Die Futterpflanzen Kaukasischer Klee und Futterchicorée wurden als Reinsaat und in Gemenge mit einer Grünlandmischung auf zwei Standorten in Sachsen auf ihre Anbaueignung und ihren Futterwert untersucht. Der Kaukasische Klee überdauert Trockenstressphasen sehr gut, ist absolut winterfest und weist einen teilweise überdurchschnittlichen Gehalt an wertgebenden Inhaltstoffen auf. Dem stehen eine niedrige Keimfähigkeit und schwierige Etablierung eines Pflanzenbestandes mit geringem Ertrag entgegen. Der Kaukasische Klee ist in seiner Anbaueignung stark eingeschränkt und für sächsische Standortbedingungen wenig geeignet. Der Futterchicorée lässt sich leicht etablieren, zeichnet sich durch rasches Massenwachstum aus und überdauert Trockenstress ebenfalls gut. Er ist gekennzeichnet durch einen teilweise überdurchschnittlichen Gehalt an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen, seine Nutzungsmöglichkeiten sind aber durch den geringen Trockensubstanzgehalt eingeschränkt. Der Futterchicorée ist zum Anbau als Futterpflanze in Sachsen geeignet, es deuten sich insbesondere Möglichkeiten der Nutzung als Gemengepartner von Grünlandmischungen an.

Two indoor feeding experiments were conducted at the Animal Physiology Unit (APU) of Massey University, involving young sheep, to investigate the effect of feeding forage willow upon the death of established parasites and upon parasite fecundity, using chaffed lucerne as the control diet. Experiment 1: Twenty-four (24) parasite-free weaned hoggets weighing 29.9 ±1.2 kg (SD) were individually penned and fed chaffed lucerne ad libitum during a preexperimental adaption period of 5 weeks. They were then fed either lucerne chaff or chopped willow for a further 5 weeks (n = 12/group) and intakes were adjusted such that the DMI of the two groups was similar during weeks 9 & 10. All lambs were infected with L3 larvae parasites comprising 20,650 Teladorsagia, 1,320 Trichostrongylus and 330 Cooperia through oral drenching 12 days before willow feeding started. This was done after confirmation that the sheep were free of nematodes through FEC analysis. Total faeces were collected for 3 day periods towards the end of weeks 9 & 10, to measure diet digestibility and total faecal egg excretion. The sheep were slaughtered at the end of week 10. Voluntary feed intake (VFI), FEC and liveweight were measured weekly, whilst burdens of individual parasites and carcass characteristics were measured after slaughter. Duplicate samples of each feed offered and individual animal refusals were taken daily and pooled weekly per animal for chemical analysis. Female worm fecundity was calculated by two methods. Blood samples for immunological analysis were collected on days 20, 34, 51 and 70, and analysed for components of white blood cells (WBC) and for lymphocyte subsets. Experiment 2: A 2 x 2 changeover experiment was conducted, involving two time periods (Period 1 and Period 2 each of 14 days) with the same diets as used in Experiment 1, fed to 9 individually penned parasite-free young sheep randomly allocated to experimental diets. The parameters investigated were FEC and larvae hatching. Initially, a period of 7 days was allowed for acclimatisation in which both groups were fed on half willow and half lucerne chaff. This was followed by Period 1 with 4 lambs fed lucerne and 5 fed willow, after which the diets were changed over for Period 2. Total faeces produced were collected from all animals on the last day of each period using bagged sheep. A known number of Teladorsagia eggs (500 epg) was then added to faecal samples from these sheep and faeces-egg mixtures were made from which FEC was determined, to see if egg recovery was affected by these diets. Faecal samples for Period 2 with added eggs were also incubated for 10 days to measure hatchability. The recovery of added Teladorsagia eggs in Experiment 2 was 85% in lucerne-fed lambs and 53% willow-fed lambs (P<0.001); these were used as correction factors for Experiment 1 data. Larvae that hatched per gram of wet faeces in Experiment 2 tended to be lower for sheep fed willow than lucerne chaff (71% vs 83% of eggs added; P=0.08). Willow feed offered had lower DM (P<0.001) and CP (P<0.05) content, but had a significantly higher OM content (P<0.01) than lucerne chaff. Condensed tannin content of chopped willow was 27 g/kg DM, with only traces for lucerne. Apparent digestibility for DM (62.4% vs 59.5%; P≤0.05), OM (64.8% vs 59.9%; P≤0.001), DOMD (58.1% vs 55.0%; P≤0.01) and calculated ME (9.48 MJ/kg vs 8.96 MJ/kg; P≤0.01) were higher for the willow diet. VFI was similar for both groups during the adaption period (P>0.05) but declined with the introduction of willow in week 6 (P<0.001) and then progressively increased until it was similar to lucerne-fed sheep in weeks 9 & 10 (P>0.05). Calculated DM intake per head/day during the last two weeks of Experiment 1 was similar for the two groups (P>0.05); while the willow group had higher ME (P<0.01) and CP (P<0.001) intake per animal/day. Liveweight increased for the two groups during the adaption period (P>0.05), then declined for willow-fed lambs in week 6 (P<0.001) but later increased and by week 10 was similar to that of lucerne-fed lambs. The willow-fed lambs had lower carcass GR than the lucerne-fed lambs (P<0.01) when carcass weight was used as a covariate. Adjusted total daily egg production in Experiment 1 was lower in willow-fed sheep than lucerne-fed sheep, due to reductions for Haemonchus spp. (P<0.05) and Teladorsagia spp. (P<0.05). The per capita fecundity for Haemonchus worm spp. (P<0.05) and the in utero fecundity in both abomasal Teladorsagia spp. and small intestinal Trichostrongylus spp. (P<0.001) were lower for willow-fed sheep. There was reduced production of larvae for both Haemonchus spp. and Teladorsagia spp. (P<0.05) in willow-fed sheep. Feeding willow reduced the burden of Haemonchus adult worms in the abomasum (P<0.01) but reduced female worm burden only in Teladorsagia spp. (P<0.05) and reduced Cooperia spp. in the small intestines (P<0.01). Total WBC, total lymphocytes, subsets of lymphocytes and other white-cell groups were not affected by willow feeding (P>0.1). It was concluded that feeding chopped willow to young sheep reduced nematode worm burdens in the abomasum, especially both male and female Haemonchus spp., and reduced female worm burdens of Teladorsagia spp. Female worm fecundity of both species was also reduced by willow feeding. These reductions have been associated with CT content in the willow feed and the reduced worm burdens have been attributed to the death of the established worms by CT, since there was no evidence of immune priming in willow-fed sheep. Compounds present in the faeces of willow-fed sheep have been found to mask some of the nematode eggs, making them invisible by microscopic examination while keeping their viability. It is postulated that this could be due to binding of nematode eggs to insoluble CT associated with indigestible fibre in the faeces of willow-fed sheep. Conventional methods of measuring FEC therefore underestimated nematode eggs present in the faeces of willow-fed sheep and this needs to be checked for other CT-containing forages.

A series of grazing experiments were conducted in the summer/autumn of 2003 and 2004 at Massey University's Riverside dryland farm near Masterton in Wairarapa on the East Coast of NZ, to study the effects of grazing willow fodder blocks (6,000 stems/ha) upon the production and reproductive performance of ewes relative to ewes grazing drought pastures. Drought pastures were simulated in this study and included short drought pasture and long drought pasture. Pasture with a low pre-grazing mass of approximately 1500 kg OM/ha, a dead matter content of >50 % and a sward height of 5-7 cm was defined as short drought pasture typical of drought conditions. Long drought pasture was similar to pasture growing in the willow fodder blocks, with a pre-grazing pasture mass of >4000 kg OM/ha, a sward height of > 30cm and a dead matter content of 30-60 % . Willow fodder blocks were established on low-lying wet, marshy areas of the farm that had very low or zero productivity in the undeveloped state. Pasture development in the fodder blocks was noticed with the growth of unsown grasses and legumes, as the areas dried up following the planting of willow stakes, due to evapotranspiration from the trees. Forage in the willow fodder blocks included both trees and pasture that was grown under the trees. The nutritive value of short drought pasture was low with an ME of 8 MJ/kg O M ; long drought pasture ranged between 8- 1 0 MJ ME/kg DM; willow pasture contained 8 MJ M Elkg DM in 2003 and 1 0 MJ ME/kg OM in 2004. The nutritive value of edible willow tree (<5 mm diameter) was superior to drought pasture with an ME of > 10 MJ/kg OM. The concentrations of the secondary compounds such as condensed tannins (CT ; 30- 40 glkg OM) and phenolicglycosides ( PG ; 1 5-35 g/kg DM) were higher in willow trees compared to their concentrations (CT ; 2-3 g/kg DM) and (PG; 2-9 g/kg OM) in control drought pastures. Experiments involving short drought pasture, long drought pasture and willow fodder blocks as treatment groups were grazed by ewes for 10 weeks in regular breaks from mid February to early May. Ewes were mated during this period and were joined together after mating and grazed on normal pasture until weaning. Live weight (LW) change and body condition score (BCS) were recorded throughout the experiments, whilst reproductive performance of ewes was measured as the number of lambs recorded at ultrasound pregnancy scanning, lambing, docking and weaning. Measurements on wool production were also recorded at weaning. In 2003, experimental ewes grazed control drought pastures (short and long) and willow fodder blocks (restricted and full access) as treatment groups (n= 1 00 ewes/group; Chapter 2). Ewes grazing short drought pasture had an allowance of 0.8 k g DM/ewe/d whilst ewes with restricted access had an allowance of 0.8 kg DM/ewe/d from drought pasture and 0 .4 kg OM/ewe/d from willow fodder blocks. Ewes in full access treatment group had no access to pasture but were confined to willow fodder blocks at an allowance of 2.0 kg OM/ewe/d, which was the same allowance given to long drought pasture ewes. Ewes grazing short drought pasture lost weight at approximately 1 00g/d and recorded a low reproductive rate (90 lambs weaned/100 ewes mated) with a high proportion of single lamb births. Live weight loss was significantly reduced to 40 g/d in ewes grazing willow fodder blocks (full access) with a 20% units increase in reproductive rate due to more multiple births (P <0. 05). Ewes grazing long drought pasture performed intermediate to ewes with full access to fodder blocks and ewes grazing short drought pasture, whilst ewes with restricted access performed similar to ewes grazing short drought pasture. In 2004 (Chapter 3), the restricted access to willow fodder blocks treatment was eliminated from the study and the number of ewes was increased to 165 ewes per treatment group. Performance of ewes grazing short drought pasture was similar to that of ewes grazing short drought pasture in 2003 , with ewes loosing live weight (40g/d) and a low reproductive rate (90 lambs weaned/l00 ewes mated) whilst ewes grazing long drought pasture gained L W (54 g/d) and had a higher reproductive rate (P<0.05). Ewes grazing willow fodder blocks performed better than ewes grazing short drought pasture by maintaining L W and their reproductive rate was intermediate to ewes grazing short and long drought pasture. In 2005, a short grazing trial with rumen fistulated sheep was conducted to study the effect of supplementing willow to ewes grazing drought pastures upon plasma amino acid concentrations (Chapter 4) and upon the microbiology of the rumen (Chapter 5 and 6). Grazing occurred during summer/autumn for 10 weeks with two treatment groups; control (short drought pasture; n=7) at an allowance of 0.8 kg DM/ewe/d and ewes grazing short drought pasture at 0.8 kg DM/ewe/d plus a supplement of fresh willow at 1.4 kg fresh willow/ewe/d (n=7) . Blood samples for the quantification of plasma amino acids were collected at week 5 and 10, with L W and BCS measured at fortnightly intervals. Short drought pasture in this experiment had a low pasture mass (2000 k g DM/ha) and a low nutritive value (8 MJ/kg DM), whilst willow had a higher M E of 10 MJ/kg OM. Both groups of ewes lost live weight at the rate of 50 g/d. Plasma concentration of 3 methylhistidine (3-MTH; 88 vs 127μ mole/L) at week 5 and non essential amino acids (NEAA; 1082 vs 1417μ mo1e/L) at week 5 and ( 1155 vs 1324 μ mole/L) at week 10, were substantially lower (P<0 .05) in w illow supplemented ewes than control ewes. It was concluded that the increased reproductive rate from willow supplementation in ewes grazing drought pasture might be partly explained by reduced body protein catabolism, besides also increasing plasma branched chain amino acids CBCAA) and essential amino acids (EAA) concentrations. To investigate the effects of willow supplementation on rumen microbes, rumen samples were collected during the 2005 experiment with fistulated ewes over a 10 week period. The study involved the use of a molecular technique ( Chapter 5), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), to compare the rumen microbial populations between the control and supplemented ewes and a cultivation technique (Chapter 6) to study the effect on rumen bacteria of ewes grazing drought pastures with and with out willow supplementation. DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S ribosomal RNA genes in DNA extracted from samples of rumen contents taken fortnightly over a 10 week feeding period showed a distinct difference in banding patterns between treatment groups which progressively developed over time, showing rumen microbial adaptation to willow supplementation. However, phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences retrieved from the DGGE bands from willow-supplemented and control ewes did not cluster by treatment group. It was deduced that willow supplementation induced a change in rumen bacterial populations through selecting sub-populations of organisms already present in the rumen. The changes in the rumen bacterial populations is attributed to the ability of these bacteria to metabolise secondary compounds in willow such as phenolicglycosides and flavanoid monomers and their ability to resist the inhibitory effects of condensed tannins. The cultivation study involved enumeration, isolation and purification of bacterial colonies on Complete Carbohydrate, Salicin, Xylan, Cellulose and Willow media followed by full characterisation of a representative set of pure bacterial cultures. Total bacterial counts on the above media at week 5 and week 10 were generally lower in willow-supplemented ewes compared to control ewes and the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the majority of iso lates characterised from both Salicin and Xylan media, were most closely related to species from the Pseudobutyrivibrio genus. Isolates from Willow medium clustered as two distinct groups. One group (mostly isolated from control ewes) was made up of mainly of organisms not usually associated with the rumen and probably represent non-resident organisms that are passing through the rumen. The other group of bacteria were mainly retrieved from willow-supplemented ewes and were most closely related to species of the Ofsenella genus. Compared to bacteria isolated on Salicin and Xylan media, isolates on Willow medium showed little ability to ferment various carbohydrates or trypticase (hydrolysed protein) but were able to utilise secondary compounds from willow. It was concluded that willow fodder blocks are useful sources of supplementary fodder for mating ewes during drought situations. Both the field and m icrobiological studies showed adaptation to the willow supplementary diet, including the detection of Olsenelfa-like bacteria for the first time in the rumen. It is suggested that the principal purpose of the rumen investigation is the degradation of secondary compounds present in willow.

The major antinutritive factor in Leucaena for ruminants is condensed tannin (CT). CT bind proteins, incurring a negative effect on protein utilisation. The two major factors affecting the ability of CT to bind protein have been purported to be CT size and the pH of the reaction environment. To test these hypotheses the protein precipitating capacities of CT extracted from four promising Leucaena genotypes, L. leucocephala (K636), L. pallida (CQ3439), L. trichandra (CPI46568), and L. collinsii (OFI52/88) were assessed. L. leucocephala had approximately half the ability to precipitate protein on a g/g basis than L. pallida or L. trichandra while L. collinsii gave no measurable ability to precipitate protein (reaction environment=pH 5.0). Increasing or decreasing the pH of the reaction solution away from pH 5.0 (the isoelectric point of the protein) reduced the ability of CT from all the species to precipitate protein; the decrease being higher a pH 2.5 than at pH 7.5. At pH 2.5 L. leucocephala CT completely lost its capacity to precipitate protein. The relatively poor ability of L. leucocephala CT to bind protein at pH’s approximating those at the abomasum suggests L. leucocephala may have the greatest potential of the four Leucaena’s tested for increasing the extent of feed protein escaping ruminant degradation for later release and digestion in the small intestine, hence increasing the total amount of protein absorbed by ruminants. CT fractions from each Leucaena were also separated into individual CT’s, by size-exclusion chromatography and examined for protein precipitating capacity. In general it was found that the larger sized CT of the accessions L. pallida and L. trichandra could precipitate more protein than the smaller sized CT. This pattern was not found for L. leucocephala.

The objective of this diploma thesis is to assess the factors affecting the concentration of dust particles during forage pressing. For this purpose, five presses for square bales and five presses for round bales were selected. They were harvesting different kinds of straw. Thanks to measurement using an aerosol monitor, the concentration of dust particles during the harvest was detected. The measured values were evaluated and the amount of concentration of the dust particles between the square and round bale presses was compared. There were also set the methodological steps of the measurement procedure.

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-04-10T18:43:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2027470 bytes, checksum: 87bccc6b0ac4839b4767ee0d7e27c6bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-10T18:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2027470 bytes, checksum: 87bccc6b0ac4839b4767ee0d7e27c6bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-15 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The characteristics of the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil lead to the development of a forest formation known as Caatinga, composed mostly by xerophytes. The Caatinga forest is fundamental to the economic activities of the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. However, very often, these activities put the ecosystem integrity at risk. Among the most frequent tree species, jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret) stands out for its potential for forage production, especially in the dry period of the year, when fodder shortage is in its peak. Its stems may be used for fence construction, or as high caloric power firewood for bakeries and ceramic industries. Its bark can be used as a source of tannins for fur treatment. Bark extraction also brings the extra benefit of reducing the attack of wood-eating fungi and insects and increasing the energetic quality of its firewood. There are many ecological benefits of this species for the semi-arid region. First it plays an important role in the initial phase of recovery of degraded areas, in preparing the environment for the secondary species of the later stages of plant and animal succession in the Caatinga forest. In addition, it helps to protect the soil and produce food for the native fauna. Jurema preta shows a high efficiency in N fixation and nutrient uptake, as it is able to successfully associate to rizobium bacteria and mycorrizal fungi. Due to the described importance of this species for the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil, studies were conducted to evaluate its growth rate, forage production and natural regeneration in the semi-arid region of Paraiba. These points are presented in the following chapters. / As características da região semi-árida do nordeste do Brasil favorecem o desenvolvimento de uma formação florestal denominada Caatinga, constituída especialmente por plantas xerófilas. A Caatinga é a base das atividades econômicas da região, e o manejo inadequado da vegetação, muitas vezes, coloca em risco a integridade deste ecossistema. Dentre as espécies arbóreas mais freqüentes da Caatinga, a jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret) se destaca pelo seu potencial para produção de forragem, especialmente no período seco do ano, quando se intensifica a escassez de alimentos para os animais. Da madeira da jurema preta podem ser obtidas estacas e lenha de alto poder calorífico, utilizada nos fornos das padarias, olarias e cerâmicas. A sua casca pode ser explorada como fonte de taninos para a curtição de peles, com o benefício extra de diminuir o ataque de fungos e insetos xilófagos nas estacas, além de aumentar a qualidade energética da sua lenha. Os benefícios ecológicos desta espécie para a região vão desde a sua participação nos estágios iniciais de recuperação de áreas degradadas, preparando o ambiente para as espécies dos estágios sucessionais finais do bioma Caatinga, até a proteção do solo e produção de alimentos para a fauna nativa. É uma espécie de alta eficiência na fixação de N2 e absorção de nutrientes, via associação com Rhizobium e fungos micorrízicos. Devido à importância dessa espécie para a região, desenvolveram-se estudos com o objetivo de compreender o comportamento dessa espécie no que se refere ao seu crescimento, produção de forragem e regeneração natural na região semi-árida da Paraíba, os quais são relatados nos próximos capítulos.

Submitted by DIEGO MAROSTICA LINO (dmarostical@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-26T23:31:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PPG_CTA_Diego_Marostica_Lino.pdf: 884534 bytes, checksum: 0a3f22e71b5fa827238ccc5a62455faa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-27T12:33:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lino_dm_me_ilha.pdf: 884534 bytes, checksum: 0a3f22e71b5fa827238ccc5a62455faa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T12:33:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lino_dm_me_ilha.pdf: 884534 bytes, checksum: 0a3f22e71b5fa827238ccc5a62455faa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / Na busca por minimizar a sazonalidade da produção de forragens e manter a qualidade nutricional, o uso da consorciação de culturas de inverno é uma alternativa que promove a disponibilidade de forragem de alta qualidade no período em que há pouco crescimento das pastagens tropicais, visando suprir a baixa oferta alimentar de qualidade ocasionada no período de outono e inverno com baixo custo de implantação. Portanto, objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar métodos de sobressemeadura da aveia preta em pastagem irrigada de Tifton-85 em cerrado de baixa altitude, sob pastejo de ovinos durante dois anos, analisando os índices de produtividade, custos de produção e composição bromatológica da consorciação forrageira da pastagem. Os tratamentos experimentais utilizados foram: controle (pastagem de Tifton-85), sobressemeaduras realizada na pastagem de Tifton-85 da aveia antes do pastejo dos ovinos; aveia durante o pastejo dos ovinos; aveia com compactação com trator; aveia com gradagem superficial; e aveia com gradagem superficial e compactação com trator. O delineamento experimental foi conduzido em blocos completos casualizados com seis tratamentos (métodos de sobressemeadura e o controle) e quatro repetições (24 unidades experimentais). Recomenda-se de acordo com os resultados obtidos, o método de sobressemeadura de aveia preta no capim Tifton-85 antes do pastejo, por apresentar participação efetiva na composição botânica do pasto, aumentando a disponibilidade de forragem, com qualidade nutricional e baixo custo de implantação. / In order to minimize the seasonality of forage production and maintain nutritional quality, the use of intercropping in winter crops is an alternative that promotes the availability of high quality fodder in the period when there is little growth of tropical pastures, aiming to supply the low quality food supply in the autumn and winter with low implementation costs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the methods of overgrazing of black oats in Tifton-85 irrigated pasture in low-lying cerrado, under grazing of sheep for two years, analyzing productivity, production costs and composition of grassland forage consortium. The experimental treatments used were: control (Tifton-85 pasture), rearing performed on the Tifton-85 pasture of oats before grazing of sheep; oats during grazing of sheep; oats with compaction with tractor; oats with surface sorting; and oats with surface sorting and tractor compaction. The experimental design was conducted in randomized complete blocks with six treatments (overpressure and control methods) and four replicates (24 experimental units). According to the results obtained, the method of overwintering of black oats in the Tifton-85 grass before grazing is recommended, since it presents an effective participation in the botanical composition of the pasture, increasing the availability of forage, with nutritional quality and low implantation cost.

Le ruminant est exposé aux POP déposés sur les prairies. Cette thèse étudie le transfert des PCDD/F, PCB et HAP du fourrage et du sol vers le lait. De l’herbe contaminée en PHE, PYR et B[a]P a été incubée dans le rumen des vaches pour déterminer la disparition in sacco des HAP, des alcanes cuticulaires et de la MS. Les 3 HAP ont disparus (83%) au bout d’1h d’incubation, tandis que les alcanes cuticulaires et la MS ont présenté une disparition plus lente. Les FT des HAP de l’herbe et du sol vers le lait a été étudié in vivo chez la chèvre. Les HAP natifs sont très faiblement transférés vers le lait quelle que soit la matrice d’apport. Le transfert des PCDD/F et PCB du foin contaminé vers le lait a été aussi étudié. Les FT des PCB ont varié de 5 à 90% et pour les PCDD/F de 1 à 40%. Le risque d’exposition de l’homme via le lait peut se présenter notamment pour les PCDD/F et PCB. Les normes actuelles sur les teneurs de HAP dans le lait ainsi que la toxicité du 1-OH-PYR devraient être précisées / Ruminant is exposed to POPs deposited on grasslands. This thesis study the transfer of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs from fodder and soil to milk. PHE, PYR and B[a]P contaminated grass was incubated in the rumen of cows in order to determine the in sacco disappearance of PAHs, cuticular n-alkanes and DM. The 3 PAHs disappeared (83%) in the 1st hour of incubation while the cuticular n-alkanes and DM disappearance was slower. The transfer of PAHs from grass and soil towards milk has been studied in vivo in goats. The transfer to milk of native PAHs is minimal whatever the matrix ingested. The transfer of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from contaminated hay to milk has been also studied. The CORs of PCBs varied from 5% to 90% and for PCDD/Fs from 1% to 40%. The risk of human exposure via milk could become meanly with PCDD/Fs an PCBs. The current safety threshold values in milk as well as toxicity of 1-OH-PYR must be reviewed

The main objective of my thesis is to evaluate a suitability of the project of the centralisation of management of agriculture commodities transportation in AGF Logistics. The evaluation is based on the analysis of operational and economic data. The results of the application of theoretical models confirmed my hypothesis that the project of a centralisation is a suitable solution for performance optimisation. It is possible to compare the actual state of the project with expected goals based on acquired data and find out the opportunities and risks connected with the project.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 149957 bytes, checksum: d219d7c38eca166d0eac355501df82ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / The project goal was to study the productivity and quality of forage produced bromatological from monoculture of sorghum and maize and intercropping of them with dwarf pea, sunn hemp, white lupine, sunflower and radish. The experiment was installed in the area of agricultural production of the Campus II Unoeste in Presidente Prudente-SP, on April 3rd, 2008. The experimental design was a split plot with four replications, with the following treatments: monoculture of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays) and sorghum consortium + pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan var. Dwarf) sorghum + sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), Sorghum + Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), sorghum fodder radish (Raphanus sativus), sorghum + white lupine (Lupinus albus), maize + pigeon pea dwarf, corn / sunn hemp, corn / sunflower corn + radish and corn + white lupine. The plots were scaled with eight rows of sowing of six meters. Biomass were collected at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing for the quantification of plant material and chemical analysis. Statistical analysis consists of analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability to compare treatment means. The single or intercropped sorghum was more efficient during low nutritive value, especially for syndications with sunflower, hemp and pigeon, which may have occurred because plants are more adapted to the dry climate of the region. Since the time of cutting that stood out with a productive balance and quality of the composition was 90 DAS. / O objetivo do projeto foi estudar a produtividade e a qualidade bromatológica de forragem produzida a partir de monocultivos de sorgo e milho, bem como a consorciação dos mesmos com guandu-anão, crotalária juncea, tremoço branco, girassol e nabo forrageiro. O experimento foi instalado na área de produção agrícola do Campus II da Unoeste, em Presidente Prudente-SP, no dia 03 de abril de 2008. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas sub-divididas, com quatro repetições, com os seguintes tratamentos: monocultivos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e milho (Zea mays), e consórcios de sorgo + guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan, var. anão), sorgo + crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea), sorgo + girassol (Helianthus annuus), sorgo + nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus), sorgo + tremoço branco (Lupinus albus), milho + guandu-anão, milho + crotalária juncea, milho + girassol, milho + nabo forrageiro e milho + tremoço branco. As parcelas foram dimensionadas com oito linhas de semeadura de seis m de comprimento. Foram coletadas fitomassas aos 60, 90 e 120 dias após a semeadura para quantificação da material vegetal e análises bromatológicas. O estudo estatístico consta de análise de variância e teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para comparar as médias dos tratamentos. O sorgo solteiro ou consorciado mostrou-se mais eficiente na maioria das avaliações bromatológicas, com destaque para as consorciações com girassol, crotalária e guandu, fato que pode ter ocorrido por serem plantas mais adaptadas ao clima seco da região. Sendo que a época de corte que se sobressaiu com um equilíbrio produtivo e qualidade bromatológica foi a de 90 DAS.