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Studies on the acceptability and digestibility of artificial diets by crustaceaKurmaly, Karim January 1990 (has links)
This work investigates the factors controlling production and determines the biophysical properties of cross-linked protein coated microencapsulated diets, with a view to enhancing their acceptability and digestibility to omnivorous and carnivorous larvae. To estimate optimal feed larvae of Penaeus monodon on microencapsulated diets, facilitate live transportation and add to the biological knowledge of the species, the relationship between metabolic rate/temperature and energetics of the larval stages were investigated. Also described, are laboratory growth and survival trials with P. monodon larvae fed on cross-linked protein microencapsulated diets. Success with P. monodon larvae, led to investigations on acceptability, growth and energetics of juvenile P. monodon reared on an artificial diet. For comparison, a similar line of approach was adopted with the carnivorous larvae of Homarus gammarus. Studies on the physiological energetics of the larvae were followed by investigations on acceptability, growth and digestibility of artificial diets fed to H. gammarus larvae. The final discussion attempts to correlate the contrasting larval growth/survival results to the different energy strategies adopted by the larvae.
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Assessment of a Food for Work Program and the Drought Survival Needs of Ethiopian Communities in the Northern Tigray RegionCollett, Ryan 2011 December 1900 (has links)
The highland Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia has historically suffered significantly from drought shock events. These events, coupled with a high poverty rate- have left a severe impact on the agricultural output and community survival of the region. Several development interventions have been implemented in Ethiopia to address the effects of drought and poverty, the largest being the recent Food for Work Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP). The purpose of this study was to assess the food security and drought survival needs of Ethiopian communities, more specifically, communities in the Northern Tigray Region. The main research questions were: (a) what are major themes from the permanent literature on the PSNP's management policies' impact at the beneficiary level; and (b) what are common needs of drought prone villages in the Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia?
Research Question (a) was approached through content analysis of six purposely chosen peer reviewed journal articles related to the implementation of the first five years of the PSNP. Data was analyzed through the constant comparative method and two major themes emerged: Targeting Policy, and Transfer Policy.
To address Research Question (b), the researcher traveled to four drought prone villages in the Tigray Region and facilitated a combination of Participatory Rural Appraisal and Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques to assess community-level needs. Interviews with Non-Governmental Agency employees, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development employees, and University faculty provided institutional perspective to the research question. Data was analyzed using the constant comparative method and inductively formed into 11 themes, housed in three sectors: Economic Diversification, Environmental Management, and Social Coping Mechanisms.
The results of this study concurred with food security literature; namely that mechanisms for selecting intervention beneficiaries (i.e., targeting policy) and the process for distributing benefits (i.e., transfer policy) are practical concerns at the village level in Ethiopia. Analysis of participatory data formed a framework of community drought survival needs in the context of the Tigray Region. Asset building, water management, and human capacity are example needs which emerged from this study and should be addressed for the long term improvement of Ethiopia's resilience to drought shock events.
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Avaliação de perigos microbiologicos no preparo de formulas infantis em lactario hospitalar / Evaluation of microbiological hazards in the preparation of infant formulas in a hospital lactaryRossi, Pamela 17 August 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Arnaldo Yoshiteru Kuaye / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs) colocam em risco o bem estar e a vida de muitas pessoas todos os dias, apresentando maior severidade em pessoas com estado de saúde mais debilitado, como crianças hospitalizadas. Para esta população alvo, uma das principais fontes de perigos é a alimentação preparada nos lactários dos hospitais. Assim é evidente a importância de um sistema preventivo de controle de qualidade que garanta a segurança dos alimentos fornecidos para esses pacientes. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar perigos microbiológicos existentes no preparo de fórmulas infantis em lactário de hospital público, a fim de adequar o estabelecimento aos pré-requisitos necessários para posterior implantação do sistema Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC). Esta avaliação foi feita através do diagnóstico das condições higiênico-sanitárias do estabelecimento e do estudo do fluxograma de preparo da fórmula láctea infantil (FLI) reconstituída, onde foram estabelecidos dez pontos amostrais, nos quais foram realizadas análises microbiológicas do ar, de equipamento e utensílios e da FLI em pó e reconstituída. As amostras foram coletadas em seis lotes de preparação, compondo um total de 60 amostras às quais foram realizadas determinações de coliformes totais e fecais, estafilococos coagulase positiva, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, enterobactérias, e microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos totais. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas mostraram uma grande variação nas contagens dos microrganismos indicadores, porém nenhum dos microrganismos patogênicos analisados foi detectado pelos métodos utilizados. Todas as amostras da FLI em pó se mostraram adequadas para o consumo de acordo com a resolução legal vigente, porém as amostras das FLI reconstituída apresentaram contagens elevadas para a maioria dos microrganismos indicadores. A colher foi o único utensílio que se mostrou adequadamente higienizado em todas as determinações realizadas. As etapas de aquisição da matéria-prima; armazenamento sob refrigeração e aquecimento para distribuição, foram determinadas como pontos críticos de controle do processo. Com este estudo é possível concluir que a falta de pré-requisitos higiênico-sanitários durante o preparo da FLI reconstituída para lactentes, resulta em um produto microbiologicamente inadequado para crianças em estado de saúde debilitado e que a implantação do sistema APPCC só será possível se o estabelecimento se adequar a esses pré-requisitos / Abstract: Every day foodborne diseases put a lot of people's lives at risk, this being more severe in people with weakened health conditions, such as hospitalized children. For this target population, one of the main sources of foodborne diseases is the food prepared in the hospital lactaries. Thus the importance of a quality control preventive system that guarantees the safety of foods destined for these patients is evident. This work aimed to evaluate microbiological hazards existent in the preparation of infant formula in the lactary of a public hospital, in order to adapt the establishment to the necessary prerequisites for the subsequent implantation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system (HACCP). This evaluation was made by diagnosing the hygienic conditions of the establishment and by studying the preparation flowchart of the reconstituted infant dairy formula (IDF), for which ten sampling points were established so as to make microbiological analyses of the air, equipment and utensils, and powdered and reconstituted IDF. The samples were collected in six preparation batches, giving a total of 60 samples, which were analysed for total and faecal coliformes, coagulase negative staphylococci, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, enterobacteriae, and the total aerobic mesophilic and psycrotrophic microrganisms. The results of the microbiological analyses showed considerable variation in the quantity of the indicative microorganisms, but no pathogens were found by the methods used. All of the powdered IDF samples were appropriate for consumption according to the norms in force, but the reconstituted IDF samples presented high quantities of all the indicative microorganisms, except for faecal coliformes. The spoon was the only utensil that was found to be appropriately clean. The stages: acquisition of the powdered formula; storage under refrigeration and heating for distribution, were identified as the critical control points of the process. From this study it was concluded that the lack of hygienic prerequisites during the preparation of the reconstituted IDF for infants resulted in a microbiologically inadequate product for children in a weakened health condition, and that implantation of the HACCP system would only be possible after the establishment had adjusted itself to attend these prerequisites / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Izolace a charakterizace přírodních aktivních látek a možnosti jejich aplikace při přípravě doplňků stravy / Isolation and characterization of natural active components and their application in food supplementsŠmídová, Veronika January 2021 (has links)
The diploma thesis is focused on the characterisation and isolation of naturally occurred active compounds, especially on lipophilic compounds. The next part of the thesis deals with enzymes and their encapsulation into alginate particles to suggest new enzymatic dietary supplement for children with optimal nutrient composition. The theoretical part is focused on the issue of child nutrition, accordingly the necessary nutrients that children need to grow without any health difficulties. It is also focused on the availability of enzymatic food supplements for children. Finally, the theoretical part deals with the lack of chosen natural substances and their effects in connection with cancer. In the experimental part, four types of oils obtained from seeds were characterized. The oils were obtained by two methods: cold pressing with a Yoda kitchen press and extraction in an organic solvent with Soxtherm. Seeds were linseed, sesame, pumpkin, and cumin. With these oils were characterized natural active substances, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and fatty acids. Liposomes were also prepared from selected extracts, in which an effect on intestinal tumour cells were observed. Furthermore, some enzymes were selected, and they were encapsulated into alginate particles with average size 450 µm. In these particles was specified encapsulation efficiency as well as the proteolytic activity after testing in digest juices. The last part of this thesis was focused on the optimization of a complete enzymatic food supplement with addition of alginate particles as enzyme carriers. Samples of these supplements were finally subjected to a sensory analysis.
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A alimentação escolar como vetor de desenvolvimento local e garantia de segurança alimentar e nutricional / The school feeding like vector of local development and warranty of food safety and nutritionTurpin, Maria Elena 05 August 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Walter Belik / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho busca avaliar a atual contribuição e as potencialidades do PNAE ¿ Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, como instrumento para o DL ¿ Desenvolvimento Local por meio de apoio aos agricultores familiares. Da mesma forma procuramos aferir a importância desse programa para a política de SAN ¿ Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. O estudo foi motivado pela magnitude do PNAE e pela necessidade de conhecer melhor as suas conexões com a agricultura familiar, segmento de destacada importância econômica e social e elemento fundamental para o Desenvolvimento Local. A integração de políticas públicas com o foco na agricultura familiar pode ser um modelo efetivo de redução da desigualdade social em uma região. A pesquisa mostrou, comparativamente aos programas latino-americanos, a abrangência e a estabilidade do PNAE como um programa de Estado, e não mais como programa de governo; e a atual estrutura do programa baseada não só em diretrizes claras fundamentadas nos princípios da SAN, mas também na participação social e no fortalecimento da economia local. O estudo também mostrou que a ligação entre a alimentação escolar e a agricultura familiar segue uma trajetória histórica culminando em três aspectos que estão presentes na legislação atual: exigência ao respeito à vocação agrícola e hábitos alimentares regionais; compras dentro dos limites geográficos regionais; e uso de produtos in natura, típicos daquela produção. A análise das tabelas, documentos e experiências do Prêmio Gestor Eficiente da Merenda Escolar de 2006 permitiu avaliar que, embora o PNAE ainda seja pouco estudado como uma política federal integrada, já apresenta incontáveis exemplos de como promover a inserção competitiva da agricultura familiar no mercado institucional, com aumento na apropriação e circulação de riqueza, gerando efeito multiplicador na economia local. Várias ações municipais relativas à alimentação escolar foram identificadas, especialmente as comerciais. A participação no PAA ¿ Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos da agricultura familiar, por exemplo, embora ainda em fase de revisão, apresentou significativos impactos institucionais e organizacionais na produção familiar. As principais iniciativas, geralmente associadas a ações de educação alimentar e contratação de nutricionistas, apesar de não estarem ligadas a uma participação social atuante, foram dirigidas: ao incentivo no uso de máquinas, insumos e infra-estrutura de beneficiamento, a programas de geração de renda, à valorização cultural, à adaptação às normas da vigilância sanitária, à formalização e capacitação; e à organização política, institucional, administrativa e comercial. Quanto à contribuição do PNAE à garantia de SAN, embora ainda seja prematuro afirmar seus impactos por falta de indicadores mais específicos e atualizados, foram constatados indícios de que seu papel é relevante, especialmente para a população mais carente, por meio de ações de educação alimentar e oferta de refeições complementares / Abstract: This study evaluates both the current contribution and potentialities of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE ¿ Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar) as an instrument for local development, by means of supporting family farmers, and its importance on Food Safety and Nutrition (SAN ¿ Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional). The research was motivated by the magnitude of PNAE, and by the need of better knowing its connections with the family-based agriculture, segment of great economical and social importance and fundamental element for the local development. The integrated public policies focusing the family-based agriculture can be an effective model towards the reduction of social inequality in a region. The research showed, comparatively to the Latin-American programs: the extensiveness and stability of PNAE as a State program, and no more as a government one; and the program¿s current structure based not only on clear guidelines¿ principles of SAN, but also on social participation and on the strengthening of the local economy. The dissertation also showed that the connection between the school feeding and the family-based agriculture follows an historical trajectory culminating in three aspects: the demand for respect to the regional agricultural vocation; the purchase inside the regional geographical limits; and the use of in natura products, characteristic of that agriculture. The analysis of the tables, documents and experiences in the 2006 Efficient Manager of School Feeding Award allowed to evaluate that, although PNAE is still not much studied as an integrated federal policy, it already presents countless examples of how to promote the competitive insertion of the family-based agriculture in the institutional market, with increase in the appropriation and circulation of wealth, generating a multiplier effect in the local economy. Many municipal actions concerned about school feeding were identified, especially the commercial ones. The participation of the family-based agriculture in the Program of Food Acquisition (PAA ¿ Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos) - although still in a reviewing phase - has presented significant institutional and organizational impacts in the family production. The main municipal initiatives, usually associated to actions of alimentary education and nutritionists hiring - in spite of not associated to an active social participation - were focused: on the incentive to the use of machines, inputs and improvement infrastructure; on the programs of income generation; on the cultural valorization; on the adaptation to the norms of the sanitary surveillance; on the legalization and training; and on the on the political, institutional, administrative and commercial organization. In terms of the contribution of PNAE to SAN¿s guarantee - although it is yet too early to know its impacts by lack of specific and up-to-date indicators - there were evidences that its role is relevant, especially for the poorest people, through the actions of alimentary education and offer of complementing meals / Mestrado / Economia Agricola e Agraria / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Enkapsulace probiotik a prebiotik do výrobků pro dětskou výživu / Encapsulation of probiotics and prebiotics for use in nutritional products for childrenŠnajdarová, Karolína January 2018 (has links)
The Diploma thesis deals with designing of probiotic dietary supplement for children with strains Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve and with prebiotics. Used prebiotics were Inulin, Chia fiber, Bamboo fiber, Chlorella + Spirulina and Yakon syrup. The theoretical part is focused on probiotics, prebiotics and their biological influence. In experimental part the possibilities of encapsulation into alginate particle and lyophilisation of probiotic cells were observed to find their good form to final nutritional product for children. Several types of probiotic with addition of prebiotics were tested in model conditions of gastrointestinal tract. It was found that addition of prebiotic highly increases viability of probiotic cells and their resistance to model conditions of gastrointestinal tract. In this case, the best prebiotic was found in Yakon syrup. The prebiotics were also characterised in terms of nutritional composition, amount of total and reducing sugars, oligosaccharides, proteins, lipids, polyphenols and chlorophyll were obtained. Finally, Chia fiber, Chlorella + Spirulina and Yakon syrup were chosen as prebiotics with best characterisation/properties. In conclusion, a dietary supplement with lyophilized alginate particles containing probiotic cells and with the most appropriate prebiotics were designed. Forms of the product were powder and gummy-bear.
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Využití technik enkapsulace k přípravě výrobků určených pro dětskou výživu / Use of encapsulation techniques for production of food for infantsHoová, Julie January 2017 (has links)
The Diploma thesis deals with use of selected probiotic strains Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve in different forms in food for infants. The theoretical part is focused on describing probiotics, encapsulation methods and intestinal gut microbiota of infants. Further, characterization of individual periods of infant feeding and food for infants were introduced. In experimental part the possibilities of encapsulation and lyophilisation of probiotic cells were observed. Probiotic cells were encapsulated into alginate particles. The encapsulator was used for preparation of particles and the most appropriate particles were prepared by encapsulation nozzle with size of 300 µm. Moreover, probiotics viability was monitored by Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence Microscopy and by cultivation (CFU method). Viability of probiotics was monitored during long-term storage in selected food for infants. The appropriate shelf life of non-lyophilized alginate particles in real food have been set at 1 to 2 months. Lyophilized alginate particles could be stored for more than 3 months. Finally, the stability of the particles and viability of encapsulated and non-encapsulated cells in the gastrointestinal tract conditions were also examined. The viabilities of lyophilized cells and cells encapsulated in lyophilized particles were also compared. From the results obtained, non-encapsulated probiotic bacteria cells are more susceptible to negative effects of digestive juices, the percentage of dead probiotic cells after digestion was approximately 80 %. On the other hand, alginate particles showed cell protection from digestive juices, after incomplete cell releasing from particles the percentage of dead probiotic cells did not exceed 20 %. After adequate rehydration, similar results were gained with lyophilized alginate particles. Lyophilized alginate particles have been determined to be the most suitable application form for infants’ food.
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Empirical Essays in Development EconomicsDadzie, Nicholas Nyamekeh January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Substituição do milho moído fino por polpa cítrica peletizada no concentrado de vacas leiteiras mantidas em pastagens de capim elefante durante o outono - inverno. / Partial substution of fine ground corn by peleted citrus pulp in the concentrate of lactating dairy cows, grazing intensive managed elephant-grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Shum).Martinez, Junio Cesar 21 June 2004 (has links)
Objetivou-se estudar a substituição do milho por polpa cítrica peletizada no concentrado de vacas leiteiras em lactação, durante a estação chuvosa do ano, em pastejo de capim-elefante. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP. O delineamento estatístico foi em Quadrado Latino 4 x 4, analisados utilizando-se o Proc GLM (SAS, 1999). Foi utilizada uma área de 7,8 ha de pastagem dividida em 39 piquetes de 0,2 ha cada, adubada com 80 kg N ha mês-1. Experimento I: Foram utilizadas oito vacas Holandesas com média de 82 dias de lactação e 522,9 kg de PV, no início do período experimental. Os tratamentos continham as seguintes proporções de milho e polpa cítrica: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). As vacas receberam 7,00 kg de concentrado dia-1 (6,3 kg MS), fracionado em duas vezes ao dia. A pastagem foi adubada com 80 kg N ha.mês-1. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no tempo de pastejo (7h22), ruminação (8h36), ócio (5h56) e taxa de bocados (34,4 movimentos min-1). A temperatura retal (38,74 e 39,64ºC) e freqüência respiratória (47,44 e 61,20 movimentos min-1), mensuradas as 8:00 e as 15:30 horas, respectivamente, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (18,5 kg vaca dia-1), percentagens de gordura (3,5%), proteína (3,06%), lactose (4,40%), sólidos totais (13,02%), N-uréico (15,01 mg dL-1) e contagem de células somáticas (203.000 mL-1). O peso vivo (536,8 kg), condição corporal (2,51), glicose plasmática (75,90 mg dL-1), N-uréico plasmático (16,96 mg dL-1) e ácidos graxos livres no plasma (456,12 mEq L-1) também não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Experimento II: Foram utilizadas 11 vacas (7 Holandesas e 4 Jersey), com 427,5 kg de PV e 153,22 dias de lactação, no início do período experimental. Os concentrados continham 21,8% de PB e as respectivas proporções de milho e polpa cítrica: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). As vacas receberam 6,1 kg de concentrado dia-1 (5,5 kg de MS), fracionado em duas vezes ao dia, fornecido após cada ordenha. A pastagem era adubada com 80 kg N ha mês-1. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (13,7 kg vaca dia-1), percentagens de gordura (3,8%), proteína (3,37%), sólidos totais (13,27%), N uréico (14,34 mg dL-1) e contagem de células somáticas (140.450 mL-1). A percentagem de lactose foi diferente (P<0,05) para a maior dose de substituição. O peso vivo (427,2 kg), condição corporal (2,74), glicose plasmática (74,63 mg dL-1), N uréico plasmático (16,74 mg dL-1), e ácidos graxos livres no plasma (417,81 mEq L-1) não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no tempo de pastejo (7h51), ruminação (7h59), ócio (6h) e taxa de bocados (37,91 movimentos min-1). A Temperatura retal (38,76 e 39,61ºC) e freqüência respiratória (53,57 e 71,50 movimentos min-1), mensuradas às 8:00 e às 15:30 horas, respectivamente, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). O milho pode ser substituído pela polpa cítrica sem depreciar a produção e composição do leite. / Two experiments were conducted to study the partial substitution of fine ground corn by peleted pulp citric in the concentrate of lactating cows in middle lactation (Experiment I) and in late lactation (Experiment II), grazing elephant - grass pasture. The trials were conducted at the Animal Science Department of ESALQ/USP. In both experiments, the animals were grouped according to milk yield, days in milk and parturition order. The statistical designs were repeated 4 x 4 Latin Square. The data were analysed using the Proc GLM of SAS (1999). Experiment I: Eight Holstein cows (82 DIM and 522.9 kg LBW), at the beginning of the trial were used. The concentrates contained the following corn:peleted citrus pulp proportions: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). The cows received 7 kg of concentrate day-1 (6.3 kg of DM), fractionated in 2 daily meals. The pasture was fertilized with 80 kg N ha.month-1. The forage offer was of 33,6 kg DM of green leaves cow day-1. There was not difference (P>0.05) in the grazing time (7h22), rumination time (8h36), leisure time (5h56) and biting rate (34.4 movements min-1). The rectal temperature (38.74 and 39.64ºC) and respiratory frequency (47.44 and 61.20 movements min-1), measured at 8:00 AM and at 3:30 PM, respectively, were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). There was not difference (P>0.05) in 3.5 % FCM yield (18.5 kg cow day-1), in the contents of milk fat (3.5%), protein (3.06%), lactose (4.40%) and total solids (13.02%), milk urea-N (15.01 mg dL-1) and of somatic cells (203.000 mL-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The LBW (536.8 kg), BCS (2.51), plasma glucose (75.90 mg dL-1), plasma urea-N (16.96 mg dL-1) and plasma free fat acids (456.12 mEq L-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Experiment II: Eleven cows were used, 7 Holstein and 4 Jersey (427.5 kg LBW and 153.22 DIM), at the beginning of the trial. The concentrates were 21.8% of CP (DM bases), and the respective corn:peleted citric pulp ratio were: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). The cows were fed 6.1 kg day-1 of concentrate (5.5 kg of DM), fractionated in 2 daily meals, after each milking. There was not difference (P>0.05) in 3.5 FCM yield (13.7 kg cow day-1), in the content of milk fat (3.8%), protein (3.37%) and total solids (13.27%), milk urea-N (14.34 mg dL-1) and somatic cells (140,450 mL-1). The lactose content was lower (P<0.05) for the 25:75 diet. The LBW (427.2 kg), BCS (2.74), plasma glucose (74.63 mg dL-1), plasma urea-N (16.74 mg dL-1), and plasma free fat acids (417.81 mEq L-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). There were no difference (P>0.05) in the grazing time (7h51), rumination time (7h59), leisure time (6h) and biting rate (37.91 movements min-1). The rectal temperature (38.76 and 39.61ºC) and respiratory frequency (53.57 and 71.50 movements min-1), measured at 8:00 and at 15:30 hours, respectively, were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The corn can be substituted by the citric pulp without depreciating the milk yield and content.
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Isolamento e caracterização de Campylobacter spp. em carcaças de frango e ovos comerciais / Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter spp. in chicken and commercial eggsOliveira, Julierme José de 26 February 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Thermophilic species of Campylobacter spp. are often cited as the most common etiologic agent in cases of foodborne illnesses in several countries. When ingested even in small quantities (400 to 500 cells) this organism, through the mechanisms of pathogenicity, the host develops infectious gastroenteritis known as campylobacteriosis. This disease is closely related to the intake and improper handling of contaminated food, especially poultry, and birds the main reservoir of the microorganism. Poor knowledge climbs the role of eggs in the transmission of campylobacteriosis, based on the annual consumption of the food matrix, research clarifying all variables involving this food are essential. This study aimed to verify
the occurrence of Campylobacter spp., identify thermophilic species involved and assess the level of antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from chicken carcasses and eggs obtained from commercial establishments in the city of Goiânia. A total of 100 chicken carcasses and 100 dozens of eggs were evaluated using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for screening miniVIDAS ® with subsequent bacterial isolation and identification of samples by biotyping . By means of the methods employed observed that Campylobacter spp. was identified in 7% (7 /100) of chicken carcasses in 1% (1/100 ) of samples of eggs, 100 % of these were
confirmed as belonging to the bacterial genus . The species with the highest number of isolates were Campylobacter jejuni (50 %), followed by Campylobacter coli ( 25 % ) and Campylobacter lari ( 25 % ). For antimicrobial resistance results were that 100% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, as well as ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines. For ceftriaxone and nalidixic acid resistance values were 91.7 % resistant. Chloramphenicol was 50% of resistant isolates, showed 33.3% sensitivity and 16.7% intermediate resistance. It was also observed that 100% of the isolates showed multidrug profile. Through the results obtained it is concluded that thermophilic Campylobacter are present in chicken carcasses and marketed in Goiânia eggs, whose distribution becomes relevant from the point of
view of exposure to consumers. Campylobacter jejuni was the most frequent species. The six districts surveyed had bacteria of the genus in at least one category. Isolates when screened for response to antimicrobial proved multiresistant, denoting the importance of research as a way to support the election of bases and principles for the antibiotic treatment prescribed treatments. Poultry foods surveyed in this study and considered positive for the pathogen constitute risk to the consumer. / As espécies termotolerantes de Campylobacter spp. são frequentemente apontadas como o agente etiológico mais comum nos casos de doenças veiculadas por alimentos em diversos países. Ao ser ingerido mesmo em
pequenas quantidades (de 400 a 500 células), esse microrganismo, por meio dos mecanismos de patogenicidade, desenvolve gastroenterite infecciosa no hospedeiro, conhecida como campilobacteriose. Esta doença está intimamente relacionada à ingestão e manipulação incorreta de alimentos contaminados,
especialmente carne de frango, sendo as aves o principal reservatório. Pouco se sabe sobre o papel desempenhado pelos ovos na transmissão de campilobacteriose, tendo como base o consumo anual dessa matriz alimentar, pesquisas que esclareçam todas as variáveis envolvendo esse alimento são de
fundamental importância. Pelo exposto, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de Campylobacter spp., identificar as espécies termotolerantes circulantes na cidade de Goiânia, vinculadas aos estabelecimentos comercializadores de alimentos, relacionados à alta densidade populacional, localizados em distritos comerciais e avaliar o nível de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos dos isolados de carcaças de frango e ovos provenientes destes estabelecimentos. Um total de 100 carcaças de frango e 100 dúzias de ovos foram avaliados utilizando como triagem o ensaio imunoenzimatico miniVIDAS® com posterior isolamento bacteriano das amostras e identificação por meio da biotipificação. Por meio dos métodos empregados observou-se que
Campylobacter termotolerantes foi identificada em 7% (7/100) das carcaças de frango e em 1% (1/100) das amostras de ovos. A espécie com maior número de
isolados foi Campylobacter jejuni (50%), seguidos por Campylobacter coli (25%) e Campylobacter lari (25%). Para a resistência à antimicrobianos os resultados reportaram que 100% dos isolados são resistentes à eritromicina, assim como à ciprofloxacina e tetraciclina. Para ácido nalidixico e ceftriaxona, os valores de
resistência foram da ordem de 91,7%. Cloranfenicol foi resistente em 50% dos isolados, apresentou sensibilidade a 33,3% e resistência intermediária a 16,7%.
Observou-se ainda que 100% dos isolados apresentaram perfil de multirresistência. Pelos resultados obtidos conclui-se que Campylobacter termotolerantes estão presentes em carcaças de frango e ovos comercializados na cidade de Goiânia, cuja distribuição torna-se relevante do ponto de vista da exposição aos consumidores. Campylobacter jejuni foi a espécie mais frequente. Os seis distritos pesquisados apresentaram bactérias do gênero pelo menos em um estabelecimento. Os isolados quando pesquisados quanto a resposta a antimicrobianos mostraram-se multirresistentes, denotando a importância desta investigação como forma de respaldar a eleição de bases e princípios para a antibioticoterapia para tratamentos prescritos. Os alimentos avícolas pesquisados neste estudo e considerados positivos para o patógeno constituem risco ao consumidor.
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