Orientador: Jaime Aparecido Cury / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T23:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_PauloEdelvarCorrea_D.pdf: 4915195 bytes, checksum: 619924c2c327c85d68fb00aed77138c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas ocorreu um dec1ínio na prevalência de cárie na maioria dos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e um concomitante aumento na prevalência da fluorose dental. Assim o desenvolvimento de um dentiftício para crianças, com concentração reduzida de flúor poderia proporcionar maior segurança em relação a fluorose dental, desde que provasse ser tão eficiente quanto um dentiftício convencional. A avaliação in vitro demonstrou que a reatividade de uma formulação contendo 550 ppm F foi melhorada, aumentando a incorporação de flúor no esmalte dental bovino com desempenho similar a um dentiftício convencional com 1100 ppm F. Resultados preliminares sobre esta formulação, com o uso de placas palatinas, demonstraram sua eficácia em reduzir a desmineralização do esmalte. Entretanto não foi avaliada a relação dose/efeito, como também não foi utilizado como controle um dentiftício "Gold Standard" para demonstrar equivalência de efeito. Para avaliação do dentiftício foi realizado um estudo cruzado, duplo-cego, composto de 5 etapas, onde 15 voluntários adultos, usando prótese parcial removível, contendo 4 blocos de esmalte bovino, sendo 2 hígidos e 2 com lesão artificial subsuperficial de cárie. Os voluntários foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos com dentiftícios: 1= Não Fluoretado; 11= 275 ppm F; III=550 ppm F; IV= 1100 ppm F; V= Crest ("Gold Standard" ) 1100 ppm F. Os dentiftícios experimentaís são a base de sílica e foram formuladas com pH 5,5 para melhorar a reatividade do flúor (NaF) com o esmalte dental. Análises da dureza (Knoop) do esmalte superficial e seccionado longitudinalmente foram determinadas nos blocos. O esmalte também foi submetido a analises para avaliação do flúor incorporado. Os resultados demonstram que a formulação com 550 ppm F foi mais eficiente que os dentiftícios placebo e 275 ppm F (p<O,O5) e foi equivalente em efeito ao dentiftício "Gold Standard" (p>O,O5) em: 1) Reduzir a desmineralização do esmalte na superfície e na lesão de cárie; 2) Potencializar a remineralização do esmalte na superfície e na lesão de cárie; 3) Aumentar o flúor incorporado no esmalte hígido e com lesão de cárie. Os resultados sugerem que a formulação experimental com concentração reduzida de flúor pode ter a mesma eficácia do dentiftício convencional e poderia ser mais segura em relação a fluorose dental / Abstract: In the last decades there was a caries decline in most of the countries of the world, but at the same time the prevalence of dental fluorosis increased. Thus, the development of a dentifrice for children with low fluoride concentration would offer higher safety with regard to dental fluorosis, as long as it prove to be as efficient as a conventional one with 1000-1100 ppm F. The in vitro evaluation showed that the reactivity of a formulation containing 550 ppm F was improved, increasing the fluoride incorporation in dental enamel with action similar to a conventional dentifrice with 1100 ppm F. Preliminary results of this formulation, using palatal appliances, showed its efficiency on reducing enamel demineralization. Nevertheless, the dose/effect relationship was not evaluated, as well as a control such as a Gold Standard dentifrice was not used to demonstrate equivalence of effect. A 5 step double-blind crossover study was conducted with 15 adult volunteers wearing removable prosthesis, containing 4 bovine enamel blocks, 2 sound and 2 with subsuperficial caries lesions. The volunteers were submitted to the following treatments with dentifrices: 1= Non-fluoridated; II=275 ppm F; III=550 ppm F; IV= 1100 ppm F; V= Crest ("Gold Standard", 1100 ppm F). The dentifrices were silica-based and the formulations were modified (PH5,5) to improve the reactivity of fluoride (NaF) with dental enamel. Surface and cross sectional enamel microhardness (Knoop) were determined in the blocks. Enamel was also analyzed to evaluate fluoride uptake. The data showed that the formulation with 550 ppm F was more efficient than placebo and the one with 275 ppm F (p<0.05) and it was equivalent to the "gold standard"(p>0,05) in: 1) Reducing enamel demineralization on surface and in caries lesion; 2) Enhancing enamel remineralization on surface and in caries lesion; 3) Increasing fluoride in sound and carious enamel. The data suggest that the experimental formulation with lower fluoride concentration could have the same anticaries efficiency as the conventional and would be more safe with respect to dental fluorosis / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental

Orientadores: Jaime Aparecido Cury, Maria da Luz Rosario de Sousa / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T13:12:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Catani_DaniloBonadia_M.pdf: 554114 bytes, checksum: 2f2e38479e437aac4f9185d38e290266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste estudo, composto por dois trabalhos, foi analisar as possíveis relações entre a exposição a níveis diferenciados de íon flúor na água de abastecimento público e a presença de fluorose dentária na dentição permanente, e analisar os possíveis fatores associados. No primeiro trabalho foi analisada a concentração de fluoreto em amostras de água enviadas de 07 cidades do estado de São Paulo, além de um município no Estado de Minas Gerais e outro no Ceará. As coletas das amostras de água foram realizadas no período de 1996 a 2002, sendo as mesmas avaliadas utilizando-se um analisador de íons (Orion 96-09 e analisador de íons EA-940 previamente calibrados com padrões contidos de 0,125 a 1,0 mg F/ml , com 1,0 ml de Tisab II, ou seja, Tisab II a 50%) acoplado a um eletrodo de flúor previamente calibrado. Num total de 2667 amostras no período analisado, observou-se que mais que 59,2% das amostras encontraram-se dentro dos padrões considerados ótimos (0,6?0,8 ppm F), sendo 6,3% das amostras com valores menores que 0,4 ppm F, 18,1% entre 0,4 a 0,6 ppm F,13,3% entre 0,8 a 1,0 ppm F e 3,1% com valores maiores que 1 ppm F. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que a maioria das amostras coletadas estavam no considerado nível ótimo (0,6?0,8 ppm F), contudo verifica-se que há dados e regiões que estão fora do padrão considerado ideal, sendo importante a manutenção do heterocontrole. O objetivo do segundo trabalho foi verificar a prevalência da fluorose dentária em escolares de 7 anos de idade residentes em dois municípios que se diferenciam quanto aos níveis ótimos de flúor na água de abastecimento público, e investigar possíveis fatores associados. A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 386 crianças de 7 anos de idade, nascidas no ano de 1997, matriculadas em escolas públicas e instituições privadas de ensino em municípios que realizaram heterocontrole de flúor na água de 1998 a 2002. A fluorose dental foi avaliada por meio do índice de Dean. Foram examinados os incisivos superiores permanentes, previamente secos e sob iluminação artificial com equipamento odontológico portátil. Considerou-se como presença de fluorose as formas: questionável, muito leve, leve, moderada e severa. Variáveis sócio-demográficas e questões sobre saúde bucal foram avaliadas com um questionário estruturado enviado aos pais/responsáveis. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de fluorose no município com níveis oscilantes de íon flúor foi de 31,40% e no município com níveis homogêneos de fluoretos 79,91%. Entretanto, em ambos os municípios, prevaleceu o grau "muito leve" de fluorose, portanto sem comprometimento estético. A prevalência de fluorose foi associada com o município com teores de flúor constante na água e com um único indicador sócio-econômico / Abstract: The general objective of this paper, based over two works, was to analyze possible relationships among different levels of fluoride ions in the public water supply and the presence of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. Associated factors are also to be analyzed. At the first stage of the process, fluoride concentration present in water samples sent from 7 cities of São Paulo State, one city of Minas Gerais State and another from Ceará State were to be analyzed. All the water sample collections took place during the period of 1996 and 2002 and an ion analyzer was used in the process of evaluation (Orion 96-09 and a ion analyzer EA-940 previously gauged with patterns of 0.125 to 1.0 mg F/ml, with 1.0 ml of Tisab II, so, Tisab II at 50%) coupling to a fluoride electrode previously gauged as well. Over a total of 2667 samples collected in the mentioned period it was noted that more than 59.2% of them were found to contain patterns considered great (0.6-0.8 ppm F ), 6.3% of them with lower values than 0.4 ppm F; 18.1% of them between 0.4 to 0.6 ppm F; 13.3 % between 0.8 and 1.0 ppm and 3.1% with values larger than 1 ppm F. In view of the aforementioned results it is possible to concluded that the majority of collected samples were in the level range considered optimal (0.6-0.8 ppm F). However, it was possible to also verify that some of the results and regions are out of the considered ideal pattern implying that hetero-controlling maintenance is important. The objective of the second work was to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of dental fluorosis in school children aged 7 years living in two cities of São Paulo State, Brazil, with fluoridation of water supplies, with emphasis in the effects of external control of the fluoride levels. The study population comprised 386 children, all born in 1997 and enrolled in public and private schools from 2 municipalities had fluoride external control of the fluoride levels from 1998 to 2002. The upper permanent maxillary incisors were examined under artificial light and the aid of an air syringe. The Deanâ?¿s Index was utilized to identify dental fluorosis. In this study dental fluorosis were considered such as: questionable; very mild; mild; moderate and severe. Socio-demographics and dental history were assessed with a structured questionnaire answered by childrenâ?¿s parents. Correlates of fluorosis were assessed using multivariate logistic regression (p<0.05).The result showed that the prevalence of fluorosis in the municipality that had more variation in the levels of fluoride was 31.40% and in the municipality that had less variation in the levels of fluoride 79.91%. However, in both municipalities the â?¿very mildâ?? level of fluorosis was the most common finding. Fluorosis were associated to the city with homogeneous levels of fluoride / Mestrado / Mestre em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

A cidade de Ribeirão Preto é abastecida com água proveniente do Aquífero Guarani, sendo apenas fluoretada e clorada antes da distribuição. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água que a população está consumindo com relação às concentrações de fluoreto, chumbo e ferro. Além disso, foi investigada se a concentração de ferro poderia ser utilizada como marcadora da contaminação por chumbo na água potável. Foram investigadas 145 residências de 4 bairros antigos de Ribeirão Preto (casas com mais de 40 anos), havendo pelo menos uma criança moradora por residência. Um bairro novo (menos de 10 anos) foi escolhido para controle. Amostras de água foram coletadas na torneira da cozinha e do quintal, sendo a 1ª alíquota coletada após pelo menos 6 h de estagnação e a 2ª alíquota após 5 minutos de escoamento. A concentração dos íons fluoreto foi determinada por eletrodo combinado íon-seletivo e cromatografia iônica; chumbo por ET AAS e ICP-MS; e ferro por espectrofotometria. As concentrações de fluoreto nas amostras (n = 281) variaram de 0,052 a 1,01 mg L-1. Considerando apenas 1 algarismo significativo e as amostras provenientes da cozinha, observou-se que 30% das casas estiveram fora do padrão de potabilidade estabelecido pela Resolução SS-65 (2005), isto é, de 0,6 a 0,8 mg L-1. Considerado 2 algarismos, essa percentagem passou para 45%. Um baixo consumo de fluoreto pelas crianças pode não prevenir eficientemente a formação de cáries, enquanto que concentrações elevadas podem levar à fluorose dentária. As concentrações de chumbo variaram de 0,025 a 58,4 µg L-1 (n = 562), sendo que a concentração máxima permitida pela Portaria 2.914 (Ministério da Saúde) é de 10,0 µg L-1. Para todas as casas avaliadas, as concentrações de chumbo na água da torneira da cozinha não ultrapassaram 5,00 µg L-1, caracterizando um baixo risco de contaminação por chumbo por essa via. Para 2 alíquotas de água coletadas na torneira do quintal, a concentração de chumbo ultrapassou o limite tolerável para chumbo, porém, o uso dessa água para ingestão é pouco usual. Possivelmente a contaminação observada seja oriunda da própria torneira e outras partes metálicas, pois após escoamento da água por 5 minutos, a concentração de chumbo caiu dentro dos valores permitidos. As concentrações de ferro variaram de 13,40 a 4.119 µg L-1 (n = 189; 1ª alíquota), sendo a concentração máxima permitida de 300 µg L-1 (Portaria 2.914). Em 4 casas a água do quintal apresentou concentração superior a permitida, mas na água da cozinha a concentração foi de 8 a 66 vezes menor. Isso indica que a torneira do quintal pode ser uma grande fonte de contaminação de ferro. Apesar do coeficiente de correlação linear entre a concentração de ferro e chumbo na água ser estatisticamente significativo (r = 0,410; n = 184), essa correlação foi relativamente baixa para sugerir o uso do ferro como marcador da contaminação por chumbo. / The city of Ribeirão Preto is supplied with water from the Guarani Aquifer, that is only fluoridated and chlorinated before distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of drinking water that the population is consuming with respect to the concentrations of fluoride, lead and iron. Furthermore, it was investigated if the concentration of iron could be used as a marker to infer lead contamination in drinking water. We investigated 145 residences with more than 40 years of age in 4 districts of Ribeirão Preto, with at least one resident child. One new district (less than 10 years) was selected as a control group. Water samples were collected from the kitchen and the yard taps. The 1st aliquot was collected after at least 6 h of stagnation and the 2nd after leaving the water running for 5 minutes. The concentration of fluoride ions was determined by combined ion-selective electrode and ion chromatography; lead by ET AAS and ICP-MS; and iron by spectrophotometry. The fluoride concentrations in the samples varied from 0.052 to 1.01 mg L-1 (n = 281). Considering only 1 significant digit and the kitchen samples, it was observed that 30% of the homes did not attend the legislation for fluoride in drinking water (Resolution SS-65, 2005), that is, from 0.6 to 0.8 mg L-1. Considering 2 significant digits, this percentage increased to 45%. A low intake of fluoride by children cannot effectively prevent the formation of dental caries, while high concentrations can cause dental fluorosis. Lead concentrations ranged from 0.025 to 58.4 µg L-1 (n = 562), and the maximum permited by the law 2,914 (Ministry of Health) is 10.0 µg L-1. For all homes investigated, lead concentrations from the kitchens tap water did not exceed 5.00 µg L-1, showing there is a low risk of lead contamination through this pathway. For 2 aliquots of water collected from the yards tap, the concentration of lead exceeded the tolerable limit, however, the use of this water for ingestion is unusual. Possibly this contamination might come from the tap itself and from others metal parts, because after running the water for 5 minutes the lead concentration fell below the permitted value. Iron concentrations varied from 13.40 to 4,119 µg L-1 (n = 189, 1st aliquot), and the tolerable limit is 300 µg L-1 (law 2.914). In 4 houses the water from the year tap had concentrations above the limit, while in the kitchen water iron concentrations were from 8 to 66 times lower. This indicates that the tap material from the yard can be a large source of iron contamination. Although the linear correlation coefficient between iron and lead concentrations in the drinking water was statistically significant (r = 0.410; n = 184), this correlation was relatively low to suggest the use of iron as a marker of contamination by lead.

Orientador: Célio Percinoto / Banca: Luiz Reynaldo de Figueiredo Walter / Banca: Aymar Pavarini / Banca: Maria Celeste Morita / Banca: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar fatores associados à fluorose dentária, em uma localidade com níveis de concentração de flúor variando de 0,07 a 2,06 mgL/F. Das 727 crianças, de 6 a 10 anos de idade, matriculadas na rede de ensino público do município de Itambaracá, PR, no ano de 2001, examinaram-se 602 e, após computadas as perdas e as exclusões, 353 permaneceram como população de estudo. Os pais ou responsáveis responderam um formulário sobre a história médica e gestacional da criança, dieta láctea e fontes de exposição ao flúor no primeiro ano de vida. Os exames clínicos foram realizados nas próprias escolas, por dois cirurgiões dentistas previamente treinados e calibrados, sendo que um avaliou as opacidades difusas nos molares decíduos, através do Índice DDE e outro, a fluorose dentária na dentição permanente, pelo Índice de Dean. A análise bivariada mostrou haver relação entre a patologia e: os níveis de flúor no município, uso de dentifrício fluorado e a presença de doenças no primeiro ano de vida. Na análise multivariada foram considerados como fatores de risco: a presença de doenças e o uso de leite em pó diluído em água fluorada, no primeiro ano de vida, além do fator mais fortemente associado à fluorose, a presença de opacidades difusas nos molares decíduos (odds ratio = 22,97). A obtenção criteriosa de informações sobre a história médica e o padrão de consumo de leite, associados ao exame clínico dos molares decíduos, tão logo erupcionem, podem contribuir na identificação das crianças com maiores possibilidades de desenvolver a fluorose dentária, na dentição permanente. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify association factors of dental fluorosis in a community where the amount of fluoride in drinking water vary from 0,07 to 2,06ppmF. Among the 727 children aged 6 to 10 year-old regularly enrolled in public schools at Itambaracá-PR in 2001, 602 were examined, and after excluding criteria and loses were computed, 353 remained as study population. A questionnaire about gestational and medical histories, pattern of milk consumption and fluoride exposition in the first year of life was answered by the child's parents. Clinical examination was performed at the schools, by two previously trained and calibrated dentists. One evaluated enamel opacities in deciduous teeth through DDE index, and the other dental fluorosis in permanent teeth by Dean's index. Bivariate analysis displayed a relationship of dental fluorosis and place of residence according to the amount of fluoride in drinking water, use of fluorided dentifrice and systemic diseases in the first year of life. In multivariable analysis the observed risk factors were the use of powered milk reconstituted with fluorided water, and systemic diseases, both in the first year of life, and the most strongly associated one was the presence of diffused opacities in primary molars (odds ratio=22,97). To achieve standard information about medical history and pattern of milk consumption and a clinical examination of the deciduous molars as soon as they erupt can contribute in identifying children that have larger possibilities of developing dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. / Doutor

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / BACKGROUND: Fluorine is an abundant trace element in the Earth’s crust. The presence of fluorine in bedrocks is the primary source fluoride in ground water, though fluoride occurrence varies with the different rock types. High concentrations of fluoride ions are found in regions of volcanic activities. Volcanoes are the main persistent natural source of fluoride in ground water and in the atmosphere. The occurrence of high concentrations of fluoride in ground water has been reported worldwide. Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of enamel that results from ingestion of high amounts of fluoride during tooth mineralization. Consumption of untreated fluoridated ground water remains the main cause of dental fluorosis in rural settlements. AIM: To establish the risk factors and knowledge of dental fluorosis in three communities of the Far North Region of Cameroon. METHODOLOGY: This study was descriptive and cross-sectional study with an analytic component and was conducted in three communities in Far North Region of Cameroon. The study population was a convenience sample irrespective of age, but who must have been living in the selected study sites for a minimum of 6 to 8 years. Structured questionnaires were administered to elicit socio-demographic characteristics, perceptions dental fluorosis and oral health practices. Oral examination was conducted to determine the extent of dental fluorosis that was scored according to the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index. Participants declared their water sources and water samples were obtained from these sources. Samples of commercial bottled mineral water was purchased from various local outlets. These samples were sent to a certified laboratory for fluoride analysis and are reported in milligrams of fluoride per litre.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Fluoride prevents caries by decreasing demineralization and promoting remineralization of enamel crystals during lesion formation and progression. The chemical, morphological, and histologic characteristics of teeth with fluorosis may alter the response of enamel to fluoride during the caries process. However, the effectiveness of fluoride in fluorosed teeth has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the current study utilized an in-vitro net remineralization model to study differences between fluorosed and sound enamel with regards to caries lesion remineralization and progression. Hypotheses: There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of fluoride to enhance caries lesion remineralization between fluorosed and non-fluorosed (sound) teeth after changes in enamel fluorescence relative to the lesion baseline. Objectives: The primary objective is to investigate the relative fluoride response of caries lesions created in sound and fluorosed teeth of varying severities under remineralizing conditions in vitro. Secondary objectives: a) To investigate the impact of the presence and severity of enamel fluorosis on caries lesion formation, and b) To investigate the acquired acid resistance of pH-cycled lesions relative to their fluorosis severity. Materials and Methods: Three hundred sixty (360) extracted human molars (sound and fluorosed) were collected and divided into four main groups based on their TF score (0; 1; 2; 3), with sample size of n = 45 per group. Each group was divided into two subgroups: no fluoride/placebo and fluoride/treatment. Artificial caries lesions were created on the teeth and pH-cycled for 20 days using a net remineralization model. The lesions were assessed to determine differences in acquired acid resistance. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) was used throughout the study to determine changes in enamel fluorescence relative to a sound enamel window, thereby providing information about enamel de- or remineralization. The results of this study demonstrated that enamel fluorosis levels had a significant effect on lesion remineralization after pH cycling (p > 0.05). The teeth with moderate dental fluorosis had a significantly better response to remineralization and more resistance to a subsequent acid challenge than sound teeth in the presence of fluoride. / indefinitely.

O flúor é considerado o maior mentor dos programas de controle da cárie dentária. Em cidades desenvolvidas o declínio da prevalência da cárie dental marcou o final do século vinte. No entanto, um aumento na prevalência da fluorose dental também tem se encontrado. A fluorose dental é um efeito adverso associado à ingestão crônica de níveis relativamente baixos de flúor. Sabe-se esta desordem da mineralização ocorre quando o flúor é ingerido durante a formação e desenvolvimento dental, mas o mecanismo da fluorose dental é ainda obscuro. Muitos estudos analisam a natureza das características histológicas e físicas químicas do esmalte fluorótico, mas o que concerne a ultraestrutura do esmalte fluorótico os achados são limitados. Assim neste estudo, as alterações ultraestruturais de incisivos de ratos submetidos á altas doses de flúor, por 60 dias, foram analisadas por microscópio eletrônico de varredura e microscópio de polarização. / Fluoride is considered to be the mainstay of dental caries programme control. In developed countries, a decline in the prevalence of caries marked the end of 20th century. However, an increase in prevalence of dental fluorosis has also been shown. Dental fluorosis the only established adverse effect associated with the chronic ingestion of relatively low levels of fluoride. It is known that this disorder of mineralization occurs only if the fluoride is ingested during the formation and development of the teeth, but the under lying mechanism remains obscure. Many studies were made to examine the histological characteristics and physico-chemical nature of such enamel. However, the overall findings concerning the ultrastructure of enamel in dental fluorosis still seem limited. In the present study, ultrastructural changes in the incisor enamel were studies in rats given a high dose of fluoride for 60 days using scanning electron microscopy and polarization.

A co-exposição ao chumbo e ao flúor pode alterar o grau de fluorose dental, uma vez que ambos se depositam nos tecidos dentais. Ratos Wistar foram separados em 4 grupos: controle e 3 grupos que recebiam água contendo 100ppm de flúor (F), 30ppm de chumbo (Pb), ou 100ppm de F mais 30ppm de Pb desde a gestação. Análise do esmalte e determinação das dosagens de F no esmalte, dentina e osso foram realizadas nos animais com 81 dias. Defeitos nos incisivos dos ratos foram usados como escores em um índice que discriminou lesões na superfície como bandas, ilhas e cavidades. Não houve diferenças nas concentrações de F nos tecidos calcificados entre os grupos F e F+Pb. Os grupos controle e chumbo apresentaram esmalte normal. O grupo F+Pb apresentou defeitos de esmalte mais severos quando comparados com o grupo F (P<0.001). Este estudo mostrou que o Pb exacerbou a fluorose dental em roedores, sugerindo que a co-exposição ao PB pode explicar as diferenças na prevalência de fluorose. / Co-exposure to lead and fluoride may alter the degree of dental fluorosis, since both accumulate in calcified tissues. Wistar rats were allocated in four groups: control, and 3 groups that received water containing 100 ppm of fluoride (F), 30 ppm of lead (Pb), or 100 ppm of F and 30 ppm of Pb (F+Pb) since gestational age. Enamel analysis and F determinations in enamel, dentine, and bone were performed in 81-day-old animals. Incisor defects were scored using an index that discriminated surface lesions as bands, islets, and pits. There were no differences in the F concentration in calcified tissues between the F and F+Pb groups. The control and the Pb groups presented normal enamel. The F+Pb group presented more severe enamel defects compared with the F group (P<0.001). This study shows that Pb exacerbates dental fluorosis in rodents, suggesting that co-exposure to Pb may explain differences in fluorosis prevalence.