A Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná é um complexo hidroviário que atravessa a região sudeste do Brasil e constitui um meio de transporte alternativo ainda pouco explorado, que interliga 5 grandes estados brasileiros, além de ser um elo de ligação com os países do MERCOSUL. O gabarito da hidrovia limita barcaças a dimensões principais de 60m x 11m x 2,5m, mas que acopladas formam comboios com capacidade de até 4500t. Estas embarcações podem transportar cargas de granel sólido (commodities agrícolas) e de granel líquido (combustíveis) no longo curso, areia e cana-de-açúcar em curtas distâncias, sendo que experiências com carga geral também foram feitas. Devido ao fato dos centros produtores e dos centros consumidores estarem distantes da hidrovia, a eficiência do transporte hidroviário é altamente dependente da eficiência do sistema logístico em que está inserido. Desta forma, tanto os sistemas de transporte nas pontas de origem e destino (rodoviário e ferroviário), como também a armazenagem nos terminais intermodais devem estar operando de maneira eficaz e balanceada para tornar este sistema competitivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é dar uma resposta eficiente e realista ao problema de dimensionar um sistema de transporte utilizando modais combinados. Desta forma, dado uma origem e um destino, um tipo de carga, sua demanda mensal, os modais de transporte utilizados, busca-se dimensionar cada parte deste sistema intermodal, fornecendo como resposta a configuração de frota de caminhões e o número de viagens necessárias, o número de composições ferroviárias e a frequência de requisição das mesmas, a frota de embarcações fluviais e a capacidade dos terminais de carga. O dimensionamento é focado na solução que atende à demanda a um mínimo custo. Desta forma, os aspectos econômicos de cada operação também são considerados. Para resolver este problema complexo, utilizou-se a técnica de simulação probabilística, pois a mesma permite modelar com maior precisão a interação entre os diversos subsistemas, além de poder representar os fenômenos aleatórios presentes. A simulação também é uma boa ferramenta para lidar com os congestionamentos observados na passagem em eclusas, canais e na utilização de berços dos terminais. O sistema consiste de um módulo de entrada de dados, no qual o usuário define o cenário padrão que deverá ser simulado. O modelo computacional foi desenvolvido na linguagem de simulação ARENA, o qual conta com uma rica interface gráfica, módulos de análise de dados (input and output analyser), ferramentas para construção de templates personalizados, programação complementada por recursos do Visual Basic for Applications e um gerenciador de cenários que permite programar diversas rodadas consecutivas do modelo. O modelo foi aplicado à Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná e aos modais a ela associados, e permitiu dimensionar um sistema intermodal com menor custo total do que o transporte de grãos exclusivamente rodoviário. / Tietê-Paraná Waterway is a complex inland navigation system that crosses the southeast area of Brazil, and it is an alternative mean of transportation still not very explored, that connects 5 great Brazilian states, besides being a connection link with the countries of MERCOSUL. The waterway dimensions limits the barges to 60m x 11m x 2,5m, but when coupled, form convoys with capacity of up to 4500 tons. These vessels transport dry bulk (agricultural commodities) and wet bulk (fuels) in the long course, and sand and sugar-cane in short distances. Due to the fact of the producing centers and of the consuming centers are distant from the waterway, the efficiency of the waterway transportation is highly dependent of the efficiency of the whole logistics system. Therefore the transport systems in the origin and destiny points (road and rail transport), as well as the storage in the intermodal terminals should be designed and operated in an effective and balanced way to turn a competitive system. The objective of this current research is to give a fast and realistic answer to the design problem of a transportation system using different combined modals. Therefore, given an origin and a destiny, a cargo type, its monthly demand and the modals of transportation, the model would design each part of this intermodal system, giving as a response the configuration of the fleet of trucks and the number of necessary trips, the number of rail compositions and their frequency of requisition, the fleet of vessels and the storage capacity of the terminals. The system design is focused in the solution that attends the monthly demand at a minimum cost. Therefore the economical aspects of each operation are also considered.To solve this complex problem, the technique of probabilistic simulation was used, because it allows to model with larger precision the interaction among the several subsystems, besides allowing to represent the randomness of the system. Simulation is also an appropriate tool to represent the traffic jams in the locks and in the passage through the channels and also to lead with the occupation of terminal\'s berths. The system consists of a module of data entrance, in which the user defines the standard scenario that should be simulated. The computational model was developed using the simulation language ARENA, that has a rich graphic interface, modules of data analysis (input and output analyzer), tools for construction of customized templates, programming complemented by resources of Visual Basic for Applications and a scenario manager that allows to program several serial runs of the model.

A modelagem unidimensional tem sido adotada desde os anos 1980, com sucesso nas práticas de engenharia, para a caracterização do regime de transporte de sedimentos de longo termo. É também uma importante ferramenta para o entendimento da dinâmica sedimentar de bacias e gestão de sedimentos em reservatórios. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo aplicar a modelagem unidimensional de transporte de sedimentos na bacia do reservatório Taiaçupeba, São Paulo, Brasil, a partir do sistema computacional HEC-RAS, orientada à estimativa das descargas sólidas afluentes ao reservatório. O período de coleta de dados coincidiu com a estiagem de 2013-2015 na Região Sudeste, o que contribuiu com a análise crítica do método e dos resultados, cuja discussão ressalta o uso da modelagem unidimensional como instrumento eficaz de validação das curvas de sedimento para caracterização do regime de transporte. As funções de capacidade de transporte de Laursen-Copeland e Toffaleti mostraram-se aplicáveis a esse sistema fluvial, bem como os métodos de encouraçamento de fundo de Hirano e Thomas-Copeland. Os coeficientes de Manning ajustados foram considerados preliminares e dados de campo adicionais são encorajados para refinar seu ajuste e incorporar maior acurácia na estimativa do perfil da linha d\'água em trabalhos futuros. Além disso, são apresentadas recomendações metodológicas ao monitoramento fluvissedimentométrico que contribuem com a sistematização das técnicas e tecnologias disponíveis à pesquisa hidrossedimentológica. / One-dimensional modeling has been successfully adopted since the 1980s in engineering practices to assess long-term sediment transport regimes. It is also an important tool for the understanding of sediment dynamics in watersheds and sediment management in reservoirs. The objective of this research was to apply the one-dimensional sediment transport modeling in the Taiacupeba reservoir basin, located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, implemented on HEC-RAS, aiming to estimate longterm loads into the reservoir. The data collection period coincided with the drought of 2013-2015 in Southeastern Brazil, which contributed to the critical analysis of the method and results, whose discussion highlights the use of one-dimensional modeling as an effective instrument for validating sediment curves. The transport capacity functions of Laursen-Copeland and Toffaleti have been shown to be applicable to this river system, as well as the bed sorting and armoring methods of Hirano and Thomas-Copeland. The Manning coefficients were considered preliminary and additional field data are encouraged to enhance its adjustment and incorporate greater accuracy in estimating the water surface profile in future work. Besides, methodological recommendations for sediment monitoring are presented, contributing to the systematization of available techniques and technologies applied to sediment research.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (major Automação). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

We present channel length and stream order for possible fluvial channels present in Cassini Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from Ta to T19. These features are present at most latitudes observed, with the bulk of the channels located in near-equatorial latitudes. Many of them are also organized into four branching channel networks, three of third order and one of fourth order, similar to river systems on Earth and Mars. These networks appear well integrated, with few streams that are not incorporated into the higher order branches. The median channel length for all channels on Titan is 29 km, with the longest channels all being incorporated into the channel networks. Estimates of channel width and depth of 1 km and 100m respectively result in a channel volume of 1012 m3 which, when extrapolated to the entire surface of Titan results in 1013 m3 of sediment.

I seek to reconstruct the balance between sediment storage and yield across multiple drainage basin scales in a large (1 230 km2) watershed in the Northern Cascade range, British Columbia and Washington. Chilliwack Valley and surrounding area has been the site of numerous studies that have detailed much of its Quaternary sedimentary history. In the present study this information is supplemented by reconstruction of the morphodynamic trajectory of the river valley though the Holocene Epoch, and development of a sediment transfer model that describes the relaxation from the Fraser glaciation. The total Holocene sediment yield is estimated from basins across several scales using field and remotely sensed evidence to constrain the historical mass balance of delivery to higher order tributary basins. Rates of hillslope erosion are estimated using a diffusion-based relation for open slopes and delimitating the volume evacuated from major gully sources. Digital terrain models of paleo-surfaces are constructed to calculate total sediment erosion and deposition from tributary valleys and the mainstem. Chilliwack Lake has effectively trapped the entire post-glacial sediment load from the upper catchment (area = 334 km2), allowing to compare this "nested" system with the larger catchment. Rates of lake sediment accumulation are estimated using sediment cores and paleomagnetism. These are compared with accumulation rates in the terminal fan inferred from radiocarbon dating of fossil material, obtained by sonic drilling in the apex gravels. A sediment budget framework is then used to summarize the net transfer of weathered material and glacial sediments from the hillslope scale to the mainstem. The long-term average sediment yield from the upper basin is 62 +/- 9 t/km2/yr; contemporary yield is approximately 30 t/km2/yr. It is found that only 10-15% of the material eroded from the hillslopes is delivered to mouths of the major tributaries; the remaining material is stored at the base of footslopes and within the fluvial sedimentary system. Since the retreat of Fraser Ice from the mouth of the valley, Chilliwack River delivered over 1.8 +/- 0.21 km3 of gravel and sand to Vedder Fan in the Fraser Valley. In the sediment budget developed here, roughly 85% of that material is attributed to glacial sources, notably the Ryder Uplands and glacial valley fills deposited along the mainstem, upstream of Tamihi Creek. In tributary valleys, local base-level has fallen, leading to the evacuation of deep glacial sedimentary fills. Many of the lower reaches of major tributaries in upper Chilliwack Valley (e.g. Centre and Nesakwatch Creeks) remain primarily sediment sinks for slope-derived inputs, since base-level fall has not been initiated. In distal tributaries (Liumchen, Tamihi and Slesse creeks), paraglacial fans have been incised or completely eroded, entrained by laterally active channels. A transition from transport-limited to supply-limited conditions has been effected in many of these reaches. Slesse Creek has struck an intermediate balance, as it continues to remobilize its considerable sediment stores. It functions today as the sedimentary headwaters of Chilliwack Valley. Using grain size data and fine-sediment geochemical data gathered from Chilliwack River over the course of several field seasons, a simple finite-difference, surface-based sediment transport model is proposed. The aim of the model is to integrate the sediment-balance information, as inferred from estimates of hillslope erosion and valley storage, and physical principles of sediment transport dynamics to reproduce the key characteristics of a system undergoing base-level fall and reworking its considerable valley fill during degradation. Such characteristics include the river long profile, the river grain-size fining gradient, the percentage of substrate sand, and the diminution of headwater granite lithology in the active load. The model is able to reproduce many of the characteristics, but is not able to satisfy all criteria simultaneously. There is inevitably some ambiguity as to the set of parameters that produce the "right" result, however the model provides good insight into long-term interactions among parameters such as dominant discharge, grain size specifications, abrasion rates, initial topography, hiding functions, and hydraulic parameters.

I seek to reconstruct the balance between sediment storage and yield across multiple drainage basin scales in a large (1 230 km2) watershed in the Northern Cascade range, British Columbia and Washington. Chilliwack Valley and surrounding area has been the site of numerous studies that have detailed much of its Quaternary sedimentary history. In the present study this information is supplemented by reconstruction of the morphodynamic trajectory of the river valley though the Holocene Epoch, and development of a sediment transfer model that describes the relaxation from the Fraser glaciation. The total Holocene sediment yield is estimated from basins across several scales using field and remotely sensed evidence to constrain the historical mass balance of delivery to higher order tributary basins. Rates of hillslope erosion are estimated using a diffusion-based relation for open slopes and delimitating the volume evacuated from major gully sources. Digital terrain models of paleo-surfaces are constructed to calculate total sediment erosion and deposition from tributary valleys and the mainstem. Chilliwack Lake has effectively trapped the entire post-glacial sediment load from the upper catchment (area = 334 km2), allowing to compare this "nested" system with the larger catchment. Rates of lake sediment accumulation are estimated using sediment cores and paleomagnetism. These are compared with accumulation rates in the terminal fan inferred from radiocarbon dating of fossil material, obtained by sonic drilling in the apex gravels. A sediment budget framework is then used to summarize the net transfer of weathered material and glacial sediments from the hillslope scale to the mainstem. The long-term average sediment yield from the upper basin is 62 +/- 9 t/km2/yr; contemporary yield is approximately 30 t/km2/yr. It is found that only 10-15% of the material eroded from the hillslopes is delivered to mouths of the major tributaries; the remaining material is stored at the base of footslopes and within the fluvial sedimentary system. Since the retreat of Fraser Ice from the mouth of the valley, Chilliwack River delivered over 1.8 +/- 0.21 km3 of gravel and sand to Vedder Fan in the Fraser Valley. In the sediment budget developed here, roughly 85% of that material is attributed to glacial sources, notably the Ryder Uplands and glacial valley fills deposited along the mainstem, upstream of Tamihi Creek. In tributary valleys, local base-level has fallen, leading to the evacuation of deep glacial sedimentary fills. Many of the lower reaches of major tributaries in upper Chilliwack Valley (e.g. Centre and Nesakwatch Creeks) remain primarily sediment sinks for slope-derived inputs, since base-level fall has not been initiated. In distal tributaries (Liumchen, Tamihi and Slesse creeks), paraglacial fans have been incised or completely eroded, entrained by laterally active channels. A transition from transport-limited to supply-limited conditions has been effected in many of these reaches. Slesse Creek has struck an intermediate balance, as it continues to remobilize its considerable sediment stores. It functions today as the sedimentary headwaters of Chilliwack Valley. Using grain size data and fine-sediment geochemical data gathered from Chilliwack River over the course of several field seasons, a simple finite-difference, surface-based sediment transport model is proposed. The aim of the model is to integrate the sediment-balance information, as inferred from estimates of hillslope erosion and valley storage, and physical principles of sediment transport dynamics to reproduce the key characteristics of a system undergoing base-level fall and reworking its considerable valley fill during degradation. Such characteristics include the river long profile, the river grain-size fining gradient, the percentage of substrate sand, and the diminution of headwater granite lithology in the active load. The model is able to reproduce many of the characteristics, but is not able to satisfy all criteria simultaneously. There is inevitably some ambiguity as to the set of parameters that produce the "right" result, however the model provides good insight into long-term interactions among parameters such as dominant discharge, grain size specifications, abrasion rates, initial topography, hiding functions, and hydraulic parameters.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 219 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-108).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-137). Also available online in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 102 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). + 1 Excel file. Includes a Particle-size analysis appendix as an Excel spreadsheet. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-101).

It has long been known that the presence of wood in rivers plays a vital biological and functional role and that a reciprocal relationship exists between woody material and the geomorphology of rivers. Fluvial wood studies, however, are rarely ongoing through time in order to ascertain long-term wood patterns within complete drainage networks. This dissertation addresses the temporal lag in fluvial wood patterns throughout four watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range by recreating a field dataset first collected in 1979 and then again in 1998. Statistical and spatial analysis of stream morphometric data at designated transects throughout the watersheds in addition to analysis of log step and log jam inventories provide insight into significant changes that have occurred over a thirty year interval at a multi-basin scale. These watersheds are located in areas that have been impacted by years of timber harvesting in the mid-twentieth century, however, clearcutting has been on the decline since the early 1980s. This research investigates the impacts that the legacy of clearcutting and subsequent afforestation has had on the abundance and volume of fluvial wood in the stream networks of these four watersheds. I digitized historical aerial imagery to determine the amounts of clearcutting in the basins over time. I integrated this variable with channel morphometric variables to assess predictors of wood abundance and volume through multiple regression analysis. Results show that the stream that has been the most affected by clearcutting has lower volumes of wood than measured in 1979 or 1998. Residence times of wood are short in these watersheds and wood abundance and volume was highly impacted by the debris flows that occurred during the Storm of 1996, prior to the 1998 data collection. There are statistically significant changes that have occurred in the stream morphology among the four watersheds. This dissertation also tests a method of detecting fluvial wood through airborne lidar analysis. This method provides an alternative to field surveys in areas of even the most extreme tree canopy cover.