In recent years, there has been concern about the impact of work on family life, particularly the effect that current working patterns may have on food behaviour (food provision, food consumption and eating patterns) within the home. Increased female employment and long working hours may affect family functioning though little has been done to model any association. There is evidence of less food preparation within the home, increased consumption of convenience products and fragmented meal times. In addition lack of time, irregular working hours and busy lifestyle have been identified as barriers to adopting a healthier diet Lappalainen et al (1998); suggesting those elements of work and time may also determine the relative healthiness of the diet. The effect this may have on future generations is unknown, but if less time is spent in food related activities within the home then there may be fewer opportunities for children to gain practical food knowledge and skills. Time constraints, experienced because of work, may possibly be eased by the use of time saving strategies and products. The main food provider's practical food knowledge, attitude and cooking skills may ameliorate the impact of work on food behaviour. Whilst previous academic research has explored changing patterns of work and food consumption independently, this study is original in its attempt to combine these separate disciplines. The aim of this research was to develop, build and test a theoretical model for exploring the relationship between working patterns and food behaviour. Following a systematic review of the literature, a conceptual framework was built to identify the key dimensions of work, food behaviour and the factors that may influence it. This was used in the development of a postal survey instrument to measure and test the research hypotheses. The sample was made up of 642 households, with children aged between 8-10 years old, (a response rate of 22%). Data was established on household patterns of eating and working in terms of the critical dimensions identified. This included food behaviour (food provider behaviour, eating behaviour of the household, healthy eating profile, shopping and cooking behaviours) and working patterns (hours, job satisfaction and time factors). Statistical analysis of the data was completed; descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and principal components were used to establish valid conclusions about relationships and test hypotheses. The findings of the research revealed no direct association between the number of hours worked and household food behaviour; although working hours were associated with greater shared responsibility for food related tasks. This may have positive implications for working parents as the results suggest that work commitments do not automatically lead to deterioration in eating patterns with unhealthy food choices being made. An association was found between the nutrition knowledge, attitudes and skills of the main food provider and consumption of certain types of foods. The impact of work patterns on food behaviour therefore cannot simply be explained by the management and redistribution of time. Qualitative analysis reveals suggests coping strategies and the value placed on time for food and a healthy diet to be the main determinants of food behaviour. Knowledge, skills and attitudes may lead to the development of more effective coping strategies when dealing with work and home responsibilities. The implications of these, findings are discussed and recommendations are made for future work.

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Magister Scientiae (Nutrition Management) - MSc(NM) / Introduction: The significant link between mental health and nutrition throughout one’s life cannot be overstated. Yet this strong association is often neglected in the public healthcare sector in South Africa, particularly in the case of people who are being treated for various types of mental illness. It is therefore important to prioritise nutrition care through efficient and effective hospital food services in public psychiatric facilities. Although hospital settings are often perceived to provide efficient clinical care, the food provided to patients by hospital food service units is often criticised for being bland, repetitive and/or unhealthy. At times, too, inadequate food budget allocations by provincial health departments or poor supply chain management practices result in patients receiving inadequate quantities of food at mealtimes, which might lead to their becoming malnourished during their hospital stays. For psychiatric patients in particular, malnutrition can have serious short and longer-term consequences.

I denna uppsats undersöks resiliensen av vertikal odling, och hur odlingsformen kan bidra till att stärka resiliensen av Stockholms läns livsmedelssystem. Dessutom undersöks potentialen att stärka den vertikala odlingens resiliens. För att samla in data genomfördes fyra intervjuer - med Länsstyrelsen Stockholm och tre vertikala odlingar belägna i Stockholms län. Dessutom genomfördes en litteraturstudie om vertikal odling. Informationen inhämtades från vetenskapliga artiklar och rapporter. För att analysera resiliensen av vertikal odling användes sju principer som bygger resiliens. Information om dessa hämtades från ‘Principles for Building Resilience’ (Biggs, Schlüter & Schoon, 2015), och några vetenskapliga artiklar som visade på applicering av metoden. I resultatet presenteras resiliensen av vertikal odling princip för princip. Dessutom anges hur Stockholms läns livsmedelssystem påverkas. Av denna studie går det inte att säga om vertikal odling är resilient eller ej, men det går att se styrkor och svagheter inom varje princip. Odlingen sker i kontrollerad miljö och har därför inte samma sårbarheter som odlingar utomhus. Till exempel är den inte lika utsatt för sjukdomar och extremväder. Samtidigt innebär dess karaktär andra sårbarheter, såsom att odlingen är beroende av el för att förse grödorna med ljus. Trots att vertikal odling sker i staden påverkas den av störningar i globala handelsavtal och transportsystem eftersom insatsmedel importeras. Det finns potential att stärka resiliensen inom flera av principerna. Resiliensen av Stockholms läns livsmedelssystem kan stärkas av att vertikal odling bidrar till en mångfald i produktionssystem och tekniklösningar. Samtidigt som den kontrollerade miljön förhindrar läckage av vatten och näringsämnen till naturen så förhindrar den även att den omgivande miljön drar nytta av odlingen. / In this master thesis, the resilience of vertical farming is assessed. It also explores if vertical farming can increase the resilience of the food system in Stockholm County. Furthermore, the potential to increase the resilience of vertical farming is explored. To gather data, four interviews were conducted. One with Stockholm County, and the other three with vertical farms located in Stockholm. Data was also collected through literature. Specifically through scientific articles and reports. To analyze the resilience of vertical farms seven principles for enhancing resilience were used. Information about the principles was collected through ‘Principles for building resilience’ (Biggs, Schlüter & Schoon, 2015) and scientific articles that had applied the principles. The resilience of vertical farming is presented principle by principle. Also, the influence on the food system of Stockholm County is presented. From this study it is not possible to conclude if vertical farming is resilient or not. However, it is possible to see the system’s strengths and weaknesses within each principle. Vertical farming is conducted in a controlled environment, which results in other strengths compared to other farming systems. For example, it is not exposed to diseases and extreme weather events in the same way. At the same time it has other vulnerabilities, such as being dependent on electricity for providing the crops with light. Even though vertical farming is conducted in the city it provides for, it is affected by global disturbances. This is due to the import of seeds, substrate and fertilizers. There is potential to increase the resilience within several principles. Vertical farms can contribute to the resilience of the food system in Stockholm County by providing tech-solutions and enhancing the diversity of production methods. The controlled environment of vertical farms prevents leakage of water and nutrients to the surrounding environment. However, the controlled environment also prevents the surrounding environment from benefiting from the farm.