Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar se os investimentos de empresas florestais brasileiras, em atividades que configuram responsabilidade social, se refletiram nos valores de suas ações. O contexto é o do desenvolvimento sustentável ou sustentabilidade, isto é, um paradigma social sobre a possibilidade de alcançar o desenvolvimento econômico, dentro da lógica de expansão e acumulação, sem comprometer sobremaneira os recursos naturais para as gerações futuras. A relevância deste trabalho reside na importância do tema nos dias atuais, na tentativa de avaliar uma empresa para além de seus aspectos econômico- financeiros e, ainda, na proposição de indicadores que relacionam tais aspectos com os de responsabilidade social. A presente investigação foi limitada às empresas florestais brasileiras listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, em maio de 2012. A responsabilidade social das empresas foi descrita pelos indicadores propostos pela Global Reporting Initiative e abordou os seguintes aspectos: ambiental, direitos humanos, práticas trabalhistas e trabalho digno, sociedade, responsabilidade sobre o produto, e econômico. Essa descrição restringiu-se ao período de 2009 e 2010. Os resultados mostraram que apenas cinco das nove empresas pesquisadas tinha elaborado relatórios de sustentabilidade, no período em questão. Para uma sociedade que deseja alcançar a sustentabilidade esse cenário é bastante preocupante, uma vez que tais empresas constituem o estrato elite do universo das empresas florestais brasileiras. Por sua vez, a análise dos índices de avaliação econômico-financeira das empresas investigadas foi realizada a partir dos dados obtidos em seus relatórios financeiros de 2009 a 2011. Esses dados foram analisados por meio de técnicas de estatística multivariada, especialmente a análise fatorial, que apontou 17 índices mais relevantes entre os 25 mais amplamente utilizados em matéria de avaliação econômico-financeira de uma empresa. Em relação aos valores das ações, os resultados da pesquisa destacam que, entre as empresas florestais brasileiras investigadas, aquelas com responsabilidade social configurada estavam mais adaptadas para permanecer no mercado, apresentaram maior transparência em suas práticas produtivas e ofereceram menor risco para os investidores em comparação com aquelas sem responsabilidade social configurada. Além disso, no atual estágio do desenvolvimento social e econômico do Brasil, relatórios de sustentabilidade já não devem ser meras recomendações comerciais, pois eles nutrem novas maneiras de pensar e agir sobre a sociedade. Eles devem ser obrigatórios, fiscalizados pelo poder público e a principal referência para se conceder recursos financeiros públicos. / This research aims to analyze whether investments of Brazilian forestry companies, concerning activities that shape social responsibility, are reflected in the values of their shares. Its context is that of sustainable development or sustainability, that is, a social paradigm about the possibility of achieving economic development, within the logic of expansion and accumulation, without greatly compromising the natural resources for future generations. The relevance of this research lies in the importance of the topic in the present days, in seeking to assess a company beyond its financial and economic aspects and in to proposing indicators that relate such aspects with those of social responsibility. The present investigation was limited to Brazilian forestry companies, listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, in May of 2012. The social responsibility of these companies was described by the indicators proposed by the Global Reporting Initiative and covered the following aspects: environmental, human rights, labor practices and decent work, society, product liability and economic. Such description was restricted to the period of 2009 and 2010. The results showed that only five out of nine surveyed companies had prepared sustainability reports within the period aforementioned. For a society that wants to achieve sustainability this scenario is rather disturbing, as such companies represent the elite stratum of the universe of Brazilian forestry companies. On its turn, the analysis of the investigated companies’ financial economic evaluation indexes was carried out from data obtained in their financial reports from 2009 to 2011. These data were analyzed by means of multivariate statistical techniques, especially the factor analysis, which scored 17 relevant indexes among the 25 most widely used ones concerning a company’s financial and economic evaluation. Regarding share values, the research findings highlight that among the Brazilian forestry companies that were investigated, the ones with configured social responsibility were better suited to stay in business, had greater transparency in their production practices and offered lower risk to investors compared to those without configured social responsibility. Furthermore, at the current stage of the Brazilian social and economic development, sustainability reports must no longer be taken as mere trade recommendations, as they nurture new ways of thinking and acting over society. They have to be supervised by the government and, consequently, understood as mandatory instruments of reference to grant public funds.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar se os investimentos de empresas florestais brasileiras, em atividades que configuram responsabilidade social, se refletiram nos valores de suas ações. O contexto é o do desenvolvimento sustentável ou sustentabilidade, isto é, um paradigma social sobre a possibilidade de alcançar o desenvolvimento econômico, dentro da lógica de expansão e acumulação, sem comprometer sobremaneira os recursos naturais para as gerações futuras. A relevância deste trabalho reside na importância do tema nos dias atuais, na tentativa de avaliar uma empresa para além de seus aspectos econômico- financeiros e, ainda, na proposição de indicadores que relacionam tais aspectos com os de responsabilidade social. A presente investigação foi limitada às empresas florestais brasileiras listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, em maio de 2012. A responsabilidade social das empresas foi descrita pelos indicadores propostos pela Global Reporting Initiative e abordou os seguintes aspectos: ambiental, direitos humanos, práticas trabalhistas e trabalho digno, sociedade, responsabilidade sobre o produto, e econômico. Essa descrição restringiu-se ao período de 2009 e 2010. Os resultados mostraram que apenas cinco das nove empresas pesquisadas tinha elaborado relatórios de sustentabilidade, no período em questão. Para uma sociedade que deseja alcançar a sustentabilidade esse cenário é bastante preocupante, uma vez que tais empresas constituem o estrato elite do universo das empresas florestais brasileiras. Por sua vez, a análise dos índices de avaliação econômico-financeira das empresas investigadas foi realizada a partir dos dados obtidos em seus relatórios financeiros de 2009 a 2011. Esses dados foram analisados por meio de técnicas de estatística multivariada, especialmente a análise fatorial, que apontou 17 índices mais relevantes entre os 25 mais amplamente utilizados em matéria de avaliação econômico-financeira de uma empresa. Em relação aos valores das ações, os resultados da pesquisa destacam que, entre as empresas florestais brasileiras investigadas, aquelas com responsabilidade social configurada estavam mais adaptadas para permanecer no mercado, apresentaram maior transparência em suas práticas produtivas e ofereceram menor risco para os investidores em comparação com aquelas sem responsabilidade social configurada. Além disso, no atual estágio do desenvolvimento social e econômico do Brasil, relatórios de sustentabilidade já não devem ser meras recomendações comerciais, pois eles nutrem novas maneiras de pensar e agir sobre a sociedade. Eles devem ser obrigatórios, fiscalizados pelo poder público e a principal referência para se conceder recursos financeiros públicos. / This research aims to analyze whether investments of Brazilian forestry companies, concerning activities that shape social responsibility, are reflected in the values of their shares. Its context is that of sustainable development or sustainability, that is, a social paradigm about the possibility of achieving economic development, within the logic of expansion and accumulation, without greatly compromising the natural resources for future generations. The relevance of this research lies in the importance of the topic in the present days, in seeking to assess a company beyond its financial and economic aspects and in to proposing indicators that relate such aspects with those of social responsibility. The present investigation was limited to Brazilian forestry companies, listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, in May of 2012. The social responsibility of these companies was described by the indicators proposed by the Global Reporting Initiative and covered the following aspects: environmental, human rights, labor practices and decent work, society, product liability and economic. Such description was restricted to the period of 2009 and 2010. The results showed that only five out of nine surveyed companies had prepared sustainability reports within the period aforementioned. For a society that wants to achieve sustainability this scenario is rather disturbing, as such companies represent the elite stratum of the universe of Brazilian forestry companies. On its turn, the analysis of the investigated companies’ financial economic evaluation indexes was carried out from data obtained in their financial reports from 2009 to 2011. These data were analyzed by means of multivariate statistical techniques, especially the factor analysis, which scored 17 relevant indexes among the 25 most widely used ones concerning a company’s financial and economic evaluation. Regarding share values, the research findings highlight that among the Brazilian forestry companies that were investigated, the ones with configured social responsibility were better suited to stay in business, had greater transparency in their production practices and offered lower risk to investors compared to those without configured social responsibility. Furthermore, at the current stage of the Brazilian social and economic development, sustainability reports must no longer be taken as mere trade recommendations, as they nurture new ways of thinking and acting over society. They have to be supervised by the government and, consequently, understood as mandatory instruments of reference to grant public funds.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelo cortez.pdf: 4361880 bytes, checksum: 150bc50dbe3b3de3ec4fd19c5d48292c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work intends to present a contribution to the discussions about the social and environmental sustainability of extractive production of nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) played by traditional communities. Are described and analyzed two production systems in communities of Manicoré, in the Amazon: the Traditional, representing the Mocambo and the New, represented by the community Democracia The data analyzed correspond to two years: 2008 and 2009 and were obtained during interviews with Brazil nut gatherers and rural leaders with the help of semi-structured questionnaires and digital recorder, as well as direct observation and consultation documents. The communities have similar issues with regard to the number of families, primary forest product and time of existence of the community differ in regard to the social organization of work and production. The results demonstrate that different factors, including the opening of social participation, the adoption of new technologies, new forms of territorial management, new tools for land tenure, support from external agents governmental organizations were instrumental in the transformation of Traditional system (Community Mocambo) to a New System Community (Democracia). The systems have very contrasting and structural differences in this study were evaluated by three factors: production, income and expenses of the organization. The traditional system can be depicted as low-governance resulting from debt collectors using the instruments of subordination used by employers and hucksters which is aggravated by the non-adoption of technological advances that improve the quality and value of the product. The fruit of the new system of coordinating collective action, needed to be consolidated high investment in human capital formation and financial resources to support training activities and effective participation of all involved in decision making processes that resulted in the empowerment of communities. From the standpoint of the costs of social organization, collective action has proved advantageous when compared to individual action, as both individual and collective costs were higher than in Mocambo in Democracia. The annual household production and considering all factors of production, the linear regression model explains 87% of the variation and the production system, as an explanatory variable, was highly significant (p = 0.004). What supports the hypothesis that increased production observed in Democracy is associated with more efficient production system. From the standpoint of income and Brazil nut gatherers household budget, it was found that in Democracia families have a higher income that is invested primarily in the acquisition of durable goods and home repairs (57%), while income from the Mocambo Brazil nut gatherers is used mainly in food and clothing (90%) So, clearly demonstrates the importance of the high-governance from the standpoint of social and economic establishment of a new dynamic where social and environmental results are significant for biodiversity protection and transformation of social organization extraction and production.This work intends to present a contribution to the discussions about the social and environmental sustainability of extractive production of nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) played by traditional communities. Are described and analyzed two production systems in communities of Manicoré, in the Amazon: the Traditional, representing the Mocambo and the New, represented by the community Democracia The data analyzed correspond to two years: 2008 and 2009 and were obtained during interviews with Brazil nut gatherers and rural leaders with the help of semi-structured questionnaires and digital recorder, as well as direct observation and consultation documents. The communities have similar issues with regard to the number of families, primary forest product and time of existence of the community differ in regard to the social organization of work and production. The results demonstrate that different factors, including the opening of social participation, the adoption of new technologies, new forms of territorial management, new tools for land tenure, support from external agents governmental organizations were instrumental in the transformation of Traditional system (Community Mocambo) to a New System Community (Democracia). The systems have very contrasting and structural differences in this study were evaluated by three factors: production, income and expenses of the organization. The traditional system can be depicted as low-governance resulting from debt collectors using the instruments of subordination used by employers and hucksters which is aggravated by the non-adoption of technological advances that improve the quality and value of the product. The fruit of the new system of coordinating collective action, needed to be consolidated high investment in human capital formation and financial resources to support training activities and effective participation of all involved in decision making processes that resulted in the empowerment of communities. From the standpoint of the costs of social organization, collective action has proved advantageous when compared to individual action, as both individual and collective costs were higher than in Mocambo in Democracia. The annual household production and considering all factors of production, the linear regression model explains 87% of the variation and the production system, as an explanatory variable, was highly significant (p = 0.004). What supports the hypothesis that increased production observed in Democracy is associated with more efficient production system. From the standpoint of income and Brazil nut gatherers household budget, it was found that in Democracia families have a higher income that is invested primarily in the acquisition of durable goods and home repairs (57%), while income from the Mocambo Brazil nut gatherers is used mainly in food and clothing (90%) So, clearly demonstrates the importance of the high-governance from the standpoint of social and economic establishment of a new dynamic where social and environmental results are significant for biodiversity protection and transformation of social organization extraction and production. / Este trabalho pretende apresentar uma contribuição para as discussões a cerca da sustentabilidade socioambiental da produção extrativista de Castanha da Amazônia (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) desempenhada por comunidades tradicionais. São descritos e analisados dois sistemas sociais de produção em comunidades de Manicoré, no Amazonas: o Tradicional, representando pela Comunidade Mocambo, e o Novo, representado pela comunidade Democracia Os dados analisados correspondem aos dois anos safra 2008 e 2009, e foram obtidos durante entrevistas com os castanheiros e lideranças rurais com auxílio de formulários semi-estruturados, além de observações diretas e da consulta de documentos. As comunidades apresentam aspectos semelhantes no que diz respeito ao número de famílias, produto extrativista principal e tempo de existência da comunidade, diferindo quanto à organização social do trabalho e da produção. Os resultados demonstram que diferentes fatores, entre eles a abertura da participação social, a adoção de novas tecnologias, as novas formas de gestão territorial, os novos instrumentos de regularização fundiária, o apoio de agentes externos governamentais e não governamentais foram fundamentais para a transformação do Sistema tradicional (Comunidade Mocambo) para um Sistema Novo (Comunidade Democracia). Os Sistemas possuem diferenças estruturais bastante contrastantes e foram avaliados neste estudo por três fatores: produção, renda e custos da organização. O Sistema tradicional pode ser retratado como de baixa governança decorrente do endividamento dos coletores por meio dos instrumentos de subordinação utilizados por patrões e regatões, o que é agravado pela não adoção dos avanços tecnológicos que melhoram a qualidade e a valorização do produto. O Sistema novo, fruto da coordenação de ações coletivas, para ser consolidado necessitou de alto investimento em formação de capital humano e recursos financeiros para subsidiar atividades de capacitação e a participação efetiva dos envolvidos em todos os processos de decisão que resultaram no empoderamento da comunidade. Do ponto de vista dos custos da organização social, a ação coletiva demonstrou ser vantajosa quando comparada a ação individual, visto que tanto os custos individuais como coletivos em Mocambo foram maiores que em Democracia. Quanto à produção anual das famílias e considerando-se todos os fatores de produção, o modelo de regressão linear explica 87% da variação e o sistema de produção, como variável explicativa, foi altamente significativo (p=0,004). O que corrobora a hipótese de que a maior produção observada em Democracia está associada à maior eficiência do sistema de produção. Do ponto de vista da renda da castanha e orçamento doméstico, constatou-se que em Democracia as famílias apresentam uma maior renda que é investida principalmente na aquisição de bens duráveis e reforma das casas (57%), enquanto que Mocambo a renda oriunda da castanha é empregada majoritariamente em alimentação e o vestuário (90%). Portanto, fica demonstrada a importância dos sistemas de alta governança do ponto de vista social e econômico, no estabelecimento de uma nova dinâmica socioambiental onde resultados têm impactos consideráveis na produção extrativista.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_Evely.pdf: 12250111 bytes, checksum: 6ff6a66ab98aa111cbd39471fbad523e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The basic objectives of sustainable use Conservation Units is to promote biodiversity conservation, assuring the conditions and the means necessary for the social reproduction and the enhancement of the life quality of traditional populations. Natural resource use by these populations is often associated with the knowledge and management techniques adopted in their exploitation. However, in order that management be done effectively, specific research on the techniques is necessary to identify gaps, avoiding that the sustainability of the use of those resources be compromised. Many extractive products are not only resources that supply subsistence needs, they are also part of the political, institutional, and cultural life of the families who are involved in their harvest and consumption. Among the nontimber forest products that are managed by Amazonian populations, the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is considered an important resource, with high potential for sustainable use. The study was conducted in the communities Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré and São João do Uauaçu, located in the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-Piagaçu-Purus). The methodological procedure used combined qualitative and quantitative aspects in the execution of the following phases: socioeconomic description of the families, survey of the management practices adopted in Brazil nut extractivism, description of the productive processes, and characterization of the exploited Brazil nut tree groves (condominiums and roads) by the communities in primary and secondary forest areas. 30% of the families in each studied commuty were interviewed. The health, education, and infrastructure sectors were observed to receive little or no assistance. Brazil nut extractivism encompasses three main steps: nut harvest, storage, and commercialization. Brazil nut extractivism is identified as an important source of income in the Reserve communities, having obtained a mean production of 1,8 tons of coated nut per community in three years of production. The activity is performed using family manpower, and is associated with other production activities, like agriculture and small livestock raising. The techniques adopted by the people in Brazil nut extractivism remain the same as in the beginning of its exploitation, when no technological strategies were adapted for the gathering and storage towards the achievement of better fruit quality. The main uses identified in the studied communities are: food, medicine, energy production, and handicraft. In Brazil nut tree groves, extractivists eliminate lianas, termites, and other undesired species, and enrich secondary forest areas with Brazil nut trees. / As Unidades de Conservação de uso sustentável têm como objetivo básico promover a conservação da biodiversidade, assegurando as condições e os meios necessários para a reprodução social e melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações tradicionais. O uso dos recursos naturais por essas populações está frequentemente associado a conhecimentos e técnicas de manejo adotadas em sua exploração. No entanto, para que o manejo seja realizado de forma efetiva, é necessário que se realize de estudos específicos sobre as técnicas empregadas a fim de identificar a existência de lacunas, evitando o comprometimento da sustentabilidade do uso desses recursos. Muitos produtos extrativistas são, não apenas recursos para suprir necessidades de subsistência, como também fazem parte da vida política, institucional e cultural das famílias envolvidas na sua coleta e consumo. Entre os produtos florestais não-madeireiros manejados por populações amazônicas, destaca-se a castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa), considerada importante recurso e apresentando alto potencial para uso sustentável. A pesquisa foi realizada nas comunidades Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré e São João do Uauaçu, localizadas na Área Focal da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu-Purus (RDS Piagaçu-Purus). O procedimento metodológico utilizado combinou aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos na execução das seguintes etapas: descrição sócio-econômica das famílias, levantamento de práticas de manejo adotadas no extrativismo da castanha, descrição dos processos produtivos, e caracterização dos castanhais explorados (condomínios e estradas) pelas comunidades em áreas de floresta primária e secundária. Foram entrevistadas 30% das famílias em cada uma das comunidades pesquisadas. Observou-se que os setores de saúde, educação e infra-estrutura recebem pouca ou nenhuma assistência. O extrativismo da castanha passa por três fases principais: coleta, armazenamento e comercialização. O extrativismo da castanha-do-brasil é identificado como importante fonte de renda nas comunidades da reserva, tendo obtido produção média de 1,8 toneladas de castanha com casca por comunidade, em três anos de produção. A atividade é exercida utilizando mão-de-obra familiar e está associada a outras atividades produtivas, como agricultura e criação de pequenos animais. As técnicas adotadas pelos moradores no extrativismo da castanha permanecem as mesmas desde o início de sua exploração, onde nenhuma estratégia tecnológica foi adaptada quanto a colheita e armazenamento para melhoria da qualidade dos frutos. Os principais usos identificados nas comunidades pesquisadas são: alimentício, medicinal, energético e artesanato. No manejo dos castanhais, os extrativistas realizam eliminação de cipós, cupins e outras espécies indesejáveis, e enriquecem áreas de floresta secundária com castanheiras.

The aim of the research is to quantify the HIV prevalence in human resources of forestry contracting businesses and to develop a management framework to promote economic sustainability of forestry contractors. HIV tests were conducted in the forest industry on the employees of contracting concerns from 2002/2003 to 2004/2005 with an accompanying questionnaire to collect demographic data. The HIV test results were analyzed with the demographic data to determine relationships between HIV prevalence and demographic factors. Contractors responded to a questionnaire on the effect of HIV and AIDS prevalence on (their) contracting businesses. The questionnaire also collected information about HIV and AIDS interventions and assistance to HIV and AIDS affected employees. Key stakeholders of other forestry sub-sectors were interviewed to facilitate comparison of the different sub-sectors and to establish if there were major differences between the sub-sectors, however, the focus was on the human resources of the forestry contracting sub-sector. The research results indicated that the HIV prevalence was increasing for the research period and was, in some regions, exceeding 40 per cent. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Highveld and Zululand regions and the lowest prevalence in the North-Eastern Cape. The HIV prevalence for females was constantly higher than the incidence for males and the ratio of males to females (all regions) approximated 68 per cent to 32 per cent. The high prevalence of HIV results in major social and economic impacts. The economic impact is aggravated through regulation (due to perceived market failure) and a bid for more equal distribution of wealth in the economy. The result of the sum of the impacts alludes to a conversion from labour to capital; however, to make well-informed decisions, various scenarios should be simulated to establish the optimum labour to capital ratio. The research further established that appropriate staffing is increasingly difficult and that the development of human capital is under pressure due to the high prevalence of HIV and AIDS. HIV and AIDS mitigation programmes will make a significant contribution to the return on human capital assets, as the economic life and productivity of such assets will be enhanced by such interventions. The management framework developed was assessed to be visually acceptable and useful by domain experts; however, to realise the full potential of the framework it should be used with anticipation of the research results regarding prevalence and future estimated AIDS releases and in conjunction with industry cost simulation models.

The forest industry is the most important economic activity in the Province of British Columbia, with half the families in the province depending directly or indirectly on the industry's $400 million annual payroll. Predictions of $1 billion worth of new capital investment materializing within the next five years provide a firm indication that the industry will retain this position of economic importance throughout the forseeable future. The growth of the forest industry has had a profound effect upon the settlement pattern of British Columbia, characterized principally by an extreme concentration of productive facilities, and hence of population, in the south-west of the province, and a thin diffusion of employment and population throughout the remainder. In this large hinterland the population is scattered throughout a myriad of camps, company towns and isolated settlements which are able to provide for their residents a minimum level of goods and services and a narrow range of opportunities for personal development and self-realization. Thus, for many thousands of workers and their families, employment in the forest industry involves denial of the opportunity to participate fully in the prosperous and variegated way of life which the industry has so materially assisted to create within the province. The Provincial Government has, to some extent, indicated an awareness of this condition, for the two declared objectives of its forest policies are the assurance of a perpetual yield of timber, and the establishment of prosperous permanent communities. Policies to ensure the fulfillment of the first objective have been thoroughly prepared, and conscientiously and competently applied. Policies to ensure the fulfillment of the second objective, on the other hand, are still lacking. The anticipated wave of new investment in the industry will produce significant changes in provincial settlement patterns, in the form of several new towns in hitherto undeveloped areas and of a re-structuring of communities in already established areas. If controlled by firm government policy, these changes could be directed toward the creation of a settlement pattern which would make available to the citizens of the province the highest level of goods, services and urban amenities which the province is capable of providing. In order to achieve this objective the developmental activities of the forest industry would have to be coordinated with those of all other agencies, both public and private, which are engendering urbanization within the province. Such coordination could only be achieved by the creation of a framework for developmental planning which would be province wide in scope, comprehensive enough to embrace all developmental action, and capable of accounting for regional variations. By establishing a Provincial Development Department at Cabinet level, with the portfolio being held by the Provincial Premier, a means would be provided for effectively initiating and controlling development on a comprehensive province wide basis. By establishing regional branch offices of the Provincial Development Department a means would be provided for the achievement of regional accountability. It would, be the responsibility of the Regional Development Offices to prepare regional development plans for the areas under their jurisdiction. Coordination of activity at the regional level would be assured through the establishment of a Regional Inter-departmental Committee consisting of the regional representatives of all government departments functioning within the region. By bringing the regional representative of the British Columbia Forest Service into the Regional Inter-departmental Committee, and by making all forestry development subject to the Regional Development Plans, developments within, the forest industry could be directed and controlled so as to make the maximum possible contribution to the realization of an optimum settlement pattern within each region. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

According to several recent studies, the future of the forest industry in British Columbia is in jeopardy. If present forestry management practices are continued, it is conceivable that within the next decade the timber harvest will decline, employment will be severely reduced, and government revenue from the forest resource will be significantly less than in previous decades. Public ownership of the vast majority of provincial forest land means that government policies are largely responsible for this state of affairs. However, there are relatively few academic studies of the history of those policies. The purpose of this thesis is to review the evolution one aspect of forest policy, the way in which timber is allocated in British Columbia, and to analyze the dynamics of this evolution in light of six alternative theories of the policy-making process. Forest policy in British Columbia is extremely complicated and is the result of decisions made to meet various demands at different times in history. It is only through a detailed understanding of the history of forest policy and the nature of the provincial state that planners, resource managers, and public policy-makers can attempt to resolve the current crisis in the forest industry. Public timber is allocated to private forest companies in British Columbia by a variety of tenures. The form of these tenures has changed dramatically over time. Prior to 1912, access to the forest resource was granted primarily by leases and licenses which carried few restrictions and relatively low royalties and rents. These tenures were perpetually renewable until the merchantable timber was removed. Between 1912 and 1947 the primary method of disposing crown timber was through competitive bidding on short-term timber sales. The crown not only received royalties and rental fees from these Timber Sale Licenses, but also a bid price. The Forest Branch established a minimum bid price based on the value of the end product minus the costs of production and an allowance for profit and risk. After 1947, the government attempted to regulate the harvest of timber in such a way as to guarantee a perpetual supply of timber. They did this by awarding huge tracts of public land to owners of private forest land and perpetual tenures in order for them to manage the whole property on a sustained yield basis. On the remaining majority of forest land the government set aside large areas which were to be managed by the public sector on sustained yield principles. Over time, as a result of these policies, competition for the resource was virtually eliminated and, as one consequence, the government always received the appraised upset price for timber. It appears that this has undervalued the crown's share of the resource rent. The combined effect of timber allocation policies after 1947 was to accommodate, if not encourage, the consolidation of timber rights. In order to explain the evolution of timber policy in British Columbia and to guide future policy development, the thesis examines six broad theories of how the state operates. These are categorized as follows: rationalist, pluralist, neo-conservative, neo-marxist instrumentalist, neo-marxist structuralist, and Canadian. After reviewing these theories the thesis concludes that elements of each theory can be employed to explain different policy changes over time. No single theoretical model is totally adequate to answer the question of why B.C. governments' acted the way they did. Nevertheless, the neo-marxist structuralist and Canadian theories provide the fullest explanation of the role of the state in British Columbia. It is apparent that large forest companies have had a disproportionate influence on public forest policies. Over time, the provincial state has become increasingly dependent on those companies to carry out many forest policy objectives, to provide employment arid generate tax revenues. New resource policies designed to meet the current crisis in the forest industry must recognize these two important facts. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Community stability in the sense of the long run survival of forest industry centres has often been declared an objective of public forest policy. It has been widely asserted that "community stability" can and does result from the practice of sustained yield forest management. Sustained yield also generally includes a requirement for an even annual flow of timber (equal to the annual growth). The implication is that stability of employment opportunities and incomes in the forest industry over shorter periods can also be attained as a result of the planned even flow of timber from the forests. This model of forest regulation has recently been defended and justified on this basis, particularly when criticism has been focussed on its obvious economic inefficiencies. It is argued here that even-flow regulations per se can not achieve the desired and anticipated effects on employment and incomes when the forest industry of a region produces primarily for a volatile export market and is also subject to economies of scale and location. However, in British Columbia, certain public policies and procedures introduced in the pursuit of technical objectives may have had substantial indirect effects on regional development and community stability through their influence on the corporate structure, geographic location and capital intensity of the forest industry. Qualitative and quantitative, (econometric) methods are used to analyse the socio-economic consequences of these changes, focusing particularly on employment - its stability, trends and location - within a defined region. It was found that the logging, processing, assembly-repair and service occupations are the most relatively unstable, and that the instability of total unemployment has been much greater in a single-industry town than a diversified city. Furthermore, employment instability in the primary wood-using industries was found to be correlated with changes in the price of lumber destined for Export markets. The conclusions emphasise that forest policies to regulate the short-run supply of timber from the provincial forests are not the most relevant to questions of stability of employment in the forest-related industries. The British Columbia forest Service does not have exclusive control over regional development or "community stability". This analysis suggests that not only reappraisal of Forest Service practices and procedures, but also of its objectives and capacity to fulfil them, is indeed long overdue. While the forest industry remains dominant in the regional economy, a wood products marketing agency or a price support scheme might contribute to community stability by buffering some of the exogenously induced shocks. However, for a number of reasons, it is considered that the most realistic prospects for attaining employment stability lie in the diversification of the regional economy. Since this cannot be accomplished costlessly, it remains to be decided by the political process how much community instability the people of British Columbia can afford and what steps they are prepared to take to attain more stability. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

There are very few published studies that have investigated in detail the economic impact of the forest industry at a subprovincial level in British Columbia. The reason most often cited is that the techniques of analysis viewed as most appropriate for handling such an undertaking require more economic data than are easily obtainable. It is the hypothesis of this study that sufficient data do exist to allow a close examination of the economic impact of the forest industry at a regional or local scale and that such an analysis can be conducted with some widely utilized and relatively simple techniques of measurement. The central interior of B.C. has been chosen as the study region because of its heavy dependence upon the forest industry for its economic well-being. The thesis begins with a discussion of the historical development of the forest industry in the central interior. It concentrates upon the economic factors that have affected the industry's direction and rate of growth and the impact that this has had on overall regional development. Analysis of the present relationship between the forest industry and the regional economy is in part accomplished using two forms of Economic Base Analysis - the Location Quotient method and the Minimum Requirements technique. Both of these forms of measurement are reviewed, highlighting the major theoretical and empirical research involving their application, particularly in regards to the forest industry in other regions of North America. Using Statistics Canada labour force data, the analysis has concluded that an employment multiplier of 2.13 is justifiable for the central interior of B.C. The latter portion of the thesis attempts a dynamic approach to tracing the linkages between the forest industry and the rest of the regional economy. Applying statistical analysis to three types of data - employment, earnings, and unemployment - the study reveals the complexity of the interindustrial linkages within the regional economic system. Several of the more significant findings are that the nonbasic sector of the economy exhibits surprising resilience to short-term employment fluctuations and that the unemployment rate is an often overlooked effect that must be carefully considered in determining the actual rate of development within a region. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Upprättat; 1998; 20140904 (dicsan)