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River plays an essential function in providing sediments to the beach stability but this importance has not yet been properly estimated on the Peruvian coastline. So, the aim of this study focuses on the role of river sediments in the stability of the coastline at the Jequetepeque river mouth, located at the northern coast of Peru. This river, whose basin covers an area of ​​4,200 square kilometers, provides in average more than 900 million cubic meters a year (MMC yr-1) of water, and 2.9-8.0 MMC yr-1 of sediments to the ocean. Since the start of the Gallito Ciego dam in 1987, more than 104 MMC of sediments were retained into the reservoir. In order to assess the impact of the dam on the stability of the river mouth, a comparison among different coastline moments (for the years 1962, 1980, 2003 and 2011) with the support of GIS, were made. The results showed that the river mouth retreat to the land between 2003 and 2011 with rates of -2.6 m year-1. Moreover, the retreat of the coastline observed throughout the study area between 1962 and 2011, it could be related to the potential sea level rise and the trend of the worldwide beach erosion. / Los sedimentos fluviales cumplen un papel fundamental para el abastecimiento de las playas en la costa peruana cuya importancia no ha sido aun debidamente estimada. Con este fin, el estudio se centra en el papel que desempeña los sedimentos fluviales en la estabilidad de la línea de costa en la desembocadura del río Jequetepeque, ubicado en la costa norte del Perú. Este río, cuya cuenca abarca una superficie de 4.2 mil kilómetros cuadrados, aporta en promedio más de 900 millones de metros cúbicos al año (MMC año-1) de agua y entre 2.9 y 8.0 MMC año-1 de sedimentos al océano. A partir del inicio de las operaciones de la represa de Gallito Ciego en 1987, más de 104 MMC de sedimentos quedaron retenidos en el embalse. Con el fin de evaluar la influencia de la represa en el comportamiento de la desembocadura, se llevó a cabo la comparación entre las líneas de costa de los años 1962, 1980, 2003 y 2011 con el soporte de SIG. A partir del análisis se identificó el retroceso de la desembocadura entre 2003 y 2011 con tasas de -2.6 m año-1. Por otra parte, el retroceso de la línea de costa observado en toda el área de estudio, entre 1962 y 2011, podría estar relacionado con la posible elevación del nivel del mar y la tendencia a la erosión de las playas a escala global.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a especiação química dos principais elementos potencialmente tóxicos (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni e Pb), presentes nos sedimentos fluviais das bacias de drenagem dos rios Jundiaí e Capivari (SP) da nascente até à foz, identificando as ocorrências de origem naturais e antrópicas, utilizando diversos critérios de toxicidade e parâmetros de controle. A determinação da concentração total dos elementos, obtidas a partir do método da fusão alcalina, permitiu avaliar os critérios de toxicidade considerando os valores-guia de qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS), bem como os fatores de enriquecimento (EF) e índices de geo-acumulação (Igeo) tendo como base o fundo geoquímico natural regional (FGNR). A biodisponibilidade foi analisada para os elementos potencialmente tóxicos, de acordo com o processo da extração sequencial seletiva bem como pela relação entre sulfetos volatilizados após ataque ácido a frio (AVS) e extração simultânea de metais (SEM). A origem da matéria orgânica presente nos sedimentos fluviais foi identificada através da comparação com parâmetros de referência em base isotópica (?13C). Em termos de toxicidade dos elementos estudados, o uso de referências globais (médias mundiais) indicaram valores superestimados para Cd e subestimados para Cu (JM) em relação ao FGNR, mostrando a importância da ponderação da formação geogênica na avaliação de classes de contribuição antrópica em sedimentos de fundo fluvial. Foi possível observar coerência entre os critérios de toxicicidade utilizados (EF e Igeo), destacando na bacia do rio Jundiaí, contribuição antrópica de Cu e Zn, principalmente em JM. Já na bacia do rio Capivari foi constatado contribuição antrópica Pb em CF. Os resultados obtidos empregando o método AVS e SEM na avaliação da biodisponibilidade dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos utilizando o critério (SEM - AVS) / Corg > 130, mostraram não haver biodisponibilidade dos elementos nos sedimentos de fundo amostrados. Quando utilizando a extração sequencial seletiva, resultados apresentaram a biodisponibilidade de Cu, Zn e Pb na maioria das estações de amostragem estudadas, sendo o Cu ligado à fração da matéria orgânica (S4), Zn e Pb à fração de óxidos de ferro e manganês (S3). Quanto à origem da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos finos em suspensão (FSS) dessas bacias, revelaram-se associada ao material erosivo (solos da bacia) nos períodos chuvosos e aos efluentes domésticos no período de estiagem, e nos sedimentos de fundo a origem da matéria orgânica apresentou-se relacionada principalmente aos efluentes domésticos / The aim of the current work was to study the chemical speciation of the main potentially toxic elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni e Pb) present in fluvial sediments from the drainage basins in the Jundiaí and Capivarí Rivers (São Paulo State), from their headwaters until the river mouth, identifying the natural causes and anthropic occurrences using various toxicity criterions and control parameters. The purpose of total concentration of the elements, acquired from the alkaline fusion method, permitted to evaluate the toxicity criterions considering the values of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) as well as the enrichment factors (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) based on the natural regional chemical fund (FGNR). The bioavailability evaluation was analyzed for the potentially toxic elements, according to the selective sequel extraction as well as for the relation among volatilized sulfide after a cold attack with acid (AVS) and the simultaneous metal extraction (SEM). The organic matter origin present in the river sediments was identified through the comparison between the reference parameters in isotopic basis (?13C). In terms of toxicity of the studied elements, the use of global references (world averages) shows overestimated values to Cd and underestimated to Cu (JM) according to FGNR, showing the importance of ponderation of geogenic formation in the evaluation of anthropic contribution classes in river bottom sediments. It was possible to note the coherence among the criterions of toxicity used (EF e Igeo), highlighting in the basin of Jundiaí River, anthropic contribution of Cu and Zn, mainly in JM. In the basin of Capivari River, it was possible to verify the anthropic contribution Pb in CF. The results obtained using the AVS and SEM methods in the evaluation of bioavailability of the potentially toxic elements using the criterion (SEM - AVS) / Corg > 130, showed that there isn\'t bioavailability of the elements in the sediments of sampled river bottoms. On the other hand, using the sequel selective extraction, the results present bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Pb in most of the studied monitoring stations, the Cu linked to the organic matter fraction (S4), Zn and Pb linked to the iron oxide and manganese fraction (S3). In addition, the origin of organic matter in the fine sediments of suspension (FSS) in Jundiaí and Capivarí Rivers turned out to be associated to the erosive material (soil of basin) in the rainy periods and to the domestic effluents in the dry periods, and in the bottom sediments, the origin of the organic matter turned out to be related mainly to the domestic effluents

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a especiação química dos principais elementos potencialmente tóxicos (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni e Pb), presentes nos sedimentos fluviais das bacias de drenagem dos rios Jundiaí e Capivari (SP) da nascente até à foz, identificando as ocorrências de origem naturais e antrópicas, utilizando diversos critérios de toxicidade e parâmetros de controle. A determinação da concentração total dos elementos, obtidas a partir do método da fusão alcalina, permitiu avaliar os critérios de toxicidade considerando os valores-guia de qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS), bem como os fatores de enriquecimento (EF) e índices de geo-acumulação (Igeo) tendo como base o fundo geoquímico natural regional (FGNR). A biodisponibilidade foi analisada para os elementos potencialmente tóxicos, de acordo com o processo da extração sequencial seletiva bem como pela relação entre sulfetos volatilizados após ataque ácido a frio (AVS) e extração simultânea de metais (SEM). A origem da matéria orgânica presente nos sedimentos fluviais foi identificada através da comparação com parâmetros de referência em base isotópica (?13C). Em termos de toxicidade dos elementos estudados, o uso de referências globais (médias mundiais) indicaram valores superestimados para Cd e subestimados para Cu (JM) em relação ao FGNR, mostrando a importância da ponderação da formação geogênica na avaliação de classes de contribuição antrópica em sedimentos de fundo fluvial. Foi possível observar coerência entre os critérios de toxicicidade utilizados (EF e Igeo), destacando na bacia do rio Jundiaí, contribuição antrópica de Cu e Zn, principalmente em JM. Já na bacia do rio Capivari foi constatado contribuição antrópica Pb em CF. Os resultados obtidos empregando o método AVS e SEM na avaliação da biodisponibilidade dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos utilizando o critério (SEM - AVS) / Corg > 130, mostraram não haver biodisponibilidade dos elementos nos sedimentos de fundo amostrados. Quando utilizando a extração sequencial seletiva, resultados apresentaram a biodisponibilidade de Cu, Zn e Pb na maioria das estações de amostragem estudadas, sendo o Cu ligado à fração da matéria orgânica (S4), Zn e Pb à fração de óxidos de ferro e manganês (S3). Quanto à origem da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos finos em suspensão (FSS) dessas bacias, revelaram-se associada ao material erosivo (solos da bacia) nos períodos chuvosos e aos efluentes domésticos no período de estiagem, e nos sedimentos de fundo a origem da matéria orgânica apresentou-se relacionada principalmente aos efluentes domésticos / The aim of the current work was to study the chemical speciation of the main potentially toxic elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni e Pb) present in fluvial sediments from the drainage basins in the Jundiaí and Capivarí Rivers (São Paulo State), from their headwaters until the river mouth, identifying the natural causes and anthropic occurrences using various toxicity criterions and control parameters. The purpose of total concentration of the elements, acquired from the alkaline fusion method, permitted to evaluate the toxicity criterions considering the values of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) as well as the enrichment factors (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) based on the natural regional chemical fund (FGNR). The bioavailability evaluation was analyzed for the potentially toxic elements, according to the selective sequel extraction as well as for the relation among volatilized sulfide after a cold attack with acid (AVS) and the simultaneous metal extraction (SEM). The organic matter origin present in the river sediments was identified through the comparison between the reference parameters in isotopic basis (?13C). In terms of toxicity of the studied elements, the use of global references (world averages) shows overestimated values to Cd and underestimated to Cu (JM) according to FGNR, showing the importance of ponderation of geogenic formation in the evaluation of anthropic contribution classes in river bottom sediments. It was possible to note the coherence among the criterions of toxicity used (EF e Igeo), highlighting in the basin of Jundiaí River, anthropic contribution of Cu and Zn, mainly in JM. In the basin of Capivari River, it was possible to verify the anthropic contribution Pb in CF. The results obtained using the AVS and SEM methods in the evaluation of bioavailability of the potentially toxic elements using the criterion (SEM - AVS) / Corg > 130, showed that there isn\'t bioavailability of the elements in the sediments of sampled river bottoms. On the other hand, using the sequel selective extraction, the results present bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Pb in most of the studied monitoring stations, the Cu linked to the organic matter fraction (S4), Zn and Pb linked to the iron oxide and manganese fraction (S3). In addition, the origin of organic matter in the fine sediments of suspension (FSS) in Jundiaí and Capivarí Rivers turned out to be associated to the erosive material (soil of basin) in the rainy periods and to the domestic effluents in the dry periods, and in the bottom sediments, the origin of the organic matter turned out to be related mainly to the domestic effluents

From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / The importance of water resources and an increasing interest on improvement of out environment have identified the urgent need for methods to predict river response due to various changes resulting from proposed water resource planning. Fluvial geomorphology and hydraulic elements that are related to the interpretation and modeling of response to the problem are presented. Interpretation of alluvial rivers should be preceded by a qualitative analysis and information is presented which should be adequate to carry this out in most cases. This should be followed by a quantitative evaluation of channel response and water sediment routing using theory supplemented by physical and mathematical model studies of the system.

Cette thèse constitue une étude de référence sur la qualité des ressources hydriques du bassin versant du fleuve Ibrahim au Liban, notamment avant la construction d’un grand barrage (Jannah). Pour ce faire, 7 stations (NI7 à NI1) ont été sélectionnées de l’amont vers l’aval sur l’Ibrahim et ses sources karstiques. L’ensemble des sept sous bassins a été caractérisé d’un point de vue hydroclimatologie et états de surface (sols, végétation, cultures, géologie, relief). Les débits mesurés à l’amont (2 stations) et à l’aval (1 station) nous ont permis de reconstituer les débits des autres stations intermédiaires grâce à des relations débits-surfaces spécifiques. À partir de prélèvements et d’analyses chimiques de la composition des eaux tout au long d’un cycle hydrologique et avec une fréquence mensuelle, les flux de matières exportées en solution par l’Ibrahim ont été estimés à 122 372 t/an. 80% de ce tonnage est exporté durant la période des hautes eaux. À partir de ce tonnage, on a pu estimer que l’altération chimique des roches carbonatées sur l’ensemble du bassin s’effectue à la vitesse de 81 cm/10000 ans. Cette altération consomme un flux élevé de CO2 typique des régions carbonatées soumises à un drainage intense (1500 mm/an), soit 2,23 x106 moles/km2/an de CO2. L’analyse de la concentration en éléments traces dans les sédiments de fond des cours d’eau, intégrateurs des transports solides, en hautes eaux et en basses eaux, montre des concentrations élevées pour le Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga et Cu en passant de NI5 jusqu’à NI2. L’évaluation du degré de cette contamination et de sa variation spatio-temporelle a été effectuée grâce au facteur d’enrichissement en normalisant par rapport à l’aluminium et en prenant les sédiments de la station amont NI7 (source karstique) considérés comme peu ou pas contaminés en ET, comme fond géochimique naturel. Des teneurs élevées en Zn, Pb, Cu et d’autres éléments traces montrent que dans cette région où les activités industrielles, agricoles, et urbaines sont développées, il existe un apport anthropique non négligeable en éléments métalliques. Mais cette contamination reste modérée / Throughout the study framework conducted on the quality of the water resources in the Ibrahim River watershed in Lebanon (notably before the construction of a large dam, Jannah), 7 stations (NI7 to NI1) were selected, from upstream to downstream, including its karst springs. Hydroclimatological and specific catchment characteristics (such as land cover use, geology, hydrology, soil and topography) where characterized for the whole seven sub-basins respectively. Discharge data from the sources (2 stations) and the basin outlet (1 station) enhanced our study to determine and further calculate the discharge of other stations. Sampling and analyzing the chemical composition of water collected monthly during one hydrological cycle allowed us to determine the amount of dissolved material carried by the Ibrahim River. The river flux of dissolved material was estimated at 122 372 tons / year of which 80% of is exported during high flow season. Therefore this flux allowed us to estimate the rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rocks across the basin at 81 cm / 10000 years. This alteration consumes a high flux of CO2 (around 2,23x106 moles/km2/year of CO2) typical for carbonate regions subject to intense drainage (1500 mm). The analysis for the concentration of trace elements in fluvial sediments for the Ibrahim River for the low and high flow periods shows high concentrations of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Ga in the from NI5 station up to NI2. The assessment of the extent of the contamination and its spatio-temporal variation was conducted using the enrichment factor by normalizing to aluminium concentration and using the element concentrations in the sediments of station NI7 (karstic sspring) considered as the natural geochemical background for this catchment. High levels of Zn, Pb, Cu and other traces of noticeable elements show that in this region where industrial, agricultural and urban activities are developed, there is a significant anthropogenic contribution for some metallic elements; thus the trace element contamination remains moderate.