In the U.S., youth experience health problems due to inadequate eating behaviors. In terms of physical environmental factors and social environmental factors, youth encounter problems with accessing good foods, as do other age groups. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between youths’ eating behavior, especially patterns of visiting food resources, and the availability of food resources by food type and socioeconomic background in Providence, Rhode Island. In order to test the relationship between the availability of food resources and socioeconomic situation and children’s eating behaviors, several statistical models are developed. The models are based on the multinomial logistic regression model. Students’ activity data were obtained from a survey in Teen Activity and Transportation Enterprise Project (TATE) under direction of Dr. Talia McCray from September 2006 to May 2007. The food resources location data are collected from the Providence Plan and the Yellow Pages in Rhode Island. The multinomial logistic model shows that the availability of healthy food resources within walking distance from home, frequency to visit food resources, gender, employment status, and race significantly affect access to unhealthy food resources (p < 0.05). The availability of unhealthy foods within walking distance, the number of members living in the household, the number of cars in household, students born in the U.S.A, and the father born in the U.S.A, are not significant. In terms of availability of healthy foods around the home location, number of healthy food resources matter. / text

L’urbanisation des milieux est un phénomène croissant induisant des changements importants des habitats naturels auxquels doit faire face la biodiversité. Ces modifications rapides et profondes de l’environnement vont créer de nouvelles conditions potentiellement contraignantes pour les individus. En effet, le cocktail de paramètres artificiels (par exemple : lumière, bruit, pollution chimique) couplé à une présence humaine ainsi qu’une ressource alimentaire souvent modifiée et/ou peu disponible peuvent contraindre la survie et la reproduction des espèces ayant colonisées les milieux urbains. Par ailleurs, les modifications profondes des habitats urbains sont susceptibles d’amener les individus à mal décrypter les indices communément utilisés dans les milieux non perturbés conduisant ces derniers à des réponses maladaptatives, et les populations associées jusqu’à des situations de trappe écologique. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent ces travaux de thèse chez la Mésange charbonnière, Parus major. Ces oiseaux ont été suivis en reproduction dans des nichoirs placés sur des sites présentant des niveaux d’artificialisation variables, que nous avons quantifiés, au sein de la ville de Montpellier. La taille de la cavité de reproduction a été également manipulée expérimentalement (manipulation de l’indice). Nous avons pu observer une préférence pour les cavités les plus grandes ainsi qu’un investissement dans la ponte plus important mais un nombre de jeunes envolés plus faible relativement aux cavités de taille plus petite. Cette réponse maladaptative associée à la taille de la cavité nous a amené à nous questionner plus précisément sur le rôle des ressources alimentaires associées au milieu urbain et sur le potentiel adaptatif de nos oiseaux urbains. Les expériences menées, en lien avec les ressources alimentaires, ont mis en évidence qu’effectivement la ressource est un facteur clé contraignant la reproduction des mésanges urbaines. Par ailleurs, grâce à un dispositif forestier historique situé à une vingtaine de kilomètres de notre site d’étude urbain, nous avons testé la présence de deux écotypes urbains et ruraux. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des différences de morphologies entre habitats, sans détecter pour autant de différence de condition physique. Pourtant, à l’échelle plus fine du gradient d’urbanisation, ces différences apparaissent. De plus, l’étude des personnalités des oiseaux a mis également en évidence un différentiel de personnalités inter-habitat mais aussi intra-habitat, qui soulève encore à l’heure actuelle des questions d’adaptation autour de ces phénotypes particuliers. Ces travaux soulignent la complexité des questions écologiques et évolutives dans les environnements fortement perturbés que sont les milieux urbains et nécessitent de continuer à approfondir nos connaissances afin d’apporter au mieux des solutions pour la gestion de la biodiversité urbaine. / Urbanization is an increasing phenomenon inducing dramatic modifications of natural habitats facing biodiversity. These rapid and drastic environmental changes create new conditions, potentially constraining individuals. Indeed, artificial parameters, such as light, noise and chemical pollution, coupled with human presence and food resources which are often modified and less available, should constrain survival and reproduction of urban species. Moreover, urban habitat changes could lead individuals to misinterpret natural environmental cues, inducing maladaptive responses and populations into an ecological trap. In this context, we developed this research project on great tits, Parus major to improve our understanding of avian adaptation in cities. We monitored great tit reproduction breeding in nest-boxes within an urbanization gradient, which has been quantified, in the city of Montpellier. We experimentally manipulated nesting-cavity size using different types of nest-boxes. We found that the birds preferred the largest artificial cavities for breeding when they could choose between small, medium-sized and large cavities. Individuals from the largest cavities also invested more in egg production, yet had a lower fledging success than those from medium-sized cavities. These results are an experimental demonstration of a trap mechanism in free-living animals. To test our hypothesis that food resources are an environmental key factor limiting reproductive performance in our urban great tit population, we conducted experiments modulating constraints on food resources. The conclusion of these experiments is that food is a limiting factor for reproduction. In addition, in a local adaptation framework, we examined if urban great tits possess particular phenotypic traits that differ from great tits that live in more natural conditions. We found that urban and rural great tits expressed differences in morphology and personality profiles both at the inter-habitat and intra-habitat level. Additional studies will be required to better understand the underlying mechanisms that link phenotypic and reproductive performance in individuals that face rapid environmental change and increased urbanization, also to improve biodiversity conservation programs in these environments.

La dynamique des populations vise à étudier les processus qui déterminent les fluctuations spatio-temporelles des effectifs d’organismes vivants. Ma thèse vise à caractériser les relations entre trois niveaux d’organisation des populations d’oiseaux coloniaux, l’individu, la colonie et la méta-colonie, et à étudier l’influence de l’environnement physique et social sur cette organisation. A cette fin, je me suis concentrée sur deux espèces de laridés coloniaux aux dynamiques de populations contrastées: la mouette rieuse, Chroicocephalus ridibundus, et le goéland railleur, Chroicocephalus genei. J’ai décrit, dans un premier temps, la dynamique spatio-temporelle des colonies de goélands railleurs en France, dont la répartition tend à s’étendre le long de la côte Méditerranéenne. Malgré cette expansion, les individus nés en France restent fidèles à leur région natale, mais leur âge et leur sexe modulent leur recrutement et leur comportement de dispersion. J’ai affiné ce premier travail en montrant que la condition corporelle des poussins, paramètre majeur du recrutement, est modulée par la taille des colonies, sa date d’installation et la stratégie d’alimentation des parents. Mes travaux ont de plus permis de montrer l’existence de groupes sociaux chez le goéland railleur, dont la stabilité est modulée par le succès de reproduction de la colonie. Ainsi, le degré de relations entre les individus d’une colonie est modulé par les caractéristiques intrinsèques de la colonie et son contexte environnemental. J’ai en particulier montré, chez la mouette rieuse, que la persistance des colonies dépend du succès de reproduction local, mais que la colonisation de nouveaux sites dépend plutôt du succès de reproduction dans les colonies avoisinantes. Mes travaux montrent ainsi que l’ensemble des niveaux d’organisation des populations d’oiseaux coloniaux, de l’individu à la méta-colonie, doivent être étudiés à travers de nouvelles approches intégratives qui représentent des challenges conceptuels, méthodologiques et techniques à l’interface entre dynamique des populations et étude des réseaux sociaux. / Population dynamics addresses the processes that underpin the spatio-temporal fluctuations of organism counts. My PhD dissertation aims at characterizing the connections between three organization levels in colonial bird populations, the individual, the colony, and the meta-colony, and at investigating the influence of the physical and social environments on this organization. To this aim, I focused on two colonial larid species that exhibit contrasted population dynamics: the black headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus, and the slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei. I first described the population dynamics of french slender-billed gull colonies, which are currently spreading along the Mediterranean coast. In spite of this expansion, individuals born in France return to their natal area to breed, but their age and sex modulate their recruitment and dispersal behaviours. I added-up to this first results by showing that nestling body condition, a major factor for recruitment, is affected by colony size, arrival date and parental foraging strategy. I further showed that slender-billed gulls gather into social groups whose stability is modulated by colony breeding success. The strength of inter-individual relationships within a colony is thus modulated by its intrinsic properties and its environmental context. Furthermore, I showed that, in black-headed gulls, colony persistance varies with local breeding success while colonization of new sites is mainly related to breeding success in neighbouring colonies. I conclude overall that the multiple organization levels of colonial bird populations, from the individual to the meta-colony, should be studied within integrative frameworks that represent novel conceptual, methodological and technical challenges at the crossroad between population dynamics and the study of social networks.

I studied water bird use of two lakes in the Claremont-Upland area to determine what physical, chemical, and biological aspects of these lakes provide suitable water bird habitat and food resources. I censused the Bernard Field Station Lake in Claremont and a gravel pit freshwater area in Upland from 10/85 to 3/86 for water bird use. I also mapped these sites, noted their water surface area and water depth changes, monitored their water chemistry, and censused their vegetation. The results of this work showed more total water birds per hour of observation time, and more birds per hour of observation time of each food preference type, at the Upland Lakes than at the BFS Lake, except for diving ducks, which I found at both sites in similar abundance, and coots, which I found at the BFS Lake in greater abundance than at the Upland Lakes. The Shannon-Weiner Index of Diversity, H', used to determine bird species diversity, was higher for most individual census dates and on average, at the Upland Lakes than at the BFS Lake. The Upland Lakes had fewer species and less abundance of true aquatic plants than the BFS Lake; however, the BFS Lake had fewer different types of habitat (i.e. open shoreline, thick emergent shoreline vegetation, mudflats, grassy areas, etc .) than did the Upland Lakes. The Upland Lakes, although originally very similar to the BFS Lake in total water surface area, came to have four times the water surface area of the BFS Lake as time progressed, due to winter rainfall and runoff. The results of bird censuses also showed many more migrant than resident birds using the Upland Lakes area, while few migrant birds used the BFS Lake. Water bird use differences between these sites are the resuIt of the interaction of the unique ecological factors of each site. The Upland Lakes provide more diverse habitats, greater water surface area, a more accessible, open, isolated location for stopovers for migratory birds than the BFS Lake provides. The BFS Lake provides only two major habitat types for water bird use: thick shoreline emergent vegetation (mostly cattails), and open water. Diving ducks and coots utilize these habitats well and thus, with the exception of migratory flocks of diving ducks, used the BFS Lake as frequently, or more frequently than they used the Upland Lakes. Other birds that forage in muddy, open shore or grassy, open shore areas preferred the Upland Lakes area (dabbling ducks and shorebirds). Additional observation of similar water area in Claremont, Upland, and Montclair, California could produce a larger data base to demonstrate conclusively such tentative findings of this study as size of water surface area being directly proportional to amount of migratory bird use.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVA_Bruna_2012.pdf: 2724610 bytes, checksum: fe28e8afc06ce2b8c55372a0dbc428ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13 / The availability of food resources in different degrees of regeneration of a forest may contribute to possible variations in species abundance and composition of bird communities. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the structure of frugivores and nectarivores bird communities and the availability of food resources - flowers and fruit - in two successional stages of regeneration (initial-secondary and advanced) of the Atlantic Forest. To reach this goal, frugivores and nectarivores birds were monitored in representative sites of these stages, considering seasonality and production of flowers and fruits at each stage over a year. The frugivores and nectarivores were compared in richness, species composition, relative abundance and diversity. We used fixed point counts for sampling birds, and to estimate the production of flowers and fruits, we delimited three replicates of four plots (10x10m) at each stage of succession. The two studied successional stages differed significantly in most of the analyzed vegetation structure variables. The composition and relative abundance of some bird species also showed differences between the two stages of regeneration, but not quantitative parameters as richness and diversity. There were variations in plant community phenological curves and in the amount of the floral production between the two successional stages. The relative abundance of frugivores had a significantly positive relationship with the amount of available ripe fruits. In the advanced stages, the relative abundance of nectarivores birds had a significantly positive relationship to the number of individuals of flowering epiphytic plant species; while in secondary stages of regeneration there was no change in the abundance of nectarivores birds in response to floral resource availability. Thus, in areas that are not continuous to primary forests may occur in a declining population of frugivorous and nectarivorous birds in response to variations in the phenological curves and food shortages causing changes in the processes of breeding and selection of plant species, which can bring significant implications for the conservation of birds and plants. / A disponibilidade de recursos alimentares em diferentes graus de regeneração de uma floresta pode contribuir para possíveis variações na abundância de espécies e na composição da comunidade de aves. O objetivo principal deste estudo é investigar a relação entre a estrutura das comunidades de aves frugívoras e nectarívoras e a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares flores e frutos em dois estádios sucessionais - secundário-inicial e avançado - de regeneração de Mata Atlântica. Para isso, a avifauna frugívora e nectarívora foi monitorada em áreas representativas desses estádios, tendo sido considerada a sazonalidade e a produção de flores e frutos em cada estádio ao longo de um ano. Os frugívoros e nectarívoros das duas comunidades foram comparados em relação à riqueza, composição de espécies, abundância relativa e diversidade. Foi utilizado o método de pontos fixos para a amostragem da avifauna e, para estimar a produção de flores e frutos, foram demarcadas três repetições de quatro parcelas (10x10m) em cada estádio de sucessão. Os dois estádios sucessionais estudados diferiram significativamente na maioria das variáveis de estrutura da vegetação analisadas. A composição e abundância relativa de algumas espécies de aves também apresentaram diferenças entre os estádios de regeneração, mas não nos parâmetros quantitativos considerados para as avifaunas como a riqueza e diversidade. Houve variações nas curvas fenológicas da comunidade vegetal e na quantidade de recurso floral produzido entre os dois estádios sucessionais. A abundância relativa de aves frugívoras teve uma relação significativamente positiva com a quantidade de frutos maduros produzidos. As aves nectarívoras, em estádios avançados, tiveram uma relação significativamente positiva de sua abundância relativa com o número de indivíduos de espécies vegetais epífitas em floração, enquanto que em estádios secundários de regeneração não houve alteração na abundância das aves nectarívoras em resposta a disponibilidade de recursos florais. Assim, em áreas que não são contínuas a matas primárias pode ocorrer um declínio na população de aves frugívoras e nectarívoras em resposta a variações nas curvas fenológicas e escassez de alimento gerando alterações nos processos de reprodução e seleção de espécies de plantas, o que pode trazer implicações significativas para a conservação de aves e plantas.

This study is an introduction of the learning of key aspects affecting Swedish people’s acceptance of edible insects, in Växjö and Gothenburg. The study aims to assess the attitudes of people towards edible insects. Public general knowledge about edible insects as well as their perception about benefits that comes with insects is explored. This study tries to contribute to the introduction of edible insects and to get a deeper understanding of how you can influence people’s attitude toward insects. To understand the Swedish acceptance of edible insects this study makes use of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which is a theory that tries to predict behaviour based on attitude, social pressure, and perceived control over the action. By studying these three categories and the addition if it is morally right or wrong to consume insects, the paper tries to identify what influences the perception to improve it long-term. To get an in-depth understanding of the categories affecting behaviour and perception, this study will make use of semi-instructed interviews. The study will establish three criteria for sampling, gender, age, and education and aims to collect adequate information by using snowball sampling.

Objectif : Examiner la relation entre l’accès aux ressources alimentaires et le degré de l’insécurité alimentaire du ménage parmi les nouveaux utilisateurs des organismes communautaires d’intervention en sécurité alimentaire de Montréal. Méthode : Étude observationnelle transversale. Elle consiste en une analyse secondaire de données (n=785) qui proviennent du premier temps de mesure de l’enquête sur les effets des interventions en sécurité alimentaire à Montréal menée entre 2011 et 2012. La variable dépendante a été l’insécurité alimentaire. Les variables indépendantes ont été le mode de transport utilisé pour transporter les aliments, l’emplacement de l’épicerie la plus fréquentée par le participant, la distance entre l’organisme communautaire fréquenté par le participant et son domicile, la proximité de l’épicerie la plus fréquentée, la satisfaction quant à l’acceptabilité et le caractère abordable des aliments dans l’épicerie la plus fréquentée, et les difficultés d’accès aux aliments. Des régressions logistiques furent effectuées afin d’évaluer la relation entre les variables indépendantes et le degré de l’insécurité alimentaire, en utilisant l’insécurité sévère comme catégorie de référence. Résultats : Nos données suggèrent que la sévérité de l’insécurité alimentaire est associée à la difficulté d’accès aux aliments à cause de la cherté des aliments (pour la sécurité alimentaire, OR=0.13; CI : 0.07-0.25 et pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=0.42; CI : 0.28-0.63), au fait de faire l’épicerie à l’extérieur du quartier ou de faire rarement l’épicerie (pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=0.50, CI : 0.30-0.84), au fait d’avoir accès au transport collectif (pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=1.73; CI : 1.09-2.73), au fait de résider à une distance moyenne (soit entre 1000 et 2000 mètres) d’un organisme communautaire en sécurité alimentaire (pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=1.83; CI : 1.14-2.92), et à la difficulté d’accès aux aliments à cause de contraintes de transport (pour la sécurité alimentaire, OR=0.18, CI : 0.06-0.52). Conclusion : L’accès aux ressources alimentaires est associé au degré de l’insécurité alimentaire des nouveaux ménages participant aux interventions en sécurité alimentaire à Montréal. / Objectives: To explore the association between access to food resources and household food insecurity level among new participants in food security interventions in Montreal. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 785 new participants with less than 6 months involvement in community organizations delivering food security interventions. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and geographic measures. The dependent variable was household food insecurity. While the independent variable was access to food resources, assessed through: location of the most used grocery store, distance between participant’s residence and the community organization used, mode of transportation, walking time to the grocery store most used, satisfaction regarding the acceptability and affordability of food available at the grocery store most used, and self-reported difficulties in access to food. Using the severe food insecurity as reference, multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between household food insecurity level and each explanatory variable. Results: Our data suggest that the severity of household food insecurity is associated with difficulty accessing food due to food affordability (OR=0.13, CI: 0.07-0.25 for food security and OR=0.42, CI: 0.28-0.63 for moderate food insecurity), doing groceries outside the neighborhoods or not shopping food frequently (OR=0.50, CI: 0.30-0.84 for moderate food insecurity), having access to public transportation (OR=1.73, CI: 1.09-2.73 for moderate food insecurity), residing between 1000 and to less than 2000 meters from the community organization (OR=1.83, CI: 1.14-2.92 for moderate food insecurity), and difficulty accessing food due transportation constraints (food security; OR=0.18, CI 95 % 0.06-0.52). Conclusion: Access to food resources is associated with household food insecurity level among new participants in food security interventions in Montreal.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi inventariar a diversidade de espécies de abelhas e vespas solitárias que nidificam em cavidades preexistentes em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, componente da paisagem urbana de Salvador, Bahia, ocupado pelo Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV) e pelo campus da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Ondina. Além disso, foi feita a identificação dos recursos florais utilizados por duas espécies de abelhas, Centris (Heterocentris) analis e Centris (Heterocentris) terminata, para aprovisionamento das suas células de cria. A amostragem foi realizada durante o período de maio de 2014 a outubro de 2015, e os ninhos-armadilha utilizados consistiam de tubos de cartolina preta, blocos de madeira e gomos de bambu. Foram instalados no campo 1.192 ninhos-armadilha, distribuídos em oito suportes, sendo quatro colocados na área do Parque Zoobotânico e quatro colocados na área ocupada pelo campus da UFBA. As inspeções aos ninhos foram feitas mensalmente e os ninhos concluídos foram coletados e substituídos por novos ninhos-armadilha vazios. Os ninhos ocupados foram levados para o laboratório. No laboratório, os ninhos foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente e observados diariamente até a emergência dos adultos. Foram amostrados 409 ninhos pertencentes a sete espécies de vespas e cinco de abelhas, sendo 189 coletados no campus da UFBA e 220 no PZBGV. Do total de ninhos obtidos, 234 ninhos foram colonizados por cinco espécies de abelhas pertencentes a família Apidae: Centris analis, Centris terminata, Xylocopa frontalis, Euglossa sp. e Tetrapedia diversipes. As abelhas nidificaram com maior frequência no PZBGV (127 ninhos) do que no campus da UFBA (107 ninhos). Em relação às vespas, do total de 175 ninhos, 82 foram coletados na UFBA e 93 no PZBGV, tendo emergido indivíduos de sete espécies pertencentes a três famílias: Podium denticulatum e Podium sp. (Sphecidae); Auplopus pratens e Auplopus subaurarius (Pompilidae); Trypoxylon sp.1, Trypoxylon sp.2 e Trypoxylon lactitarse (Crabronidae). Entre as espécies de abelhas, C. analis foi a mais abundante, seguida por C. terminata. As espécies de vespas mais abundantes foram Trypoxylon sp.2 e P. denticulatum. As maiores frequências de atividade de nidificação das espécies de abelhas e vespas ocorreram nos meses com temperaturas elevadas e baixos índices pluviométricos (janeiro-março). Das espécies vii analisadas, apenas C. analis, P. denticulatum e Trypoxylon sp. 2 apresentaram diferenças significativas na razão sexual, as quais foram enviesadas para machos. A taxa de mortalidade para as espécies de abelhas e vespas foi maior na UFBA (55,08%) do que no PZBGV (44,92%). A mortalidade foi ocasionada, na grande maioria dos casos, por causas desconhecidas. Para identificação das fontes dos recursos florais utilizados por C. analis e C. terminata foi realizada a análise polínica a partir de 53 ninhos de C. analis e 20 ninhos de C. terminata fundados durante o período de maio de 2014 a abril de 2015. A análise do conteúdo polínico residual dos ninhos foi realizada pelo método de acetólise convencional. Foram identificados 12 tipos polínicos, pertencentes a sete famílias vegetais: Malpighiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Polygalaceae e Sapindaceae. Destas famílias, Malpighiaceae foi a que teve os tipos polínicos mais frequentes nos ninhos de ambas as espécies de abelhas. Nos ninhos de C. analis foram encontrados 12 tipos polínicos e nos ninhos de C. terminata 8 tipos polínicos. Os tipos polínicos com as maiores frequências de utilização por C. analis e C. terminata foram: Malpighia emarginata, Byrsonima sericea, Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum e Aeschynomene paucifolia.Os resultados encontrados são de extrema relevância para o conhecimento das plantas fornecedoras de recursos florais utilizados para aprovisionamento larval, consumo e construção dos ninhos, elaboração de plano de manejo, conservação das abelhas do gênero Centris e das plantas visitadas pelas mesmas. Os resultados sugerem que a área estudada funciona como refúgio para espécies de abelhas e vespas solitárias. / The aim of this study was to inventory the diversity of species of solitary bees and wasps that nest in artificial cavities in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the urban landscape of Salvador, Bahia. This area is occupied by the campus of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) and by the Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV). We also identified the food resources collected by Centris analis and Centris terminata females. The samples were collected from May 2014 to October 2015 using artificial cavities made of black cardboard, wooden blocks, and bamboo canes (trap-nests methodology). We installed 1.192 trap-nests in the field, distributed in eight stands, four for each area. Inspections were made monthly and occupied nests were removed and brought to the laboratory. The empty cavities were filled with new nests. In the laboratory, the nests were kept at room temperature and observed daily until adult emergence. We sampled seven wasp species and five bee species in the two areas of this study, in a total of 409 nests: 189 nests in UFBA and 220 in PZBGV. Of these, 234 nests were made by five bee species from four genera of Apidae family: Centris analis, Centris terminata, Xylocopa frontalis, Euglossa sp. and Tetrapedia diversipes. Bees nest more frequently in PZBGV (127 nests) than on the campus of UFBA (107 nests). In relation to the wasps, we collected 175 nests, 82 were collected in UFBA and 93 in PZBGV, and emerged individuals from seven species of three families: Podium denticulatum and Podium sp. (Sphecidae); Auplopus pratens and Auplopus subaurarius (Pompilidae); Trypoxylon sp.1, Trypoxylon sp.2 and T. lactitarse (Crabronidae). Among the bee species, C. analis was the most abundant, followed by C. terminata. The most abundant wasp species were Trypoxylon sp.2, followed by P. denticulatum. The highest frequency of nesting activity of the species of bees and wasps occurred in the months with high temperatures and low rainfall (January to March). Only C. analis, P. denticulatum and Trypoxylon sp. 2 showed significant differences in the sex ratio, which were male-bias. The mortality rate was higher in the UFBA (55.08%) than in the PZBGV (44.92%) for both, bees and wasps. Unknown causes were the main causes of mortality. To identify the pollen resource used by C. analis and C. terminata, we analyzed 53 C. analis nests and 20 C. terminata nests, collected from May 2014 to April 2015. We found 12 pollen types belonging to seven families: ix Malpighiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapindaceae, where Malpighiaceae was the most common for both species. We found 12 pollen types for C. analis and 8 for C. terminata, and the highest frequency pollen species were Malpighia emarginata, Byrsonima sericea, Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum, Aeschynomene paucifolia for both species analyzed. The results are extremely important for the knowledge of supplier plants of food resources used for larval supply, consumption and construction of nests, preparation of management plan, conservation of the genus Centris bees and plants visited by them.The studied forest fragment serve as refuge for species of bees and solitary wasps.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi inventariar a diversidade de espécies de abelhas e vespas solitárias que nidificam em cavidades preexistentes em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, componente da paisagem urbana de Salvador, Bahia, ocupado pelo Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV) e pelo campus da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Ondina. Além disso, foi feita a identificação dos recursos florais utilizados por duas espécies de abelhas, Centris (Heterocentris) analis e Centris (Heterocentris) terminata, para aprovisionamento das suas células de cria. A amostragem foi realizada durante o período de maio de 2014 a outubro de 2015, e os ninhos-armadilha utilizados consistiam de tubos de cartolina preta, blocos de madeira e gomos de bambu. Foram instalados no campo 1.192 ninhos-armadilha, distribuídos em oito suportes, sendo quatro colocados na área do Parque Zoobotânico e quatro colocados na área ocupada pelo campus da UFBA. As inspeções aos ninhos foram feitas mensalmente e os ninhos concluídos foram coletados e substituídos por novos ninhos-armadilha vazios. Os ninhos ocupados foram levados para o laboratório. No laboratório, os ninhos foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente e observados diariamente até a emergência dos adultos. Foram amostrados 409 ninhos pertencentes a sete espécies de vespas e cinco de abelhas, sendo 189 coletados no campus da UFBA e 220 no PZBGV. Do total de ninhos obtidos, 234 ninhos foram colonizados por cinco espécies de abelhas pertencentes a família Apidae: Centris analis, Centris terminata, Xylocopa frontalis, Euglossa sp. e Tetrapedia diversipes. As abelhas nidificaram com maior frequência no PZBGV (127 ninhos) do que no campus da UFBA (107 ninhos). Em relação às vespas, do total de 175 ninhos, 82 foram coletados na UFBA e 93 no PZBGV, tendo emergido indivíduos de sete espécies pertencentes a três famílias: Podium denticulatum e Podium sp. (Sphecidae); Auplopus pratens e Auplopus subaurarius (Pompilidae); Trypoxylon sp.1, Trypoxylon sp.2 e Trypoxylon lactitarse (Crabronidae). Entre as espécies de abelhas, C. analis foi a mais abundante, seguida por C. terminata. As espécies de vespas mais abundantes foram Trypoxylon sp.2 e P. denticulatum. As maiores frequências de atividade de nidificação das espécies de abelhas e vespas ocorreram nos meses com temperaturas elevadas e baixos índices pluviométricos (janeiro-março). Das espécies vii analisadas, apenas C. analis, P. denticulatum e Trypoxylon sp. 2 apresentaram diferenças significativas na razão sexual, as quais foram enviesadas para machos. A taxa de mortalidade para as espécies de abelhas e vespas foi maior na UFBA (55,08%) do que no PZBGV (44,92%). A mortalidade foi ocasionada, na grande maioria dos casos, por causas desconhecidas. Para identificação das fontes dos recursos florais utilizados por C. analis e C. terminata foi realizada a análise polínica a partir de 53 ninhos de C. analis e 20 ninhos de C. terminata fundados durante o período de maio de 2014 a abril de 2015. A análise do conteúdo polínico residual dos ninhos foi realizada pelo método de acetólise convencional. Foram identificados 12 tipos polínicos, pertencentes a sete famílias vegetais: Malpighiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Polygalaceae e Sapindaceae. Destas famílias, Malpighiaceae foi a que teve os tipos polínicos mais frequentes nos ninhos de ambas as espécies de abelhas. Nos ninhos de C. analis foram encontrados 12 tipos polínicos e nos ninhos de C. terminata 8 tipos polínicos. Os tipos polínicos com as maiores frequências de utilização por C. analis e C. terminata foram: Malpighia emarginata, Byrsonima sericea, Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum e Aeschynomene paucifolia.Os resultados encontrados são de extrema relevância para o conhecimento das plantas fornecedoras de recursos florais utilizados para aprovisionamento larval, consumo e construção dos ninhos, elaboração de plano de manejo, conservação das abelhas do gênero Centris e das plantas visitadas pelas mesmas. Os resultados sugerem que a área estudada funciona como refúgio para espécies de abelhas e vespas solitárias. / The aim of this study was to inventory the diversity of species of solitary bees and wasps that nest in artificial cavities in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the urban landscape of Salvador, Bahia. This area is occupied by the campus of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) and by the Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV). We also identified the food resources collected by Centris analis and Centris terminata females. The samples were collected from May 2014 to October 2015 using artificial cavities made of black cardboard, wooden blocks, and bamboo canes (trap-nests methodology). We installed 1.192 trap-nests in the field, distributed in eight stands, four for each area. Inspections were made monthly and occupied nests were removed and brought to the laboratory. The empty cavities were filled with new nests. In the laboratory, the nests were kept at room temperature and observed daily until adult emergence. We sampled seven wasp species and five bee species in the two areas of this study, in a total of 409 nests: 189 nests in UFBA and 220 in PZBGV. Of these, 234 nests were made by five bee species from four genera of Apidae family: Centris analis, Centris terminata, Xylocopa frontalis, Euglossa sp. and Tetrapedia diversipes. Bees nest more frequently in PZBGV (127 nests) than on the campus of UFBA (107 nests). In relation to the wasps, we collected 175 nests, 82 were collected in UFBA and 93 in PZBGV, and emerged individuals from seven species of three families: Podium denticulatum and Podium sp. (Sphecidae); Auplopus pratens and Auplopus subaurarius (Pompilidae); Trypoxylon sp.1, Trypoxylon sp.2 and T. lactitarse (Crabronidae). Among the bee species, C. analis was the most abundant, followed by C. terminata. The most abundant wasp species were Trypoxylon sp.2, followed by P. denticulatum. The highest frequency of nesting activity of the species of bees and wasps occurred in the months with high temperatures and low rainfall (January to March). Only C. analis, P. denticulatum and Trypoxylon sp. 2 showed significant differences in the sex ratio, which were male-bias. The mortality rate was higher in the UFBA (55.08%) than in the PZBGV (44.92%) for both, bees and wasps. Unknown causes were the main causes of mortality. To identify the pollen resource used by C. analis and C. terminata, we analyzed 53 C. analis nests and 20 C. terminata nests, collected from May 2014 to April 2015. We found 12 pollen types belonging to seven families: ix Malpighiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapindaceae, where Malpighiaceae was the most common for both species. We found 12 pollen types for C. analis and 8 for C. terminata, and the highest frequency pollen species were Malpighia emarginata, Byrsonima sericea, Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum, Aeschynomene paucifolia for both species analyzed. The results are extremely important for the knowledge of supplier plants of food resources used for larval supply, consumption and construction of nests, preparation of management plan, conservation of the genus Centris bees and plants visited by them.The studied forest fragment serve as refuge for species of bees and solitary wasps.

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