No description available.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the patterns of language alternation in the Polish community in Lithuania, which can be described as an indigenous ethnic group that has been living on the territory of modern-day Lithuania since the fourteenth century (Potašenko 2007). Following two language ideologies, Russification during Soviet times and Lithuanisation post-independence, the Lithuanian Poles developed complex linguistic repertoires, consisting of the regional and standard variety of Polish, Russian and Lithuanian. One of the most significant consequences of the prolonged language contact has been the emergence of frequent and regular language alternation between the regional variety of Polish and Russian, which constitutes the focal point of the present study. As the existing research suggests, the linguistic phenomena arising as a result of language contact can be situated along a continuum, which starts with code-switching, then gradually moves towards code-mixing and finally evolves into a conventionalised fused lect (Auer 1999). 'Classic' code-switching is characterised by the locally meaningful juxtaposition of the two languages, code-mixing can be described as a type of interaction where the switched mode of speaking becomes the norm while a fused lect is an even further development of bilingual speech, which presupposes loss of variation and an increase of linguistic structure. The data for the present study come from a corpus of spontaneous conversations involving members of the Polish community. The recordings were collected in the city of Vilnius and feature 25 respondents in their twenties. The data analysis reveals that all three types of language alternation feature in the present corpus; however, code-mixing is clearly the preferred type. It immediately manifests itself in the frequent insertion of Russian single switches and larger constituents into the Polish base. As a result of its wide spread and frequency, language alternation has lost its immediate local meaning and the pattern of frequent Polish-Russian mixing has become the accepted mode of speaking within the Polish speech community.

The aim of this paper is to examine how anglicisms infiltrate into Romanian language, their influence on Romanian language and how these anglicisms are adapted to the language system. There is a comparison between adaptation of anglicisms in Czech and Romanian language. Next chapter describes also the difference between Czech and Romanian view on the definition of neologism. Examined are various cases including changing of the meaning, words that must be adopted, because they cannot be found in Romanian vocabulary or the opposite case - unnecessary anglicisms that have corresponding Romanian analogues. The paper also focuses on etymology of anglicisms, abbreviations, as well as mistakes, which may occur during adoption of English words into Romanian language. The last part examines morphology, especially the issue of gender and formation of plural forms.

No description available.

A role of Latinisms in contemporary German language is the subject of this thesis. The thesis has been elaborated on the basis of findings acquired in the course of drafting dictionary entries within a project focused on development of the German-Czech Academic Dictionary. The role of the Latinisms within the German language vocabulary is analysed on the background of a confrontation of entries included in the monolingual dictionary Duden-Deutsches Universalwörterbuch with a structuralist theory of centre and periphery of language. The analyses, elaborated on the data obtained from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus (DeReKo) and the collocation database (CCDB) developed on the basis of the Corpus, are used for the purpose of the confrontation with the above- mentioned premise of the central or peripheral position of Latin loan words.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suzana Ramalho Furtado.pdf: 3340815 bytes, checksum: 4f96978a30e82611711a598428db69e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This Dissertation is grounded within the History and Portuguese Language Description research line, of the Post-Graduation Studies in Portuguese Language of Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo and comprehends an exploratory investigation, whose object of study is limited to the foreign words present in the Brazilian Portuguese language. The use of foreign words is seen as a phenomenon whose milestone is inserted within the history of composition of a certain language and reaches any coexistence. Grounded by the principles and presuppositions of Lexicology, and guided by a general objective to try to understand the strategies adopted by users of the Brazilian Portuguese language in the process of transference of foreign words in linguistic loans the investigative route is guided by three different focuses. One of them emphasizes the cultural and historical point of view, giving importance to different contexts of human social formations, in the flow of their constructions, in order to place in them the composition of the Brazilian Portuguese language as a product of contact between different peoples, users of different languages; another one, broader, concerns social, historical and cultural contexts that comprise human social formations supported by the development of technologies; and the last one is limited to linguistic studies that mainly focus on the lexical, aiming at determining the strategies implied in the process of nationalization of foreign words that, in the current coexistence, were or are being incorporated into the Brazilian Portuguese language vocabulary. The methodological procedure implied the selection and analysis of a corpus, in order to provide examples, comprised of words from the English language, selected from different semantic fields, in order to focus on the transference processes of foreign words in lexical loans, paying special attention to the comparison with the foundation milestone of the categories: projection, transfer and identity: those that ensure, by analogical principles, identify the non familiar by the familiar . It is important to notice that, for the analyses, the words and their respective contents were considered in their phonological, morphosyntatic and semantic dimensions. The results obtained show that the acquisition and use of new words, as well as of a foreign language, never take place in an isolated manner, but in the flow of speech and is grounded on the previous knowledge of the speaker. Therefore, the use of foreign words requires from the user who does not speak the English language a greater effort of interpretation and comprehension, even when the cultural repertoire of the English language is used in sentences structured by phrasal categories of the Portuguese language. It was also noticed that the words become Portuguese words in the phonetic point of view and, when integrated into the vocabulary system, become productive in a way that the new lexical matrix begins to support the product of new vocabulary forms; therefore, the loans are explained by the lexical productivity / Esta Dissertação situa-se na linha de pesquisa História e Descrição da Língua Portuguesa, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e compreende uma investigação exploratória, cujo objeto de estudo está circunscrito aos estrangeirismos presentificados no idioma português-brasileiro. Postula-se o uso de estrangeirismo como um fenômeno cujo marco se inscreve na própria história da formação de um dado idioma e se estende a qualquer contemporaneidade. Fundamentado pelos princípios e pressupostos da Lexicologia, e norteado por um objetivo geral buscar compreender as estratégias empregadas pelos usuários do idioma português-brasileiro nos processos de transmudação dos estrangeirismos em empréstimos lingüísticos o percurso investigativo está traçado por três focalizações. Uma que privilegia o ponto de vista histórico-cultural, atribuindo relevo a diferentes contextos das formações sociais humanas, no fluxo de suas construções, para neles situar a formação do idioma português-brasileiro como um produto de contato entre diferentes povos, usuários de línguas diferentes; outra mais ampla referente a contextos sócio-histórico-culturais que configuram formações sociais humanas que têm por suporte o desenvolvimento de tecnologias; e uma última circunscrita aos quadros dos estudos lingüísticos que privilegiam o léxico, com vistas a verificar quais são as estratégias implicadas no processo de nacionalização de vocábulos estrangeiros que, na atual contemporaneidade, foram ou estão sendo incorporados ao vocabulário do idioma português-brasileiro. O procedimento metodológico implicou a seleção e análise de um corpus, a título de exemplificação, composto de palavras do idioma inglês, selecionadas a partir de diferentes campos semânticos, no qual se busca focalizar os processos de transmudação de estrangeirismos em empréstimos lexicais, privilegiando a comparação com o marco fundador das categorias: projeção, transferência e identidade: aquelas que asseguram, por princípios analógicos, identificar o não familiar pelo familiar . Ressalta-se que, para as análises, as formas vocabulares e seus respectivos conteúdos foram considerados em sua dimensão fonológica, morfossintática e semântica. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a aquisição e uso de novos vocábulos, bem como de uma língua estrangeira, nunca ocorrem de forma isolada, e sim no fluxo da discursivização e têm por ancoragem os conhecimentos prévios do falante. De forma que, a utilização de palavras estrangeiras exige do usuário não falante do idioma inglês um maior esforço de interpretação e de compreensão mesmo quando o repertório cultural da língua inglesa é empregado em enunciados estruturados pelas categorias frasais da língua portuguesa. Constatou-se, ainda, que os vocábulos são aportuguesados pelo ponto de vista fonético e, quando integrados ao sistema vocabular, se tornam produtivos de forma que a nova matriz lexical passa a sustentar a produção de novas formas vocabulares; portanto os empréstimos são explicados pela produtividade lexical

published_or_final_version / abstract / English / Master / Master of Arts

The topic of this diploma thesis is an analysis of history of special language of architecture in Paul Decker´s ?Ausführliche Anleitung zur Civilbaukunst (Bd.1)?. This thesis is divided into nine basic parts. The first, second and third parts characterize the special language, baroque and Paul Decker´s life and work. The following parts concentrate on the analysis of the special language presenting in this Decker´s work, that means on morphology, word-formative processes, the role of metaphors and foreign words, polysemy and synonyms, hyponyms, hyperonyms and co-hyponyms as well as the relation between verbal and nonverbal language part.

The work deals with understanding the language of the older generation by young people and vice versa - how the old generation understands the present-day youth; how the old generation is versed in expressions commonly used by the young. The work is divided into a theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part at first deals with lexis in general and then briefly presents word formation and vocabulary enrichment. The following chapter discusses structures of the national language, which was also a base for the practical part as the questionnaire contained a task proving knowledge of literary expressions. The questionnaire as a whole deals with issues of standard and non-standard levels of Czech. The last chapter of the theoretical part covers the term "youth" and age limits of this social group. Special attention is then paid to features of young people's language. The practical part deals in detail with results shown in questionnaires prepared in regard to the topic of this bachelor thesis. It thoroughly compares results in each task both with the young and the old generations. Each task for the individual age categories of respondents is shown in the form of a chart. The last part of the work presents a tabular summary of success rates for each age group of respondents in particular tasks. In this work, I also decided to compare the results of my survey via questionnaires among secondary school students in a grammar school, a vocational school and a training school. The results concerning students of secondary technical and vocational schools are shown in the diagrams at the end of the practical part. There are also tables comparing the success rate in individual tasks with students of all the three types (grammar school - vocational school - training school) of secondary schools.

This work searched reflection about the insertions of Loan Words from English language of Computing area in the Aurélio XXI dictionary. The theoretical model elected for the organization and analysis of the lexical units colected for us considered Guilbert (1975), Biderman (2001), Alves (1994) and Carvalho (1984). So, with teh aim of verify neological stage the lexical units are, as well, criterias for their insertion. After collecting of new words, which appear as portuguese units and as loan words. We have noticed a lack of criterias related to the insertion of units from an specilized area in a general language dictionary, what brings us the question of lexicographic production in Brazil do not count on established criterias and neither a language politics which deserves attention from studious and authorities. In the light of lexicography and lexicology we pointed out some incoherences in the organization of macro and microstructure of the work in study. / Este trabalho procurou refletir a respeito das inserções de empréstimos lingüísticos oriundos da língua inglesa da área da informática no dicionário Aurélio XXI; considerando-se a teoria lexicográfica de Guilbert (1975), Biderman (2001), Alves (1994), Carvalho (1984). Assim, verificou-se que os neologismos, inseridos no Aurélio XXI, não estão bem organizados no que concerne à delimitação de qual estágio neológico as unidades lexicais se encontram, não delimitando critérios para a inserção de vocábulos, que ora se apresentam como unidades já aportuguesadas, ora como estrangeirismos. Há uma falta de critérios relacionados à inserção de unidades pertencentes a uma língua de especialidade em um dicionário de língua geral. Isso nos remete a questão da produção lexicográfica no Brasil não contar com critérios estabelecidos como também não termos uma política do idioma que mereça atenção dos estudiosos e das autoridades. Realizamos também uma análise das fases neológicas em que encontram as unidades lexicais oriundas da língua inglesa pertencente à Informática. / Mestre em Linguística