The present research attempts to develop a general model of the diffusion of Western loanwords in contemporary Japanese within the variationist framework. It describes and predicts, based on empirical evidence from apparent- and real-time data, the elaborate process of changes in favor of loanwords as opposed to their existing native equivalents. First, people's self-reporting shows a consistent tendency for a younger generation to show a stronger preference for loanwords than an elder one. This indicates changes in favor of loanwords are in progress in apparent time (Chapter 4). Second, the above-mentioned age gradient is attested to by corpus-based data. It also reveals that the occurrence of loanwords is accounted for multi-dimensionally by a wider range of language-external factors such as generation, education, register and style (Chapter 5). Third, an in-depth study of the individual loanword keesu (< case) reveals that not only external factors but also internal ones, e.g., usage and collocation of the word, have impacts on its occurrence (Chapter 6). Fourth, an investigation of the loanword sapooto (< support) shows that a stylistic variable comes into play in its diffusion in interaction with an educational variable. The loanword is disfavored when the speech setting shifts to formal in particular by the most educated speakers (Chapter 7). Fifth, a real-time approach to loanword adoption verified that individuals can change their language attitude or behavior throughout their lifetime. It highlights importance of longitudinal observation of the phenomenon in making a more accurate prediction of change (Chapter 8). The present research confirms that the occurrence of loan variants is bound by various social and linguistic contexts. The above empirical findings contribute to the field of variationist study by opening up the possibility of analyzing linguistic variation in Japanese at the lexical level.

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L'invasion et la colonisation de la Normandie par les vikings scandinaves introduisirent en frangais plusieurs mots d'origine noroise. Cette étude examine l'étymologie de certains mots réputés d'être de cette origine. II y a particulièrement deux catégories de mots qui ont été considerees. Premièrement il s'agit de termes qui ont un rapport, quelconque à la mer, c'est-à-dire la mer elle-même, certains types d'embarcation, certaines parties du gréage, la navigation, des poissons et la pêche. Chapître II traite de ces mots. Deuxièmement il est question de noms de lieux en Normandie. Le troisième chapître considère ces noms de lieux. II y en a deux groupes, d'abord des noms comportant un nom topographique, et puis des noms composés d'un nom d'homme avec la terminaison -ville. La méthode employée est celle d'examiner les œuvres des experts sur le sujet, et de comparer leurs opinions et leurs conslusions à l'égard des étymologies et des origines; et deuxièmement d'établir le rapport, s'il y a lieu, entre le terme en discussion et le scandinave moderne, surtout le norvégien actuel. Deux résultats de cette examination sont à noter. D'abord on est frappé par le rapport étroit et la similarité remarquable entre le franqais (le normand) et le norvégien moderne. II semble qu'il y ait là un champ de recherche peu explorè. Deuxièmement on trouve souvent un assez grand désaccord parmi les experts. Ce désaccord fait ressortir le besoin de plus amples études. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

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A language is so constructed that the speaker is able to draw out of its resources whatever he wishes to communicate, yet whenever cultural borrowing occurs he cannot altogether avoid borrowing the words which are associated with it. Russian written records indicate that the language has been exposed to numerous foreign influences from very early times. With the intense introduction of "Westernization" since the sixteenth-century both English and French have had a considerable influence on Russian and especially in the twentieth-century this has even increased. For the purpose of this study, therefore, the writer has chosen to analyse English and French loanwords that are found in use in present-day Russian; examples from other languages, especially German, will be given occasionally insofar as they support the arguments presented. This thesis attempts an overall description of the morphological assimilation of loanwords. Phonological analysis and discussion of the socio-cultural context is given consideration in order to enable the reader and the analyst to see this paper as a whole. It was necessary to abstract linguistic elements at different levels of analysis so that some problems that are not explainable at the morphological level, would not be left unsolved. To some extent future borrowings into the Russian language in connection with cultural borrowing may be predicted. The pronounciation of a loanword depends on the degree of assimilation and whether or not the speaker is aware of the fact that it is a borrowing or wants to alert the listener as well. On the whole, loanwords are subject to phonological as well as morphological adjustments. Loanwords are sometimes under the pressure of both the native and foreign morphological systems, which in turn causes fluctuation of forms. Important external factors in the assimilation of loanwords at both levels are the audio and visual means of communication involved in transferring a loanword from either English or French into Russian. An interesting feature for future investigation is the analysis of loanwords on the lexical level and the correlation of lexical patterning with morphology in the process of loanword assimilation. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Humanities / Master / Master of Philosophy

Even more novel to the English speaker than the fact that foreign words should represent a problem at all are the frequent, often concerted reactions against them in Germany from the seventeenth century on. These reactions - attempts to eliminate borrowed words and replace them with German expressions - have been relatively little studied and the references in histories of language usually apply to the baroque <u>Sprachgesellschaften</u> and one or two individual purists. No detailed general survey of German purism is available, there is no bibliography on the subject, and the contribution of the purists has not been fully assessed. This study is intended as a preliminary step towards meeting these needs and offers a critical, fully documented account of purism in the hundred years between 1789 and 1889. This period begins with J.H. Campe, the most important German purist, who was the first to approach the question systematically and in great detail, and ends with the Berlin Declaration of 1889 objecting to the policies of the newly founded <u>Allgemeiner Deutscher Sprachverein</u>. The <u>Sprachverein</u> has fully documented its own history and achievements, but for the rest only Campe and F.L. Jahn have been studied critically. I have sought to investigate who the purists were, how they approached language, why they considered purism necessary, what foreign words they rejected, how they tried to replace them, and to give an account of their activity.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Banca: Maria Helena de Moura Neves / Banca: John Robert Schmitz / Resumo: O objetivo principal desta Dissertação de Mestrado é analisar a pronúncia de anglicismos - palavras ou expressões inglesas usadas em outras línguas - por falantes de Português Brasileiro (doravante PB), com vistas à exploração da questão da adaptação destas palavras à língua de chegada, no nível fonológico, para uma posterior discussão da naturalidade de tais palavras ou expressões quando pronunciadas no contexto de PB. Como córpus, foram considerados anglicismos ainda não adaptados graficamente ao PB. A fonte é uma coletânea de textos extraídos de seções da popular revista Veja, do período de janeiro a junho de 2005. Nesse córpus, 290 diferentes termos foram encontrados, totalizando 1326 ocorrências. Pediu-se a dois falantes de PB que lessem em voz alta 50 frases selecionadas dentre os artigos considerados. Cada frase selecionada contém um dos 50 anglicismos mais recorrentes no córpus, retiradas dos artigos da revista em questão. A leitura foi gravada, e a partir das gravações foram feitas as transcrições fonética e fonologica da realização dos sujeitos para os anglicismos selecionados. A partir das transcrições realizadas, foi possível fazer análises fonológicas dos padrões fonéticos produzidos em uma perspectiva não-linear, comparando a pronúncia padrão das palavras em Inglês Americano (IA) com as pronúncias produzidas pelos dois sujeitos em PB. Após essa análise comparativa, foi feito um levantamento dos processos fonológicos utilizados pelos falantes de PB ao pronunciar tais palavras e adaptá-las ao seu sistema fonológico: inserção de vogal epentética /e/ (realizada como [i]) para desfazer onsets complexos e codas simples ou complexas não licenciadas em PB e conseqüente mudança da estrutura silábica da palavra; alteração do posicionamento do acento; vocalização de /l/ em posição de coda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter BP) speakers’ pronunciation of Anglicisms, i.e. English words or expressions used in other languages, in order to study how these words are adapted to the target language at a phonological level. Such analysis will serve to discuss the nature of these words or phrases when they are pronounced in the BP context. The corpus comprises Anglicisms which have not yet been graphically adapted to BP. The source is a collection of text extracts from the popular magazine, ‘Veja’, covering the period January to June, 2005. Within this corpus, 290 terms were identified, accounting for a total of 1,326 occurrences. Two speakers of BP were requested to read aloud some 50 sentences, each of which was selected from the sample magazine texts. The samples were selected on the basis that they contained 50 of the most frequently occurring Anglicisms. The reading was recorded so that the subjects’ pronunciation might be transcribed, both phonetically and phonologically. Based on these same transcriptions, it was possible to analyze phonologically the phonetic patterns in a non-linear approach, comparing the standard American pronunciation of such words with the subjects’ BP pronunciation. Following this comparative analysis, it was possible to identify the phonological processes employed by the BP speakers when pronouncing the said words and adapting them to their phonological system. Notable elements included the following: the addition of an epenthetic vowel /e/, (pronounced [i]), in order to break down complex onsets or simple or complex codas which are non-licensed in BP and the consequent change in the syllabic structure of the word; change in the position of word stress; vocalization of /l/ in the coda of syllables; nasalization of vowels followed by nasal consonants; deletion of plosive consonants in the coda of the end of words... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis has aimed to set out the classification and word production of foreign-inspired Chinese terms (FICT) within the language system of modern Chinese. FICT refers to a group of vocabulary items in Chinese as a recipient language, where formation is motivated by foreign entities or concepts and designated by some foreign words, but no established foreign elements are in fact transferred from the donor language. The thesis establishes a group of terms identified as a particular category of Chinese borrowings according to the motivation of word production, concerning human bodily perception and cognition experience of foreign entities or concepts. Chinese borrowing is categorized as four types: phonic loans, semantic loans, loan blends and FICT, based on the motivation of sound, form and meaning of foreign words, and sensory perception and cognition of foreign entities and concepts. Cognitive semantics, adopted as an approach in the thesis, is a study of mind and its relationship with embodied experience and culture. Employing language as a key methodological tool for uncovering conceptual organization and structure, this study explores the methods of FICT word production, such as sensory perceptual and metaphorical production in terms of principles of cognitive semantics within the Chinese language system. The various types of Chinese borrowings are analysed in terms of the theory of categorization, and FICT in particular are examined under the semantic model proposed here. It is hoped that the thesis is able to open a new approach to the investigation of Chinese loan words and the process of FICT word production within cognitive semantics. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)