Analyses of foraminiferal assemblages involve time consuming microscopic assessment of sediment samples. Image recognition software, which systematically matches features within sample images against an image library, is widely used in contexts ranging from law enforcement to medical research. At present, scientific applications such as identification of specimens in plankton samples utilize flow through systems in which samples are suspended in liquid and pass through a beam of light where the images are captured using transmitted light. Identification of foraminifers generally utilizes reflected light, because most shells are relatively opaque. My goal was to design and test a protocol to directly image foraminiferal specimens using reflected light and then apply recognition software to those images. A library of high quality digital images was established by photographing foraminifers identified conventionally from sediment samples from the west Florida shelf. Recognition software, VisualSpreadsheet™ by Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc., was then trained to improve automated assemblage counts and those results were compared to results from direct visual assessment. The auto classification feature produced composite accuracies of foraminiferal groups in the range of 60–70% compared to traditional visual identification by a researcher using a stereo microscope. Site SC34, the source of images for the original image library, had an initial accuracy of 75% that was improved slightly through an alteration to one of the software classes, but composite accuracy plateaued at 60% with the updated filters. Thus, image acquisition advancements and further development of image recognition software will be required to improve automated or semi automated foraminiferal classifications. However, other potential applications were noted. For example, an advantage of acquiring digital images of entire samples or subsamples is the ability to collect quantitative data such as diameter and length, allowing size-frequency assessments of foraminiferal populations while possibly automating grain size analyses without requiring separate processing. In addition, data files of library and sample specimens can be readily shared with other researchers.

Coral cover remains highest on patch reefs at the northern end of the Florida reef tract. The reasons for this trend are not well understood, but may be related to the protection from extreme variations in water quality parameters provided by the near constant presence of islands at the north extent of the Florida Keys. Three indices have been developed based on Foraminifera and sediment constituents. Two of the indices, the FORAM Index and the SEDCON Index, were developed to indicate the suitability of a reef environment for continued reef accretion. The third index, the Photic Index, is an assessment of photic stress on reefs based on incidence of bleaching in a species of Foraminifera, Amphistegina gibbosa, which is known to experience loss of algal endosymbionts similar to bleaching in corals. Patch reefs were sampled in Biscayne National Park, FL to assess sediment characteristics and foraminiferal assemblages, as well as to examine trends in the three indices. Sediments associated with a majority (59%) of reefs were coarse sands; muddy sediments were restricted to a few inner patch reefs that were isolated from the influence of Caesar's Creek, which flushes water from inside Biscayne Bay onto the open shelf. Unidentifiable grains predominated in the sediment constituents, along with calcareous algae and molluskan debris. Shells from 82 genera of Foraminifera were identified in the sediments. Quinqueloculina was the most consistently common genus. Percent mud was the single most influential measured variable on the distribution of both sediment constituents and foraminiferal assemblages. Analysis of bleaching in the foraminifer Amphistegina gibbosa revealed that photo-oxidative stress was chronic at 94% of the sites. Patterns of FORAM and SEDCON Index values and their similarity to temperature, salinity, and percent mud distributions show that Caesar's Creek is affecting the benthic community in its immediate vicinity by providing flow that limits the accumulation of mud and potentially other anthropogenic stressors. Overall this study suggests that the reefs in this area are marginal for continued reef growth. A more detailed study of water quality through Caesar's Creek should be conducted to determine exactly how it is affecting the reefs in Biscayne National Park.

A goal of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to develop protocols applicable to coral reefs to distinguish between the effects of local water quality and those associated with regional to global environmental change. One test case is the current-dominated southeast coast of Florida where the Delray Outfall delivers 30 million gallons per day (114,000 cubic meters per day) of secondary-treated sewage into the ocean. Five study sites were established at depths between 15 and 18 m, and at distances between 1 and 18 km distance from the outfall, where the Stony Coral Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP) was conducted to determine coral cover and selected other parameters. During sampling, 29 surface sediment samples were collected that I analyzed with respect to sediment texture, foraminiferal assemblages, and sediment constituents. Most samples were characterized by fine sands with <2% mud. A total of 77 genera of foraminifers were identified, averaging 28 genera per sample. Abundances of foraminiferal shells varied among samples by more than an order of magnitude (83 to 1010 shells per g sediment). The Foraminifera in Reef Assessment and Monitoring (FORAM) Index was calculated from the foraminiferal data, yielding values of 3 or more for all sites, with 26 of the 29 test sites yielding values >4, indicating that water quality should support coral growth. Sediment constituent analyses revealed that the sediments were overwhelmingly dominated by unidentifiable fragments (60%), with molluscan debris second (20%), and calcareous algae third (4.5%); larger foraminiferal shells and coral fragments together made up < 5.5%. The resulting sediment constituent (SEDCON) Index was consistently <2, indicating that erosional processes dominate over sediment production along the sampled shelf area. Results provided by the FORAM and SEDCON indices are consistent with results for stony coral based on the RBP. Stony coral cover was low at all sites, <2%, indicating that coral occurs in the area but neither dominates the benthos nor builds reefs. No relationship was observed between any parameter and distance from the Delray Outfall. However, both the RBP and FORAM Index indicated poorest conditions at the Horseshoe site, suggesting unidentified stressors in that vicinity.

Heavy-metal pollution is an issue of concern in estuaries such as Biscayne Bay that are heavily influenced by agricultural, urban, and harbor activities. The goals of this study were to provide a state of the bay assessment that can be used to interpret changes that have occurred over the past 60 years in Biscayne Bay, to provide a baseline to compare changes in the ecosystems during and after execution of the Comprehensive Everglades Restorations Plan (CERP), and to determine if benthic foraminiferal assemblages in Biscayne Bay reflect heavy-metal contamination in sediments. Surficial samples were collected at 147 sites throughout the bay. Analyses included geochemical assessment of the mud fraction for 32 chemical parameters, grain-size analysis, and assessment of foraminiferal assemblages at the genus level. Geochemical analyses revealed elevated concentrations of a suite of heavy metals in the sediments of the northern bay, between Miami and Key Biscayne, and the periphery of the southern bay from Black Creek Canal south to Turkey Point. Cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling, and multivariate-correlation analyses revealed three distinct foraminiferal assemblages. One assemblage, characteristic of the northern bay, was defined by stress-tolerant taxa including Ammonia, Cribroelphidium, Nonion, and Haynesina, which were present in low abundances. Distribution of this assemblage correlated with the most elevated concentrations of heavy metals. The assemblage that defined the southwestern margin of the bay was dominated by Ammonia and Quinqueloculina. This assemblage is characterized by the lowest diversities and highest abundances, and is likely influenced by both reduced salinity and elevated organic-carbon concentrations.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-05-03T16:41:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GASPAR_2014_TeseUFF.pdf: 5686020 bytes, checksum: 1a09a81a8e3faf6aa6834f79b7c46c47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T16:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GASPAR_2014_TeseUFF.pdf: 5686020 bytes, checksum: 1a09a81a8e3faf6aa6834f79b7c46c47 (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a saúde do ecossistema recifal do Atol das Rocas utilizando como indicadores as associações de foraminíferos bentônicos, Índice FORAM e saúde e cobertura de corais. Além disso, descrever a razão Mg/Ca em testas recentes de Nonion commune para identificar mais uma possível espécie para estudos paleoclimáticos. Um total de 276 transeções de ponto e faixa (20x1m) foram realizadas em 6 expedições (out/07, mar e dez/10, mai/11, mai e nov/12) e revelaram coberturas de corais variando entre ~3 e 50%, de acordo com o padrão de circulação de água nas piscinas. Relações entre branqueamento/doenças em corais e anomalias de temperatura foram registradas para 2010. O que pode ter causado uma redução significativa na cobertura de corais em 4 piscinas abertas, após março e dezembro de 2010. A prevalência de doenças, que lesionam e causam mortalidade parcial ou total dos corais, foi alta nessas piscinas. As doenças atingiram maiores porcentagens e persistem por mais tempo que o branqueamento. Em 2012, sem registro de temperatura muito elevadas, a cobertura para de apresentar sinais de declínio, embora ainda existam colônias doentes. Fatores como altos níveis de radiação solar, alta transparência da água, pouca profundidade, intenso fluxo de água, baixa diversidade de corais, dominância do gênero Siderastrea e o contato direto dos corais com muitas algas podem ter contribuído para os altos percentuais de doenças. Além disso, um total de 105 amostras de sedimento superficial foi coletado em dezembro de 2010 e maio de 2011 nas mesmas piscinas. Foram identificados 108 gêneros de foraminíferos bentônicos, porém a maioria com abundância inferior a 1%. Os gêneros Archaias, Quinqueloculina, Sorites, Amphistegina e Borelis dominaram nos dois períodos de amostragem, e juntos representam mais de 60% da abundância relativa em todas as piscinas. Uma relação positiva e significativa foi encontrada entre a granulometria e a densidade de foraminíferos. As menores densidades foram encontradas nas piscinas abertas com intenso fluxo de água. A alta transparência da água, pouca profundidade, intenso fluxo de água, abundância de algas e ambiente carbonático favorecem o domínio de Archaias angulatus nas associações de foraminíferos. A proporção dos foraminíferos que possuem endossimbiontes é superior a 40% em todas as piscinas, resultando em valores médios de Índice FORAM (IF) entre 5,76 e 9,15, com uma média geral para o Atol igual a 7,0. Portanto, o IF indica que a qualidade da água é favorável ao crescimento e/ou recuperação recifal, mas não apresentou correlação com cobertura de coral ou algas, assim como em outras regiões recifais do Brasil. Recomenda-se que o monitoramento da cobertura e saúde recifal e dos foraminíferos sejam complementares e não independentes. Para as análises de geoquímica elementar nas testas de foraminíferos recentes, com o método de ablação a laser (LA-ICP-MS) foram utilizados 50 exemplares de Nonion commune que estavam vivos no momento da coleta, com tamanhos entre 200-354 μm. As médias das razões de Mg/Ca registradas nesse trabalho - 6,12 a 7,85 mmol/mol - estão de acordo com a faixa de variação encontradas para foraminíferos bentônicos sem endossimbiontes e para águas rasas e quentes. A relação entre os valores de Mg/Ca e o tamanho da carapaça, sugerem que futuras análises considerem apenas testas maiores que 250 μm e, preferencialmente, com variações de apenas 50 μm no tamanho das mesmas. É possível sugerir que essa espécie possa ser usada em futuros estudos baseados em Mg/Ca com finalidade de reconstrução de paleotemperaturas, pois parecem ter relação com a temperatura de calcificação, embora um estudo mais detalhado em um ambiente com variações sazonais de TSM mais acentuadas, seja necessário para confirmar essa relação. A continuidade do monitoramento é essencial para compreender como esse ambiente tão importante irá se recuperar e/ou responder aos futuros eventos de anomalias térmicas / This study aimed to assess Rocas Atoll coral reef health by monitoring corals cover and health, as well the benthic foraminifera assemblages and the FORAM Index (FI) in 15 tide pools. Furthermore, the Mg/Ca ratios for recent (stained) foraminifera Nonion commune from Rocas Atoll were also described. A total of 276 point intercept transects and belt transects (20x1m) were surveyed during 6 expeditions (Oct/07, Mar and Dec/10, May/11, May and Nov/12) and revealed coral cover ranging between ~3 and 50% inside tide pools. Bleached and diseased corals were positive related to SST anomalies recorded for 2010, and might be the main reason of a significant coral cover decline in 4 open tide pools. Coral diseases reached higher percentages and persist longer than bleaching. In 2012 no high temperature was recorded and coral cover showing no signs of decline. High radiation levels, clear water, shallow depth, high water flow, low coral diversity, high abundance of one species (Siderastrea stellata) and direct algal contact might be influenced the high percentages of coral diseases. A total of 105 surface sediment samples were collected between December 2010 and May 2011 at the same tide pools. A total of 108 genera of benthic foraminifera were identified, however most of them showed abundance lower than 1%. The genera Archaias, Quinqueloculina, Sorites, Amphistegina and Borelis were dominant in the two sampling periods, and together represent more than 60% relative abundance in all tide pools. A significant and positive relation was found between the grain size and benthic foraminifera density. Lowest densities were founded in open tide pools with high water flow. Clear water, shallow depth, high water flow, high algae abundance and carbonate environment resulted in Archaias angulatus associations. Symbiont-bearing foraminifera proportion is above 40% in all tide pools, resulting FORAM Index (FI) values between 5.76 and 9.15, with mean value 7.0 for Rocas Atoll. Therefore, the FI indicates that the water quality is favorable to growth and/or reef recovery, but showed no correlation with coral cover and algae. It is recommended that monitoring coral cover and health and foraminifera to be complementary and not independent. Trace element composition analyses of recent foraminifera, using the laser ablation (LA-ICP-MS), were conducted in 50 tests of Nonion commune (alive at sampling time), tests sizes ranged from 200-354 μm. The mean Mg/Ca ratios recorded were - 6.12 to 7.85 mmol/mol - consistent with the range of variation found for smaller benthic foraminifera and to shallow and warm waters. The relation between Mg/Ca rations and test size, suggest that future analysis considers only tests greater than 250 μm, and varying only 50 μm. It is possible to suggest that this species may be used in future paleotemperatures research Mg/Cabased, since they appear to be related to the seawater calcification temperature, although a more detailed study in an environment with a higher seasonal SST variations is necessary to confirm this relation. Continuing monitoring is essential to understand how Rocas Atoll will recover and/or respond to future events of thermal stress anomalies

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-24T16:04:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Silvia Lisboa.pdf: 3038622 bytes, checksum: d6fd17f5be7eb5edaafbd1fba3718a41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T16:04:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Silvia Lisboa.pdf: 3038622 bytes, checksum: d6fd17f5be7eb5edaafbd1fba3718a41 (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica Ambiental. Niterói, RJ / Com os danos que vêm sendo causados nos ecossistemas recifais brasileiros e considerando suas altas taxas de endemismo, a conservação da biodiversidade dos mesmos é indispensável e a utilização de indicadores ambientais é importante para o estudo dos fenômenos que afetam os ecossistemas marinhos. É nesse contexto que a assembleia de foraminíferos bentônicos tem sido amplamente utilizada como indicadores da qualidade ambiental de ecossistemas de recifes de coral, uma vez que estes organismos estão entre os principais produtores do sedimento recifal. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre os indicadores geoquímicos e a fauna de foraminíferos bentônicos na caracterização ambiental do Recife de Fora, que corresponde a uma área de proteção marinha, porém com intensa visitação turística e exploração de seus recursos. As estações de amostragem foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e totalizaram 59 amostras de sedimento superficial, destinadas às análises de tamanho dos grãos, matéria orgânica, carbonato de cálcio e foraminíferos. A face leste apresentou os maiores teores de areia e de carbonato de cálcio dentre as demais estações, já a face oeste do Recife de Fora apresentou o sedimento composto predominantemente por lama e com maiores concentrações de matéria orgânica. Nesta mesma área foram obtidos os maiores índices de diversidade (Shanon-Wiener) e a maior abundância dos foraminíferos oportunistas Bolivina, Ammonia e Nonion. Sendo assim, a relação entre o tipo de sedimento e a diversidade e a composição da assembleia de foraminíferos observada permite concluir que a fauna analisada exibe padrões de distribuição relacionados principalmente aos parâmetros sedimentológicos, associados à presença de corpos recifais / With the damages that have been caused in the brazilian reefs ecosystems and considering their high endemism, the conservation of biodiversity therefore is indispensable and the use of bioindicators are important for understanding the phenomena that affects marine ecosystems. In this context, the foraminiferal assemblages have been widespread used as environmental quality indicators of coral reefs, since these organisms are among the main producers of reef sediments. The aim of this work was to evaluate the interaction between geochemical parameters and benthic foraminifera assemblages to assess the environmental quality of Recife de Fora, which corresponds to a marine protected area subject to tourism and exploitation of its resources. For this purpose, 59 random stations were chosen for surface sediment sampling and analyses of particle size, organic matter content, calcium carbonate and foraminifera. The seaward side of the reef had the highest proportions of sand and calcium carbonate among all stations and the landward exhibited the sediments, mainly composed of mud and higher concentrations of organic matter. In the latter area the highest diversity indexes (Shanon-Wiener) were found with a greater abundance of the stress-tolerant foraminifera Bolivina, Ammonia and Nonion. As such, a close relationship among the sediment type with the diversity and the composition of foraminifera assemblage indicating that the distribution pattern of the analysed fauna is directly related to sedimentary parameters associated with the presence of coral reefs and hydrodynamic conditions operating in the area

ABSTRACT Foraminiferal Assemblages on Sediments and Reef Rubble at Conch Reef, Florida USA Christy Stephenson Benthic foraminiferal assemblages are widely used to interpret responses of the benthic communities to environmental stresses. This study compares epibiotic foraminiferal assemblages, collected from reef rubble, with those from reef sediments. The study site, Conch Reef, is the site of the Aquarius Underwater Habitat research facility and includes protected areas used only for scientific studies. Although a number of studies have enumerated foraminiferal taxa from the Florida reef tract, no projects have focused on the assemblages that occur at Conch Reef. Sediment and reef rubbles samples were collected via SCUBA from a depth range of 13 to 26 m during October 2008. Foraminiferal assemblages were assessed and compared between the two sample types. A total of 117 foraminiferal species, representing 72 genera, 37 families, and 8 orders were identified in 13 sediment samples and 21 rubble samples. In the rubble samples, 70 genera were identified, including 12 symbiont-bearing genera representing 20% of the total assemblage, 12 stress-tolerant genera representing 6%, planktic foraminifers representing 1%, and 46 other smaller foraminiferal genera representing 73% of the total foraminiferal assemblage. The rubble samples were quite homogenous. The mean (+SD) Fisher alpha α diversity of genera in these samples was 12.9 + 1.4. Sediment samples included 60 of the same genera. The 12 symbiont-bearing genera represented 41% of the total assemblage, 10 stress-tolerant genera represented 3%, planktic taxa represented 2%, and 40 other smaller foraminiferal genera represented 54% of the total assemblage. Overall, the taxonomic assemblages were very similar between the sample types, with sediment assemblages clearly representing the local and regional reef foraminiferal assemblage. The mean (+SD) Fisher alpha α for sediment samples was 11.4 + 2.3, which is not significantly different from that found for the rubble samples. A concentration ratio comparing relative abundances in sediment vs. rubble samples revealed that shells of larger, symbiont-bearing taxa were about 2.5-5.5 times more concentrated in the sediment, indicating winnowing of smaller taxa. Shells of Siphonatera, an agglutinated miliolid, and Textularia, an agglutinated textularid, were more abundant in sediments than in rubble, indicating high preservation potential. The concentration ratio provides a new taphonomic index that reflects the size and durability of foraminiferal taxa. The mean FORAM Index (FI) for the sediment samples (5.57 + 0.83) indicates that water quality at Conch Reef is suitable for calcifying symbioses. The most abundant symbiont-bearing genera were Amphistegina, Laevipeneroplis, Asterigerina, and Archaias.

GONÇALVES, Fabrício Mota. Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultivo (KC) da cana-de-açúcar irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial. 2010. 64 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T16:59:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fmgonçalves.pdf: 3900094 bytes, checksum: 1ad79acf1432c0de09bcbdf52cb0f8c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T16:59:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fmgonçalves.pdf: 3900094 bytes, checksum: 1ad79acf1432c0de09bcbdf52cb0f8c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T16:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fmgonçalves.pdf: 3900094 bytes, checksum: 1ad79acf1432c0de09bcbdf52cb0f8c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Sugar cane is one of the crops with the highest level of water consumption, with a high evapotranspiration demand throughout most of its cycle. Knowledge of the sugar cane water demand, the time that irrigation should be applied, and how to irrigate the crop are becoming increasingly important for the sustainable development of irrigated sugar cane cultivation, especially in areas of low water availability, as it is the case in northea stern Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Experimental Field (property of the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry), located in the Curu-Paraipaba Irrig ation Project, city of Paraipaba-CE (3 ° 29 '20''S, 39 ° 9' 45''W and elevation 30m), in order to determine the evapotrans piration and crop coefficients (Kc) of sugarcane (Saccharum L. officinarium), subsurface drip-irrigated. It was used the SP 6949 sugar cane variety, planted in a spacing of 1.8 m between double rows and 0.4 m between rows within the double row. As to t he irrigation, we used one lateral water line for each double row, buried at a depth of 0.15 m, w ith self-compensating drip emitters, with a flow rate of 1 L h-1, spaced 0.5 m on the water line. The crop was irrigated daily and there were three fertigations per week. The irrigation de pth was periodically adjusted, keeping the soil water potential between -8 kPa to -20 kPa. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using a wei ghing lysimeter with a surface area of 2.25 m 2. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The durations of the phenological stages of cane sugar were estimated through analysis of soil cover, with the use of digital images. Durations of 31, 49, 237 and 118 days were observed, respectively for initial, crop development, mid-season and late season stages. The yields achieved within and outside the lysimeter were respectively 144.4 and 108.8 t ha -1 . The total ETc observed during the cycle of the sugar cane was 1074.1 m m, with maximum values of 6.6 mm d-1 during the mid-season stage. Observed Kc values for initial, mid-season and late season stages were respectively 0.23, 1 .03 and 0.50. In the crop development stage, the relationship between Kc and the (crop) soil cover was represented with good accuracy by a negative quadratic model. / A cana-de-açúcar é uma das culturas com maior consumo de água, apresentando uma alta demanda evapotranspirativa ao longo da maior parte do seu ciclo. O conhecimento das necessidades hídricas da cana-de-açúcar, do momento de aplicação da água requerida pela mesma e a forma de aplicação torna-se cada vez mais importante para o desenvolvimento sustentável da sua produção irrigada, principalmente em regiões de pouca disponibilidade hídrica, como é o caso da região Nordeste do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Curu, pertencente à Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical localizado no Perímetro Irrigado Curu-Paraipaba, município de Paraipaba-CE (3° 29’ 20’’ S, 39° 9’ 45’’ W e altitude de 30 m), com o objetivo de determinar a evapotranspiração e os coeficientes de cultivo (Kc) da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarium L.), irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial. Utilizou-se a variedade de cana SP 6949, plantada no espaçamento de 1,8 m entre fileiras duplas e 0,4 m entre linhas dentro da fileira dupla. Na irrigação utilizou-se uma linha lateral para cada fileira dupla, enterrada na profundidade de 0,15 m, com gotejadores autocompensantes, com vazão de 1 L h-1, espaçados de 0,5 m na linha. A cultura foi irrigada com freqüência diária e foram realizadas três fertirrigações por semana. A lâmina de irrigação foi ajustada periodicamente, mantendo-se o potencial de água no solo entre -8 kPa e -20 kPa. A evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) foi determinada utilizando-se um lisímetro de pesagem com área superficial de 2,25 m2. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método FAO Penman-Monteith. As durações das fases fenológicas da cana-de-açúcar foram estimadas por meio da análise da cobertura do solo pela cultura, determinada com o uso de imagens digitais. Foram observadas durações de 31, 49, 237 e 118 dias, para as fases inicial, de desenvolvimento, intermediária e final, respectivamente. A produtividade alcançada dentro e fora do lisímetro foi de 144,4 e 108,8 t ha-1, respectivamente. A ETc total observada durante o ciclo da cana-de-açúcar foi de 1.074,1 mm, com valores máximos da ordem de 6,6 mm d-1 durante a fase intermediária. Foram observados valores de Kc iguais a 0,23, 1,03 e 0,50, para as fases inicial, intermediária e final, respectivamente. Na fase de desenvolvimento vegetativo a relação entre o Kc e a cobertura do solo pela cultura foi representada com bastante exatidão por um modelo quadrático negativo.

BARREIRA, Sofia de Evaristo Menescal. Formação docente para a educação superior: nas trilhas de uma política institucional. 2009. 260 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-26T12:28:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_SEMBARREIRA.pdf: 723327 bytes, checksum: 4ba45697f23a724d2d1f0e254cc35173 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-09-24T00:08:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_SEMBARREIRA.pdf: 723327 bytes, checksum: 4ba45697f23a724d2d1f0e254cc35173 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-24T00:08:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_SEMBARREIRA.pdf: 723327 bytes, checksum: 4ba45697f23a724d2d1f0e254cc35173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The thematic of this thesis concerns to the importance of the teaching formation for the superior education face to the challenge disposed by the society of information and knowledge to the accomplished professionalization on this teaching level. The Federal University of Ceará – UFC was chosen for the achievement of this field research as it historically represents the main former institution of active professionals in the teaching of superior education in Ceará. It was the first university created in the State and continues being one of the greatest referential for the others Superior Teaching Institutions by the importance of its debates, partnerships established and the meaningful contribution in the professional formation for the world of the work. This study was developed through a qualitative research, that is a case study using semistructured interviews and documental analysis. The subjects of the research are represented by 43 active managers from the period 1997 to 2006 – rectors, pro-rectors, directors of centers or faculties, chiefs of departments, coordinators of courses, managers of human resources, syndicate representative, auditor among others. The categories of Entrance, Evaluation and Formation were defined to guide the priorities pertaining specially to field research. The information and reflections resultant just show the necessity to implement an institutional policy of teaching formation to the teachers of the University, conceived in the scope of references of professional development. So, to have this effectuated, it is urgent to establish ruptures in order to face the evident problems and assume innovated attitudes in the face of explicit possibilities / A temática desta tese refere-se à importância da formação docente para a educação superior diante dos desafios postos pela sociedade da informação e do conhecimento à profissionalização efetivada nesse nível de ensino, mais especificamente à ação do professor no cotidiano da sua profissão. A Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC foi escolhida para a realização da pesquisa de campo pelo fato de representar, historicamente, a principal instituição formadora de profissionais atuantes na docência da educação superior do Ceará. Primeira universidade a ser criada no Estado, continua sendo um dos maiores referenciais para as demais Instituições de Educação Superior - IES pela importância dos debates que promove, das parcerias que estabelece e da significativa contribuição de formação profissional para o mundo do trabalho. O estudo desenvolveu-se mediante uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Os sujeitos da pesquisa estão representados por 43 gestores, atuantes no período de 1997 a 2006 – reitores, pró-reitores, diretores de centro ou faculdade, chefes de departamentos, coordenadores de cursos, gestores de recursos humanos, representante sindical, ouvidor, dentre outros. As categorias Ingresso, Avaliação e Formação foram definidas para orientar as prioridades pertinentes à pesquisa de campo, em especial. As informações e reflexões decorrentes sinalizam a necessidade de implementar uma política institucional de formação docente para os professores da Universidade, concebida no âmbito de referenciais de desenvolvimento profissional. Para que se efetive, é imprescindível estabelecer rupturas para o enfrentamento dos problemas evidenciados e assumir posturas inovadoras diante das possibilidades explicitadas

RAMOS, Jeannette Filomeno Pouchain. Projeto educativo e político-pedagógico da escola De ensino médio: tradições e contradições na gestão e na formação para o trabalho. 2009. 245f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-09T11:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Tese_JFPRamos.pdf: 2192405 bytes, checksum: 71c4d8335d8c1d60c3331ea87534ab26 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-13T11:18:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Tese_JFPRamos.pdf: 2192405 bytes, checksum: 71c4d8335d8c1d60c3331ea87534ab26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-13T11:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Tese_JFPRamos.pdf: 2192405 bytes, checksum: 71c4d8335d8c1d60c3331ea87534ab26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The Brazilian education, founded by the logic submission of the educational project from the Jesuits, and the influences from the French, English and Americans, passed on to be considered a national problem with the proclamation of the republic in 1980. The attempt to regulate and to consolidate the social function propaedeutics, which denies the work, the industrialization who demanded the instrumental education for work and the reestablishment of the democracy in the state which reorganized the flexible production and impose the formation of a new type of worker (KUENZER, 1998) presents contradictories movements. In agreement with transformation the scientific technical conception of organization adopted participative democratic mechanism. Recognizing the contradiction in keeping distinct types of logic and the tendency of the liberal logic over the social logic, the challenger of the work management is to reverse this premise. As an alternative to the educational middle class project, the polytechnic education proposes to overcome the dual structure and history by omni lateral formation (SAVIANI, 2003). The elementary and middle school should be guided by the work as an excellent base for education (PISTRAK, 2005). The school, known as the work product of man, should be linked to school life as a social transformation combined with school education with material production and to promote self and social emancipation. In context, the general objective is to analyze the experience of reorganizing the educational work in creation of the politic pedagogic project of middle school, identifying perspectives, limits, possibilities, and resistances. The specifics objectives are to examine the evolution of the educational project in the social politic and economic history of Brazil, highlighting the management of school work and the formation of the young for work; analyze fundamentals, intentions and practices which guide the politic pedagogic project and identify and analyze the limits, possibilities and ways of group resistances in the management project. We choose as a theoretical methodological referential the Critic Theory and the method with materialistic history base. As instruments of qualitative and quantitative data collection we applied questionnaires, semi-structures interviews and focal groups. Among hypothesis should public school follow the educational project of middle class or should it follow the lines of vocational extent, instrumental; to attend to middle class project of the popular sector? The hard format of school has accomplished changes in the lines of directions? The politic pedagogic project working at Liceu do Maracanaú establish four pillars which reorganize the work in the school bearing in mind the full formation of the young. This school thinks, conceives and evaluates opposition to the others schools; it breaks with the traditional format of the work organization. The multiples intelligences are understood as principles, the project of work is the means to transformation of popular knowledge to the scientific knowledge with practice and social application of ideas in development of competencies and abilities, as means an half-yearly organizational and the evaluation as the learning observation. Scientific initiation in middle level education attends the interests of the school, highlighting the talents, improving the indicators and presenting results. This project is contradictory because the fundamentals and practice pedagogic reassures the principles of the traditional format and the process of schooling. This way the study confirms that is possible reorganize the work and this is done by the politic pedagogic project (PPP). Faced with the new demands the schools find themselves in a cross road and their functionality is placed at doubt. As a result of this, we point out the crises of education, formation of young and the society. It is necessary to invest in the contradictions of the system and take possession of them to construct another, the opposite and reverse. It is up to the intellectuals and educators to do their job. / A educação brasileira, permeada pela lógica da submissão do projeto educativo dos jesuítas, das influências francesas, inglesas e dos Estados Unidos da América, passa a ser considerada como problema nacional com a Proclamação da República em 1890. As tentativas de regulamentação e consolidação da função social propedêutica, que nega o trabalho, a industrialização que demandou a educação instrumental para o trabalho e a redemocratização do Estado que reorganizou a produção em flexível e impõe a formação do novo tipo de trabalhador (KUENZER, 1998) apresentam movimentos contraditórios. Em consonância com estas transformações a concepção técnico-científica de organização adota mecanismos democráticos-participativos. Como alternativa ao projeto educativo burguês, a educação politécnica propõe superar a dualidade estrutural e histórica por meio da formação omnilateral (SAVIANI, 2003). A escola fundamental e média deve guiar-se pelo trabalho como base excelente da educação (PISTRAK, 2005), portanto, deve vincular a vida escolar com a transformação social combinando educação escolar com produção material e promover a auto-emancipação e a emancipação social. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral é analisar a experiência de reorganização do trabalho educativo na constituição do projeto político-pedagógico da escola de ensino médio, identificando perspectivas, limites, possibilidades e resistências. Os objetivos específicos são examinar a evolução do projeto educativo na história sociopolítica e econômica do Brasil, destacando a gestão do trabalho escolar e a formação do jovem para o trabalho; analisar os fundamentos, intencionalidades e práticas que norteiam o projeto político-pedagógico e identificar e analisar os limites, possibilidades e formas de resistência coletiva na gestão do projeto. Optamos como referencial teórico-metodológico pela Teoria Crítica e pelo método de base materialista-histórica. Como instrumento de coleta de dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram aplicados questionários, grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Entre os questões levantadas destacamos se escola pública deve seguir o projeto educativo da burguesia – propedêutica – ou deve se pautar na dimensão profissionalizante, instrumental, por atender ao projeto burguês para o setor popular? A escola mineralizada tem conseguido ressignificar diretrizes? O projeto político-pedagógico (PPP) em curso no Liceu do Maracanaú estabelece quatro pilares que reorganizam o trabalho na escola tendo em vista a formação integral do jovem. Esta escola pensa concebe e avalia e na contramão da maioria das escolas, rompe com o formato tradicional de organização do trabalho. As inteligências múltiplas são compreendidas como princípio, os projetos de trabalho como meio para a transformação do saber popular para o saber científico com aplicação prática e social dos conteúdos no desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades, a organização semestral como meio e a avaliação como monitoramento da aprendizagem. A iniciação cientifica destaca os talentos, melhora os indicadores e apresenta resultados. Este projeto é contraditório, pois os fundamentos e a prática pedagógica reafirmam os princípios liberais e o processo de escolarização excludente. Deste modo, o estudo confirma que é possível reorganizar o trabalho e este se concretiza por intermédio do PPP. Diante destas novas demandas, as escolas se encontram numa encruzilhada e sua funcionalidade é colocada em dúvida. Como prognóstico, apontamos o aprofundamento da crise da educação, da formação do jovem e da sociedade. Urge investir nas contradições inerentes ao sistema, apropriar-se delas para construção do outro, do contrário. Cabe, portanto, aos intelectuais e educadores cumprirem com a sua tarefa.