduit par un changement de conformation en C-terminal du segment S6. Pour élucider les principes qui sous-tendent le couplage électromécanique entre ces deux domaines, nous avons étudié deux régions présumées responsables du couplage chez les canaux de type Shaker K+, soit la région carboxy-terminale du segment S6 et le lien peptidique reliant les segments transmembranaire S4-S5 (S4-5L). Avec la technique du « cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry » (COVCF), nous avons pu déterminer que l’interaction inter-sous-unitaire RELY, formée par des acides aminés situés sur le lien S4-5L et S6 de deux sous-unités voisines, est impliquée dans le développement de la composante lente observée lors du retour des charges de « gating » vers leur état de repos, le « OFF-gating ». Nous avons observé que l’introduction de mutations dans la région RELY module la force de ces interactions moléculaires et élimine l’asymétrie observée dans les courants de « gating » de type sauvage. D’ailleurs, nous démontrons que ce couplage inter-sous-unitaire est responsable de la stabilisation du pore dans l’état ouvert. Nous avons également identifié une interaction intra-sous-unitaire entre les résidus I384 situé sur le lien S4-5L et F484 sur le segment S6 d’une même sous-unité. La déstabilisation de cette interaction hydrophobique découple complètement le mouvement des senseurs de voltage et l'ouverture du pore. Sans cette interaction, l’énergie nécessaire pour activer les VS est moindre en raison de l’absence du poids mécanique appliqué par le pore. De plus, l’abolition du couplage électromécanique élimine également le « mode shift », soit le déplacement de la dépendance au voltage des charges de transfert (QV) vers des potentiels hyperpolarisants. Ceci indique que le poids mécanique du pore imposé au VS entraine le « mode shift », en modulant la conformation intrinsèque du VS par un processus allostérique. / Voltage-gated potassium channels are tetramers and each subunit is formed of six transmembrane segments (S1 to S6). The pore, formed by the S5-S6 segments of each subunit, is surrounded by four modules responsible for sensitivity to the membrane potential, the voltage sensors (VS, S1-S4). During membrane depolarization, the movement of charged residues located in the VS causes a detectable charge movement called the gating current. The activation of the VS led to the opening of the pore, resulting in a conformational change in the C-terminal segment of S6. To elucidate the principles underlying the electromechanical coupling between these two domains, we examined two regions presumed responsible for the coupling among channels of the Shaker K + family: the carboxy-terminal region of S6 and the peptide bond linking the transmembrane segments S4-S5 (S4-5L). Using the cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry (COVCF), we have determined that the RELY inter-subunit interaction, formed by amino acids located on the S4-5L linker and S6 of two neighboring subunits, is involved in the development of the slow component observed during the return of the gating charges (OFF-gating) to their resting state. The introduction of mutations in the RELY region modulates the strength of these molecular interactions and eliminates the asymmetry observed in the wild type gating currents. Moreover, we demonstrate that this inter-subunit coupling is responsible for stabilizing the pore in the open state. We have also identified an intra-subunit interaction between residues I384 located on the S4-5L linker and F484 on the S6 segment of the same subunit. The destabilization of this hydrophobic interaction uncouples completely the movement of voltage sensors from pore opening. Without this interaction, the energy required to activate the VS is diminished due to the absence of mechanical weight applied by the pore. Furthermore, this uncoupling also eliminates the "mode shift", defined as an amplified shift of the voltage dependence of gating charge (QV) to hyperpolarizing potentials during prolonged depolarization, thus indicating that the mechanical load of the pore influences the entry of the VS into this shifted mode by modulating the conformation of the VS threw an intrinsic allosteric process.

Les canaux ioniques dépendants du voltage sont responsables de l'initiation et de la propagation des potentiels d'action dans les cellules excitables. De nombreuses maladies héréditaires (channelopathies) sont associées à un contrôle défectueux du voltage par ces canaux (arythmies, épilepsie, etc.). L’établissement de la relation structure-fonction exacte de ces canaux est donc crucial pour le développement de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques spécifiques. Dans ce contexte, le canal procaryote dépendant du voltage et sélectif au potassium KvAP a servi de modèle d’étude afin d’approfondir i) le processus du couplage électromécanique, ii) l’influence des lipides sur l’activité voltage-dépendante et iii) l’inactivation de type closed-state. Afin de pallier à l’absence de données structurales dynamiques du côté cytosolique ainsi que de structure cristalline dans l’état fermé, nous avons mesuré le mouvement du linker S4-S5 durant le gating par spectroscopie de fluorescence (LRET). Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé une technique novatrice du contrôle de l’état conformationnel du canal en utilisant les lipides (phospholipides et non phospholipides) au lieu du voltage. Un modèle dans l’état fermé a ainsi été produit et a démontré qu’un mouvement latéral modeste de 4 Å du linker S4-S5 est suffisant pour mener à la fermeture du pore de conduction. Les interactions lipides - canaux jouent un rôle déterminant dans la régulation de la fonction des canaux ioniques mais ne sont pas encore bien caractérisées. Nous avons donc également étudié l’influence de différents lipides sur l’activation voltage - dépendante de KvAP et mis en évidence deux sites distincts d’interactions menant à des effets différents : au niveau du senseur de voltage, menant au déplacement de la courbe conductance-voltage, et du côté intracellulaire, influençant le degré de la pente de cette même courbe. Nous avons également démontré que l’échange de lipides autour de KvAP est extrêmement limité et affiche une dépendance à l’état conformationnel du canal, ne se produisant que dans l’état ouvert. KvAP possède une inactivation lente particulière, accessible depuis l'état ouvert. Nous avons étudié les effets de la composition lipidique et de la température sur l'entrée dans l'état inactivé et le temps de récupération. Nous avons également utilisé la spectroscopie de fluorescence (quenching) en voltage imposé afin d'élucider les bases moléculaires de l’inactivation de type closed-state. Nous avons identifié une position à la base de l’hélice S4 qui semble impliquée à la fois dans le mécanisme responsable de ce type d'inactivation et dans la récupération particulièrement lente qui est typique du canal KvAP. / Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. Several hereditary diseases (channelopathies) are associated with a defective voltage control by these channels, leading to arrhythmias, epilepsy, etc. Hence, establishing the exact structure/function relation for ion channels is crucial for the development of new specific therapeutic agents. Here, the bacterial voltage-gated potassium channel KvAP served as a model to study i) electromechanical coupling, ii) influence of lipids on the voltage dependent activity and iii) closed-state inactivation. To overcome the lack of structural information on the cytosolic side and of crystal structure in the closed state, we determined the S4-S5 linker movement during gating using fluorescence spectroscopy (LRET). We were able to control the conformational state of the channels by using lipids (phospholipids and non phospholipids) instead of voltage clamp. Based on these experimental constraints, a model in the closed state was produced, showing that a small 4Å radial displacement of the S4-S5 linker is sufficient to close the conduction pore. Interactions between lipids and membrane proteins play an important role in the regulation of ion channels activity but are not well characterized. We studied the influence of different lipids on KvAP voltage-dependent activation and showed two distinct effects related to different interactions sites: one bound to the voltage sensor, leading to a shift of the conductance-voltage curve, and another at the intracellular side near the pore region, affecting the steepness of this curve. We also showed that the exchange of lipids is very limited around KvAP and seems to be state dependent, occuring only when the channels are kept in the open state. KvAP has a slow inactivation atypical, accessible from the open state. We studied the effects of lipid composition and temperature on entry into inactivation and recovery. We also used voltage-clamp fluorometry in bilayers to investigate closed-state inactivation molecular basis. We identified a position at the bottom of the S4 helix that seems involved in the mechanism for slow inactivation and the extremely slow recovery from inactivation typically displayed by KvAP.

Snow algae are psychrophilic microorganisms, that inhabit snow fields in mountains and polar regions, which creates colored snow in good conditions. Most species belong to order Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta) with complicated life cycles, containing flagellates and immobile stages (cysts). Extreme environment of snow is characteristed by low temperature, problems with availability of water and lack of nutrition. Depending on location and phase of life cycle, snow algae have to deal with excess or lack of solar radiation, the important component of which is also dangerous UV radiation. The light conditions differ substantially from open location above the forest level or polar regions to forest habitats. In the first part of this work I compared reactions of photosynthetic apparatus of snow algae strains from forest and forestless habitats to different intensity of radiation, then I dealt with assessing any changes related to long-term cultivation in laboratory. Based on measurement of rapid light curves on PAM fluorometer I have determined some characteristics of photosynthetic apparatus of individual strains (parameters α and Ik), which indicate adaptation to low or high light intensity. For some strains, it was possible to compare the results obtained at a three-year interval. In the second part...

Les canaux potassiques voltage-dépendants forment des tétramères dont chaque sous-unité comporte six segments transmembranaires (S1 à S6). Le pore, formé des segments S5-S6 de chaque sous-unité, est entouré de quatre domaines responsables de la sensibilité au potentiel membranaire, les senseurs de voltage (VS; S1-S4). Lors d’une dépolarisation membranaire, le mouvement des résidus chargés situés dans le VS entraine un mouvement de charges détectable en électrophysiologie, le courant de « gating ». L’activation du VS conduit à l'ouverture du pore, qui se traduit par un changement de conformation en C-terminal du segment S6. Pour élucider les principes qui sous-tendent le couplage électromécanique entre ces deux domaines, nous avons étudié deux régions présumées responsables du couplage chez les canaux de type Shaker K+, soit la région carboxy-terminale du segment S6 et le lien peptidique reliant les segments transmembranaire S4-S5 (S4-5L). Avec la technique du « cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry » (COVCF), nous avons pu déterminer que l’interaction inter-sous-unitaire RELY, formée par des acides aminés situés sur le lien S4-5L et S6 de deux sous-unités voisines, est impliquée dans le développement de la composante lente observée lors du retour des charges de « gating » vers leur état de repos, le « OFF-gating ». Nous avons observé que l’introduction de mutations dans la région RELY module la force de ces interactions moléculaires et élimine l’asymétrie observée dans les courants de « gating » de type sauvage. D’ailleurs, nous démontrons que ce couplage inter-sous-unitaire est responsable de la stabilisation du pore dans l’état ouvert. Nous avons également identifié une interaction intra-sous-unitaire entre les résidus I384 situé sur le lien S4-5L et F484 sur le segment S6 d’une même sous-unité. La déstabilisation de cette interaction hydrophobique découple complètement le mouvement des senseurs de voltage et l'ouverture du pore. Sans cette interaction, l’énergie nécessaire pour activer les VS est moindre en raison de l’absence du poids mécanique appliqué par le pore. De plus, l’abolition du couplage électromécanique élimine également le « mode shift », soit le déplacement de la dépendance au voltage des charges de transfert (QV) vers des potentiels hyperpolarisants. Ceci indique que le poids mécanique du pore imposé au VS entraine le « mode shift », en modulant la conformation intrinsèque du VS par un processus allostérique. / Voltage-gated potassium channels are tetramers and each subunit is formed of six transmembrane segments (S1 to S6). The pore, formed by the S5-S6 segments of each subunit, is surrounded by four modules responsible for sensitivity to the membrane potential, the voltage sensors (VS, S1-S4). During membrane depolarization, the movement of charged residues located in the VS causes a detectable charge movement called the gating current. The activation of the VS led to the opening of the pore, resulting in a conformational change in the C-terminal segment of S6. To elucidate the principles underlying the electromechanical coupling between these two domains, we examined two regions presumed responsible for the coupling among channels of the Shaker K + family: the carboxy-terminal region of S6 and the peptide bond linking the transmembrane segments S4-S5 (S4-5L). Using the cut-open voltage clamp fluorometry (COVCF), we have determined that the RELY inter-subunit interaction, formed by amino acids located on the S4-5L linker and S6 of two neighboring subunits, is involved in the development of the slow component observed during the return of the gating charges (OFF-gating) to their resting state. The introduction of mutations in the RELY region modulates the strength of these molecular interactions and eliminates the asymmetry observed in the wild type gating currents. Moreover, we demonstrate that this inter-subunit coupling is responsible for stabilizing the pore in the open state. We have also identified an intra-subunit interaction between residues I384 located on the S4-5L linker and F484 on the S6 segment of the same subunit. The destabilization of this hydrophobic interaction uncouples completely the movement of voltage sensors from pore opening. Without this interaction, the energy required to activate the VS is diminished due to the absence of mechanical weight applied by the pore. Furthermore, this uncoupling also eliminates the "mode shift", defined as an amplified shift of the voltage dependence of gating charge (QV) to hyperpolarizing potentials during prolonged depolarization, thus indicating that the mechanical load of the pore influences the entry of the VS into this shifted mode by modulating the conformation of the VS threw an intrinsic allosteric process.

In freshwater, there is more opportunity for silver (Ag) to interact with organic ligands than in seawater. Triclosan is an antibiotic agent which resembles thyroid hormone T3 and is finding its way into aquatic systems. Preliminary toxicology studies for the frogSCOPE program suggest that triclosan and nanosilver (nanoAg), also used as an antibiotic agent, may be chemically interacting, as they seem to synergistically increase the endocrine-disrupting abilities already observed independently in each chemical. Ag speciation methods can be used to determine if triclosan or thyroid hormone T3 are interacting with Ag ion (Ag+), which gets released over time by nanoAg. To fully utilize Ag speciation methods, however, total Ag in the sample must also be independently analyzed. Here we investigated a new total Ag analysis using cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) as fluorescence probes in solution. This method promises results in a fraction of the time of the established competitive ligand equilibration-solvent extraction (CLE-SE) technique utilizing PDC- and DDC- to bind Ag and bring it out of solution. Following this investigation were a series of experiments using CLE-SE for total Ag and Ag speciation in well water used to house bullfrog tadpoles in frogSCOPE Ag exposure studies. CLE-SE for Ag speciation was also applied to well water samples containing the two levels of nanoAg or Ag+ used in frogSCOPE Ag exposures, and used in ligand competition experiments to examine the potential of triclosan or T3 to act as strong Ag-binding ligands, as compared to glutathione and EDTA, two known Ag-binding ligands. The results of the latter experiments could be used to determine if either of these could be forming complexes with Ag which increase or decrease their delivery to amphibian cells. The fluorometric method using CdS QDs showed no ideal analytical response to nanomolar Ag+, even when commercial QDs were modified and used, so it could not be applied to our samples. Using CLE-SE for total Ag, the well water used as a base for toxicity studies in frogSCOPE contained Ag below the method detection limit of 5 pM. Using the speciation variation of the CLE-SE method, no evidence of naturally-occurring ligands which could produce extractable (hydrophobic) or non-extractable (hydrophilic) Ag complexes was found in this well water. EDTA and glutathione responded as model Ag-binding ligands to form non-extractable hydrophilic Ag complexes in fresh water. T3 behaved like these model ligands, while triclosan enhanced the extractability of Ag in the presence of certain concentrations of the added ligand, DDC-. In another set of experiments, coordination of Ag by triclosan or T3 was not detectable within that analytical window. These results suggest that ionic Ag released over time by nanoAg may be binding T3 and preventing it from reaching its receptor, but confirming the interaction of triclosan and Ag+ will require additional experiments using different analytical windows.

Macroalgal beds provide the ecological foundations for most shallow reef ecosystems in temperate environments. With distinctive canopies primarily of brown laminarian algae (northern hemisphere), or laminarian or fucalean algae (southern hemisphere), in many areas these habitats are at risk from human activity. Overexploitation, pollution, and other effects of coastal activities have resulted in significant habitat loss in coastal ecosystems, and human-induced climate change is now seen as a major threat to ecosystem health in marine systems. Understanding the impact of climate change is particularly important for habitat-forming ecosystem engineers like kelps, as these species form the basis of hierarchically organised communities and play a fundamental role in determining community structure and ecological processes. South eastern Australia has experienced increases in marine temperatures at nearly four times the global average, and there is now evidence that, in some locations, macroalgae communities are retreating in a manner consistent with ocean warming. Successful management of marine systems requires understanding ecosystem processes, particularly the patterns and magnitude of production. Macroalgal communities often show relatively low resistance to disturbance, yet rapid recovery once disturbances are removed, hence they are generally highly dynamic in response to environmental perturbations. As a result, macroalgae are likely to play an increasingly important role in buffering the short term/dynamic effects of climate change on temperate reef communities.Knowledge of the productivity of seaweed-dominated temperate reef systems is largely a synthesis from studies conducted over small spatial scales utilising a variety of methods that generally measure different characteristics of both individual seaweeds and collectively. As a result of the diversity of measurement methods, estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), production potential, and macroalgal biomass for temperate reefs are numerous and variable. This can lead to challenges for ecologists attempting to amalgamate research findings to facilitate long-term, broad-scale perspectives or compare short-term research between spatially separated communities. However, to date there has been relatively little research to compare measurement approaches and quantify differences in productivity estimates across the different techniques.The present research provides a unique investigation into some of the techniques and methodology involved in measuring primary productivity in marine systems, particularly kelp forests, using the macroalgae Ecklonia radiata, Phyllospora comosa and Macrocystis pyrifera as study species. The work is based on both field and laboratory exploration of productivity measurements and associated parameters. In situ measurements of primary productivity (diel oxygen modelling, benthic oxygen exchange chambers) or PSII electron transport (PAM fluorometry) are compared, and the possibility of using acoustics as a means of quantifying oxygen production at large scales is explored, as has already been applied in seagrass beds. This thesis also provides an in depth investigation of the effect of variability in sampling methodology with regards to interpretation of PAM fluorometry-derived parameters. Chapter 2 investigates the acoustic properties of Ecklonia radiata. The density, sound speed and resulting adabiatic compressibility of E. radiata tissue were investigated in the laboratory. Four methods were developed and trialled to determine the intrinsic sound speed of Ecklonia radiata tissue based on measurement of the time of flight of an ultrasonic pulse, while compressibility was calculated from density measurements. The results show that Ecklonia radiata sound speed and density are higher, and compressibility lower, than that of seawater. Properties varied according to size and tissue type and the variation likely reflected differences in cell type, packing and structure as well as the concentrations of alginates and other carbohydrates. These are important considerations for acoustic propagation and the results provide valuable inputs for future acoustic work. Chapter 3 focuses on the acoustic modelling of different scenarios of primary production in a shallow water rocky reef environment of Fortescue Bay (Canoe Bay), Tasmania, where E. radiata dominates the canopy. In February 2012, the environment was continuously probed by acoustic signal transmission and monitored by a comprehensive set of oceanographic sensors with the aim to assess the potential for acoustics to quantify excess oxygen production in bubble form. Ray-theory acoustic modelling results indicate that ecologically-significant void fractions of oxygen in the canopy layer from production would be clearly seen in diel variation of propagation features such as the energy decay rate of the medium impulse response. The model can then be used to invert empirical data for retrieving void fraction. However, comparative analysis of part of FORTES 12 data and model suggests that no large excess of bubbles was produced by photosynthesis under the present environmental conditions, in contrast to earlier observations made in seagrasses. As a result, the use of acoustics as a means of measuring primary productivity in kelp could not be further explored during the course of this research.Chapter 4 provides a unique comparison of the estimates of photosynthetic O2 production rates in an Ecklonia radiata dominated community using three different measurement methods: diel oxygen GPP models, benthic oxygen exchange chambers, and electron transport rate from PAM fluorometry which is usually interpreted as a measure of production potential. All three methods were run concurrently in situ in Fortescue Bay, Tasmania. The first diel oxygen model was fitted to in situ measures of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the environment and demonstrated a good fit, however, a consequence of this approach is that large variation in oxygen production was predicted at low PAR levels. A second model was created which utilised an explicit relationship between DO production and PAR, but it didn’t represent DO at the surface as well as the first model. Importantly, the two models indicate similar daily production rates of the seaweed bed (all species combined) that are ~ 2 times that predicted for the kelp alone based on incubations in the benthic chambers and scaling for the average size of adult kelp sporophytes and their population density. Oxygen evolution from incubation of sporophytes in benthic chambers and PAM fluorometry derived electron transport rates showed similar patterns, but the results indicate that the latter method may overestimate potential photosynthesis. The results suggest that diel oxygen modelling, benthic oxygen exchange chambers and PAM fluorescence can all provide good indications of productivity in shallow water marine environments. However, care must be taken in interpretation of results as each method differs in the type of productivity estimates it provides. As a direct measure of total seaweed production per unit area of reef, estimates from models based on empirical measures of environmental DO have much to recommend them.Chapter 5 details a final analysis investigating the effects of diurnal, seasonal and latitudinal variability in ambient light on PAM-derived parameters, as well as possible effects associated with depth, within- and between-alga variation in PSII performance, and latitudinal effects unrelated to the light climate. This research was based on field measurements undertaken in Tasmania, Western Australia and New South Wales, Australia in both summer and winter during 2012 and 2013, focussing on Ecklonia radiata, Macrocystis pyrifera and Phyllospora comosa. Photosynthetic characteristics of all species were highly dependent on the time of day, depth, latitude/region, season, and part of the thallus from which measurements were taken. Patterns dependent on time-of-day, depth and thalli placement varied with season and/or geographic region, and the nature of these patterns varied between species. It is clear from this work that efforts to standardise approaches to taking measurements of seaweeds using PAM fluorometry will be essential if measurements are to be compared meaningfully across studies.The key findings of this thesis are: (1) a first determination of the acoustic properties of E. radiata tissue which enable the development of scattering models to interpret scientific echosounder data collected in kelp beds; (2) a Gaussian beam/finite element beam code (Bellhop) with detailed environmental input and a huge number of beams can predict the acoustic character of a shallow water rocky reef and bubble layers with low-frequency effective sound speed; (3) the model allows prediction of the acoustic energy decay rates due to various scenarios of ecologically-relevant photosynthetic O2 production rates; (4) day vs night acoustic measurement and model data comparisons challenge void fraction predictions made from well established measurements and methods; (5) diel oxygen modelling, benthic oxygen exchange chambers and PAM fluorescence can all provide good indications of productivity, however, understanding the limitations of each method is essential when interpreting the results as the measurements they provide are not directly comparable; and (6) applying a consistent sampling methodology is a key consideration when planning research utilising PAM fluorometry as diurnal, seasonal, and latitudinal variability, as well as effects associated with depth and within- and between-alga variation in PSII performance will have significant impact on PAM-derived parameters. The results of this work give valuable insight into the advantages and disadvantages involved with several main techniques currently utilised to measure production of macroalgal/seagrass beds, and the challenges faced by ecologists attempting to interpret results and compare research between methods and across studies. Last but not least, this study provides important and relevant information on the potential use of acoustics as a future means of determining productivity of benthic habitat on large scales in marine environments. The work presented herein will assist in both development and interpretation of future study of productivity in marine systems. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging is noninvasive technique often used in plant physiology, molecular biology and precision farming. Captured sequences of images record the dynamic of chlorophyll fluorescence emission which contain the information about spatial and time changes of photosynthetic activity of plant. The goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to contribute to the development of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging by application of advanced statistical techniques. Methods of statistical pattern recognition allow to identify images in the captured sequence that are reach for information about observed biotic stress and to find small subsets of fluorescence images suitable for following analysis. I utilized only methods for identification of small sets of images providing high performance with realistic time consumptions.

Les canaux ioniques sont des complexes macromoléculaires clés exprimés dans tous les types de cellules et sont impliqués dans divers processus physiologiques, y compris la génération et la propagation de potentiels d'action. Des canaux défectueux conduisent à des maladies graves, notamment l'épilepsie, des arythmies et des syndromes douloureux, ce qui en fait une cible potentielle intéressante pour le développement de médicaments. Pour améliorer notre compréhension de ces assemblages biologiques et éventuellement trouver des traitements spécifiques pour les canalopathies, il est crucial d'étudier la structure et la fonction des canaux ioniques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse a été d'étudier ce type de détails structurels et fonctionnels pour trois canaux ioniques associés aux domaines des capteurs de douleur et des canaux potassiques voltage-dépendants en utilisant des techniques de fluorescence et d'électrophysiologie. Dans le premier projet, nous avons étudié la stœchiométrie des canaux hétéromères Kv2.1 / 6.4 (chapitre trois). La technique du décompte de sous-unités isolées (single subunit counting :ssc) permet de compter les sous-unités marquées par fluorescence d’un complexe isolé en déterminant le nombre d'événements de photoblanchiment, qui apparaissent en sauts irréversibles vers le bas sur les traces de fluorescence. Pour désigner la stœchiométrie la plus probable, nous avons utilisé des calculs de probabilités pondérées et avons constaté que les canaux Kv2.1 / 6.4 s'expriment dans un arrangement 2 : 2. Plus précisément, les études fonctionnelles des canaux concatémériques montrent que les sous-unités Kv6.4 et 2.1 doivent être disposées de manière alternée. Le deuxième projet était également basé sur des expériences de SSC et visait à déterminer l'état oligomérique du nouveau canal ionique TACAN (chapitre quatre). Nous avons trouvé une portion significative de canaux intracellulaires, ce qui a provoqué une fluorescence de fond dans les expériences de SSC traditionnelles réalisées avec les cellules mammifères. Pour améliorer le rapport du signal sur bruit de fond, nous avons effectué des expériences de SSC sur des canaux purifiés qui ont été immobilisés sur des lamelles de verre fonctionnalisées Ni-NTA. En utilisant la méthode de calcul décrite dans le premier projet, nous avons trouvé différents états oligomériques et proposons que les canaux TACAN natifs s'assemblent en tétramères qui sont instables lorsqu'ils sont solubilisés dans un détergent. Dans le dernier projet, nous avons étudié la relation structure-fonction de la sous-unité auxiliaire DPP6 pour les canaux Kv4.2 (chapitre cinq). Ici, nous avons progressivement tronqué le grand domaine extracellulaire de 700 acides aminés de DPP6 et étudié son effet sur les courants macroscopiques en utilisant la technique du cut-open voltage clamp. Nous avons constaté que les sous-unités DPP6 avec un domaine extracellulaire court ne parviennent pas à moduler les propriétés du canal aussi efficacement que la DPP6 pleine longueur. Plus précisément, la seconde moitié du domaine extracellulaire b-propeller de DPP6 est responsable d'une inactivation du canal considérablement accélérée. Sur la base de la structure cristalline du domaine extracellulaire, nous avons proposé qu'un domaine b-propeller stable et possiblement la formation de dimères DPP6 sont responsables de la déstabilisation efficace de l'état du canal ouvert. / Ion channels are key macromolecular complexes expressed in all cell types and are involved in various physiological processes including the generation and propagation of action potentials. Defective channels lead to severe diseases including epilepsy, arrhythmias and pain syndromes making them an interesting potential drug target. To improve our understanding of these biological assemblies and eventually find specific treatments for channelopathies, it is crucial to study the structure and function of ion channels. The main purpose of this thesis has been to investigate such structural and functional details of three ion channel complexes from the field of pain sensors and voltage-gated potassium channels using fluorescence and electrophysiological techniques. In the first project, we studied the stoichiometry of heteromeric Kv2.1/6.4 channel complexes (chapter three). Single subunit counting (SSC) allows to directly count the number of fluorescently labeled subunits by determining the number of irreversible, step-wise photobleaching events. To determine the most probable stoichiometry, we used weighted likelihood calculations and found that Kv2.1/6.4 channels express in a 2:2 arrangement. More precisely, functional studies of concatemeric channels (performed by our collaborators) illustrate that Kv6.4 and 2.1 subunits need to be arranged in an alternating fashion. The second project was also based on SSC experiments and aimed at determining the oligomeric state of the novel ion channel TACAN (chapter four). We found a significant amount of channels in the intracellular which caused background fluorescence in traditional SSC experiments performed in cells. To improve the signal to background ratio, we performed SSC experiments on purified channels that were immobilized on Ni-NTA functionalized glass coverslips. Using the model selection method described in the first project, we found different oligomeric states and propose that native TACAN channels assemble as tetramers which are unstable when solubilized in detergent. In the last project, we investigated the structure-function relation of the auxiliary DPP6 subunit in Kv4.2 channel complexes (chapter five). Here, we progressively truncated DPP6’s 700 amino acids long extracellular domain and studied its effect on macroscopic currents using the cut-open voltage clamp technique. We found that DPP6 subunits with a short extracellular domain fail to modulate the channel properties as efficiently as the full length DPP6. More precisely, the second half of the extracellular b-propeller domain of DPP6 is responsible for drastically accelerated channel inactivation. Based on the crystal structure of the extracellular domain, we proposed that a stable b-propeller domain and possibly DPP6 dimer formation is responsible for destabilizing the open channel state efficiently.