Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, March, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 535-546).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, March 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Este trabalho aborda o tema das políticas migratórias defensivas dos Estados e sua relação com a proteção elusiva dos refugiados e solicitantes da condição de refugiado (SCR). Com frequência, o tema é submetido a interpretações superficiais, limitadas e, inclusive, equivocadas, as quais não contribuem para um entendimento diligente à altura da complexidade da problemática. A pesquisa fundamenta-se nas contribuições de diversos estudiosos sobre o assunto e agrega dados empíricos atualizados. O estudo busca analisar, no âmbito internacional, desde a década de 1990, as três principais políticas migratórias defensivas aplicadas pelos Estados em relação ao fluxo e acolhimento de refugiados e SCR, bem como suas implicações. Para tanto, nesse escopo, faz-se necessário considerar o dinamismo do processo decisório político dos Estados em um contexto de afirmação de interesses e tensões internacionais. Igualmente, a partir da aplicação da tríade de políticas migratórias defensivas, são analisadas suas contradições no que tange à assunção do responsibility-sharing internacional e à vinculação com fatores que originam os fluxos de deslocamentos forçados. / This research deals with the subject of the State’s defensive migration policies regarding its relation to the elusive protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Quite often, this subject is under superficial, limited, and also erroneous, interpretation, which does not contribute to a better understanding of its complexity. The analysis is supported by the contributions of many experts in this field and includes new data. This paper seeks to analyze, in the international context, since the 90s, the three main defensive migration policies used by States in regard to the influx and protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as their implications. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider the dynamism involving the State’s political decision process in a context of diverging interests and international tensions. Also, from the application of the three defensive migration policies, the paper analyses their contradiction in relation to the assumption of the international responsibility-sharing, as well as their link to the factors that originate the influx of forced displacement. / Este trabajo trata del tema de las políticas migratorias defensivas de los Estados y su relación con la protección esquiva de refugiados y solicitantes de la condición de refugiado (SCR). A menudo, el tema es sometido a interpretaciones superficiales, limitadas e, incluso, equivocadas, las cuales no contribuyen para un entendimiento diligente a la altura de la complejidad de la problemática. El análisis está basado en las contribuciones de distintos expertos sobre el tema y agrega datos empíricos actualizados. El estudio busca analizar, en el ámbito internacional, desde la década de los años 1990, las tres principales políticas migratorias defensivas aplicadas por los Estados en relación al flujo y acogida de refugiados y SCR, además de sus implicaciones. Para eso, en ese ámbito, es necesario considerar el dinamismo del proceso decisorio político de los Estados en un contexto de afirmación de intereses y tensiones internacionales. Igualmente, a partir de la aplicación de la tríade de políticas migratorias defensivas, son analizadas las contradicciones de dichas políticas en lo que se refiere a la asunción del responsibility-sharing internacional y a la vinculación con factores que originan los flujos de desplazamientos forzados.

More than 400 Polish medical refugees were associated with the Polish School of Medicine (PSM) at the University of Edinburgh between 1941 and 1949. This dissertation argues that the history of the PSM can fully be understood only as a part of the refugees’ broader experience of impelled or forced migration during and immediately after the Second World War. The key findings of this case study demonstrate that the opportunity to study or work at the PSM enabled the majority of Polish exiles to overcome, to a varying extent, their refugee predicament, while medical qualifications, transferable skills and trans-cultural competency obtained in wartime Britain allowed them to pursue professional and academic careers in different countries of post-war settlement, thus in turn contributing to a global circulation of medical knowledge and practice, especially between the University of Edinburgh and Poland. This specific case study contributes to the existing knowledge of Polish wartime migration to Britain in three interrelated ways. Firstly, an overarching transnational approach is used to combine and transcend Polish and British scholarly perspectives on, respectively, emigration or immigration. Secondly, the conceptual insularity of the existing literature on the topic is challenged by analysing archival, published and digital sources pertaining to the PSM with the help of various theoretical models and concepts borrowed from forced migration and diaspora studies. Thirdly, the conventional historiography of Polish-British wartime relations is challenged by emphasising the genuinely global ramifications of the PSM’s history. By interpreting the history of the PSM with the help of different analytical tools, such as Kunz’s and Johansson’s models of refugee movement and Tweed’s theory of diasporic religion, this dissertation provides a conceptual blueprint for further research on Polish wartime migration to Britain. In turn, this case study contributes to the development of forced migration and diaspora studies not only by empirically testing the explanatory power of existing theoretical models, but also by suggesting possible new conceptual avenues, such as analysing the pre-existing trans-cultural experiences of both Polish medical refugees and their hosts at the University of Edinburgh, and adding to the ‘triadic relationship’ of diaspora, homeland and host society a fourth dimension, i.e. conflict and cooperation between different migrant or refugee communities within the same host society.

Research on forced migration has largely ignored asylum seekers from sexual and gender minorities. This exploratory study aimed to examine both positive and negative experiences of LGBT asylum seekers who had migrated to Sweden. Within the study, experiences prior to migration, during transit, and after arrival in Sweden were conceptualized as a process. Guided by the research question “How do LGBT asylum seekers describe positive and negative experiences of their asylum journeys?”, semi-structured interviews with eleven LGBT asylum seekers were conducted and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in five themes; 1. Living Under Threat, 2. Into the Abyss, 3. Living in Suspension, 4. External Sources of Support and 5. Strength from Within. Considerable stressors were reported, spanning form pre- to post migration. LGBT asylum seekers are found to be an especially vulnerable group that demonstrates considerable internal resources.

Este trabalho aborda o tema das políticas migratórias defensivas dos Estados e sua relação com a proteção elusiva dos refugiados e solicitantes da condição de refugiado (SCR). Com frequência, o tema é submetido a interpretações superficiais, limitadas e, inclusive, equivocadas, as quais não contribuem para um entendimento diligente à altura da complexidade da problemática. A pesquisa fundamenta-se nas contribuições de diversos estudiosos sobre o assunto e agrega dados empíricos atualizados. O estudo busca analisar, no âmbito internacional, desde a década de 1990, as três principais políticas migratórias defensivas aplicadas pelos Estados em relação ao fluxo e acolhimento de refugiados e SCR, bem como suas implicações. Para tanto, nesse escopo, faz-se necessário considerar o dinamismo do processo decisório político dos Estados em um contexto de afirmação de interesses e tensões internacionais. Igualmente, a partir da aplicação da tríade de políticas migratórias defensivas, são analisadas suas contradições no que tange à assunção do responsibility-sharing internacional e à vinculação com fatores que originam os fluxos de deslocamentos forçados. / This research deals with the subject of the State’s defensive migration policies regarding its relation to the elusive protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Quite often, this subject is under superficial, limited, and also erroneous, interpretation, which does not contribute to a better understanding of its complexity. The analysis is supported by the contributions of many experts in this field and includes new data. This paper seeks to analyze, in the international context, since the 90s, the three main defensive migration policies used by States in regard to the influx and protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as their implications. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider the dynamism involving the State’s political decision process in a context of diverging interests and international tensions. Also, from the application of the three defensive migration policies, the paper analyses their contradiction in relation to the assumption of the international responsibility-sharing, as well as their link to the factors that originate the influx of forced displacement. / Este trabajo trata del tema de las políticas migratorias defensivas de los Estados y su relación con la protección esquiva de refugiados y solicitantes de la condición de refugiado (SCR). A menudo, el tema es sometido a interpretaciones superficiales, limitadas e, incluso, equivocadas, las cuales no contribuyen para un entendimiento diligente a la altura de la complejidad de la problemática. El análisis está basado en las contribuciones de distintos expertos sobre el tema y agrega datos empíricos actualizados. El estudio busca analizar, en el ámbito internacional, desde la década de los años 1990, las tres principales políticas migratorias defensivas aplicadas por los Estados en relación al flujo y acogida de refugiados y SCR, además de sus implicaciones. Para eso, en ese ámbito, es necesario considerar el dinamismo del proceso decisorio político de los Estados en un contexto de afirmación de intereses y tensiones internacionales. Igualmente, a partir de la aplicación de la tríade de políticas migratorias defensivas, son analizadas las contradicciones de dichas políticas en lo que se refiere a la asunción del responsibility-sharing internacional y a la vinculación con factores que originan los flujos de desplazamientos forzados.

No contexto crescente de migrações forçadas e a consequência de refugiados e deslocados internos, evidencia-se o descumprimento dos Estados das obrigações internacionais e se mostra necessário a busca de meios para se efetivar uma proteção e prevenção eficazes. Baseado na complementaridade entre as vertentes de proteção da pessoa humana em sua função operacional, os órgãos de supervisão de direitos humanos se mostram como uma saída para a situação de descaso dos Estados para com as questões migratórias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o modo pela qual o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos atua nas questões migratórias dos Estados membros da OEA por meio de seus órgãos de supervisão e se há alguma complementaridade possível do Sistema Interamericano para com o tratamento relativo aos refugiados e deslocados internos nos Estados. Primeiramente realiza-se um estudo das duas dimensões que caracterizam o resultado da migração forçada, o refugiado e o deslocado interno, as legislações internacionais e regionais pertinentes e os respectivos deveres dos Estados. No segundo momento, o Sistema Interamericano é estudado, juntamente com as suas possibilidades de interferência nas questões de migração forçada através da atuação da Comissão e da Corte Interamericana. / In the context of increasing consequence of forced migration and refugees and IDPs, there is evidence of noncompliance with the State’s international obligations and to seek ways proves necessary to effect an effective protection and prevention. Based on complementarity between the strands of protection of the human person in its operational role, the supervisory bodies of human rights appear as an exit to the situation of neglect of States on migration issues. This study aims to determine the way in which the Inter-American Human Rights System operates in migration issues of OAS member states through their supervisory bodies and if there is any possible complementarity of the Inter- American relating to treatment with refugees and IDPs in the States. First carried out a study of the two dimensions that characterize the result of forced migration, refugee and internally displaced person, relevant international and regional laws and the respective duties of states. In the second phase, the inter-American system is studied, along with their possibilities of interference in issues of forced migration through the action of the Commission and the Court.

O refúgio faz parte de uma trajetória histórica da humanidade, na qual o mundo moderno ainda resiste em adaptar-se. A figura do refugiado surge em uma paisagem social que se opõe às diferenças e, neste cenário, o discurso jornalístico, tomado como acontecimento e realidade sobre o fenômeno, constrói espaços limitados que restringem sua função social, estreitando realidades, identidades e significados. Sob tal perspectiva, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal compreender como a cobertura jornalística brasileira participa da construção do refugiado, apresentando-o a partir de elementos que enfatizam a guerra e/ou a paz. Para isso, utiliza-se como ponto de partida o jornalismo para paz, teoria criada por Johan Galtung, a qual seria capaz de tecer novos valores para o trabalho jornalístico. Sob a luz do conceito, a disciplina poderia atuar colaborando para a integração local destes sujeitos, bem como levantando possibilidades para a repatriação voluntária e o reassentamento, consideradas soluções duráveis da causa. Para chegar a um denominador comum, utilizamos como método a análise de conteúdo de 98 textos publicados por jornalistas brasileiros nos veículos Correio Braziliense, Folha de São Paulo, O Globo e Zero Hora durante os dez anos que sucederam os ataques terroristas de 2001. O estudo constrói um panorama sobre a imprensa brasileira e revela que, por encontrarem na violência e na vitimização o principal atrativo, as empresas jornalísticas apreendem o assunto com indiferença, apresentando o refugiado como ator social estereotipado e de caráter ameaçador. O que desponta no conteúdo brasileiro, então, não é uma realidade voltada para paz. / The refuge phenomenon is part of a historical trajectory of humanity in which modern world still resists to adapt itself. Refugees emerge in a social landscape that opposes to differences and, in this context, the journalistic discourse, taken as happening and reality on the cause, builds up limited spaces that restrict its social function inside the phenomenon, narrowing realities, identities and meanings. According to this perspective, this research aims to understand how the Brazilian journalistic coverage takes part on the construction of refugees, presenting them by means of elements that emphasize war and/or peace. To do so, it is used the peace journalism theory, by Johan Galtung, which should be able to create new values for the journalistic work. Under this paradigm, the field could work collaborating to the social integration of these people, as well as raising possibilities for voluntary repatriation and resettlement, considering long term solutions to the cause. To get to a common ground, the method used was the content analysis of 98 texts that were published by Brazilian journalists at the newspapers Correio Braziliense, Folha de São Paulo, O Globo and Zero Hora during the ten years that followed the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks. With an innovative characteristic, this study builds up an image of the Brazilian press and reveals that, for finding in violence and in victimization its main attraction, journalism companies treat the subject with indifference, presenting refugees as stereotyped and threatening social actors. What comes up in the Brazilian content, then, is not a reality based upon peace.

The current forced displacement crisis, with over 65 million people in 2017, and more than a third being refugees, means it is higher than since the Second World War. Therefore, integration of external forced migrants (refugees) in host countries is a high priority policy objective of the international community. Yet, the existing refugee regime largely fails in successful integration, including in cases of resettling in perceived ethnic homelands. This thesis comparatively analyses the integration process of Syrian- Armenian forced migrants in the perceived ethnic homeland, Armenia and unrecognised territories of Nagorno-Karabakh, and a regional diaspora centre, Lebanon. The work aims to understand socio-cultural and economic factor impact on the process, and whether some can be regarded as fundamental for the successful outcomes, the role of state and non-state actors in the process, and influence of the psychological state of mind of forced migrants on it. The selection of case studies is ideal for several reasons. First, institutionally, a host-community (the Republic of Armenia and the Lebanese-Armenian diaspora) is interested in newcomers remaining in the country. Second, NGOs play a central role, thus, due to their decades of experience, allowing to facilitate advanced methods of integration. Third, Armenians integrate into their ethnic kin community, thus arguably improving integration chances. Finally, Armenians have been historically skillful in new societal integration, which bodes well for future successful integration. The analysis applies the theoretical framework of migration, diaspora and social identity to empirical findings from fieldwork, state and NGO reports and media information. The key argument of the thesis is that although all factors of integration are closely interrelated, economic integration should be perceived as a defining factor in the overall success. Additionally, I argue that, where problematic economic integration is experienced, cultural differences against the host-society and sense of nostalgia become reinforced, thus slowing integration. Finally, whilst I conclude that economic integration generally improves over time, it is likely that where host-society culture is significantly different, newcomers generally remain a distinctive community, even if within an ethnic homeland.