Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a growing appreciation of the importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and the role they play in the socio-economic wellbeing of rural communities and other stakeholders. Harvest systems to ensure sustainable harvesting are largely still lacking and overutilisation is of growing concern worldwide. In this study the science needed to underwrite management for sustainable use of NTFPs was explored. This was done using case studies of three different products harvested from natural forest in the southern Cape, South Africa viz. fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) fronds (leaves) as greenery in the florist industry, medicinal tree bark, and the corm (stem) of the geophyte Bulbine latifolia for medicinal use. The research approach enabled insight into the complexities of developing harvest systems for NTFPs, the input and expertise required to conduct applied research, and the variation in approach required for different products and plant growth forms. The study on R. adiantiformis showed that the adaptive management approach can be followed effectively with the development of harvest prescriptions for a species. Goalorientated, long-term monitoring, assessing harvest impact on the resource and natural fluctuations in population dynamics, are essential to verify that harvest prescriptions are sound and ecologically sustainable. However, if all relevant aspects are covered, the input required to develop and refine harvest systems through such monitoring may be extensive. Experimental stripping of medicinal tree bark showed that species respond differently to wounding, in terms of both bark regrowth and susceptibility to fungal and insect damage. The conceptual model and decision tree developed, demonstrated that tree response to wounding could be used effectively when choosing a management system for bark harvesting, and in informing prescriptions for strip harvesting. The proposed harvest system for the target species, as well as alternative options to meet the demand for bark can be successfully integrated with the existing multiple-use forest management system in the southern Cape. The study of the ecology and dynamics of B. latifolia showed that the species has a complex population dynamics and is abundant on the fynbos/forest ecotone, where it is associated with dry scrub forest communities. Although regeneration is sound, it has a slow rate of renewal in terms of corm diameter and length growth, limiting its harvest potential. The difference between ecotone and forest populations – in terms of population dynamics, plant demography and regeneration phenology – requires that consideration be given to differential harvest prescriptions for ecotone and forest populations. It was concluded that a simple generic process that provides for research to be focused on the relevant fields can be followed effectively with the development of harvest systems for NTFPs. However, sustainability also has a socio-economic and political dimension, further influenced by institutional arrangements. Considering the wide range of NTFPs used, socioeconomic circumstances and the dependence of rural communities on natural resources, a major challenge awaits forest managers in South Africa to develop harvest systems for sustainable use. Policy and decision makers need to appreciate the scientific skills and expertise, and financial resources required to realise this. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van bosprodukte anders as hout en die rol wat dit in die sosio-ekonomiese welstand van landelike gemeenskappe en ander belanghebbendes kan speel, word toenemend besef. Oesstelsels om standhoudende benutting te verseker is grootliks afwesig en oorbenutting is wêreldwyd ’n toenemende bron van kommer. In hierdie studie word die wetenskaplike insette benodig om oesstelsels vir nie-houtbosprodukte te onderskryf, betrag. Dit is gedoen aan die hand van gevallestudies van drie bosprodukte wat uit natuurlike woud in die Suid-Kaap, Suid-Afrika, benut word, naamlik die blare van die varing Rumohra adiantiformis vir blommerangskikkings, medisinale boombas en die stam van die geofiet Bulbine latifolia vir medisinale doeleindes. Die navorsingsbenadering laat toe om insig te bekom in die kompleksiteit met die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir nie-houtbosprodukte, die insette en kundigheid benodig vir toegepaste navorsing, en die verskillende benaderings met verskillende bosprodukte en plantgroeivorms. Die studie oor R. adiantiformis dui aan dat ’n aanpasbare bestuursbenadering suksevol gevolg kan word met die ontwikkeling van oesvoorskrifte vir ’n spesie. Doelgerigte langtermynmonitering om die impak van inoesting op die bron en natuurlike fluktuasies in populasiedinamika te bepaal, is noodsaaklik om te kan aandui of oesvoorskrifte ekologiese standhoudendheid verseker. Die insette benodig om oesstelsels te ontwikkel en deur langtermynmonitering te verfyn, kan egter aansienlik wees. Eksperimentele basstroop dui aan dat boomspesies verskillend reageer op basverwydering in terme van bashergroei en vatbaarheid vir insek- en swamskade. ’n Konsepmodel en vloeidiagram vir besluitneming is ontwikkel en dui aan dat ’n boomspesie se reaksie op basverwydering effektief aangewend kan word in die keuse van ’n oesstelsel en die ontwikkeling van voorskrifte vir strookbenutting. Die voorgestelde oesstelsel vir die teikenspesies en ander alternatiewe om in die behoefte vir bas te voorsien, kan doeltreffend geintegreer word met die bestaande meervoudige-benutting woudbestuurstelsel in plek in die Suid-Kaap. Die studie oor die ekologie en dinamika van B. latifolia dui aan dat die soort goed verteenwoordig is in die fynbos/woud-ekotoon, dat dit geassosieer is met droë struikwoud, en ’n komplekse populasiedinamika het. Alhoewel dit goed verjong, het dit, gemeet aan stamdeursnee- en -lengtegroei, ’n lae groeitempo wat die benuttingspotensiaal van die spesie beperk. Die verskille tussen ekotoon- en woudpopulasies – in terme van populasiedinamika, demografie en reproduksiefenologie – vereis dat oorweging geskenk word aan verskillende oesvoorskrifte vir ekotoon- en woudpopulasies. ’n Eenvoudige, generiese proses wat verseker dat navorsing gefokus is op die toespaslike velde kan suksesvol gevolg word met die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir niehoutbosprodukte. Standhoudendheid het egter ook ’n sosio-ekonomiese en politieke komponent wat verder beinvloed word deur institusionele strukture. Inaggenome die wye verskeidenheid van nie-houtbosprodukte wat benut word, sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede en die afhanklikheid van landelike gemeenskappe van natuurlike hulpbronne, is die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir standhoudende benutting ’n groot uitdaging vir woudbestuursinstansies. Beleidmakers en besluitnemers moet ’n waardering ontwikkel vir die wetenskaplike kundigheid en kennis, en finansiële hulpbronne, wat benodig word om dit te bewerkstellig.

Os Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros (PFNM) são entendidos como uma fonte importante de renda agregada às atividades de subsistência das populações moradoras de áreas protegidas. Porém, a governança de seus territórios e cadeias é complexa, contemplando diferentes pressões, ilegalidades, interesses e organizações. Com base nesse contexto, as teorias relacionadas à governança florestal e de cadeias de valor de PFNM apontam para a necessidade de criação de ambientes multistakeholders para promover parcerias e melhorias na governança de territórios e cadeias. A teoria de Redes de Cooperação trazem elementos de organização e estruturação de processos cooperativos para a promoção de setores econômicos em diferentes realidades, podendo contribuir também para o entendimento e melhoria de redes voltadas para a promoção de cadeias de valor de PFNM. O estudo de caso realizado na Rede Terra do Meio (RTM) possibilitou o entendimento das contribuições das redes de cooperação para a melhoria da governança das cadeias de valor de PFNM. Percebe-se que a organização em rede na Terra do Meio permitiu a estruturação de processos de melhoria e monitoramento de cadeias de valor de PFNM com base em subredes organizadas pelo tripé \"grupos extrativistas - grupos interinstitucionais - organizações de mercado\" em paralelo a ações direcionadas ao acesso a políticas públicas, proteção do território, educação e saúde. Essas subredes de operação de melhorias são ligadas a ambientes mais amplos de promoção da cooperação interinstitucional, como a RTM, que potencializam o diálogo, planejamento, monitoramento e coordenação de processos cooperativos no território. A cooperação interinstitucional em rede observada na Terra do Meio contribuiu para o ganho de confiança nas relações entre as comunidades, instituições, organizações de mercado e financiadores, potencializando laços, ações conjuntas e obtenção de recursos. A presente tese apresenta a descrição do funcionamento da Rede Terra do Meio, suas subredes e cadeias de valor, analisando o funcionamento da rede como um todo em paralelo às teorias de redes de cooperação encontradas na literatura, buscando entendimento sobre os processos de governança e as influências sobre as cadeias de valor de PFNM. De forma complementar os aprendizados da pesquisa são sistematizados como diretrizes de governança, que visam facilitar o entendimento e melhoria do processo de cooperação na Terra do Meio e em territórios com características semelhantes. / Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are seen as an important source of income combined with livelihood activities of protected areas population. However, the governance of their territories and chains is complex, beholding different pressures, illegalities, interests and organizations. Based on this context, theories related to forest governance and NTFP value chains point to the need to create environments to promote multi-stakeholder partnerships and improvements in governance of territories and chains. The Cooperation Networks theory brings organization and structuring elements of cooperative processes for the promotion of economic sectors in different realities, contributing also to the understanding and improvement of networks focused on the promotion of NTFP value chains. The case study in Rede Terra do Meio (RTM) enabled the understanding of the cooperation networks contributions to the NTFPs value chains governance. It is noticed that the network organization in Terra do Meio allowed the structuring of process improvement and monitoring of NTFP value chains based on subnetworks organized by the tripod \"extractivist groups - interinstitutional groups - market organizations\" in parallel with targeted actions to access public policies, territorial protection, education and health. These subnetworks directed to improvements operation are linked to broader environments of interinstitutional cooperation promotion, such as RTM, which enhance dialogue, planning, monitoring and coordination of cooperative processes in the territory. interinstitutional cooperation observed in Terra do Meio network contributed to gain trust among communities, institutions, market and financing organizations, enhancing ties, joint actions and resourcing. This thesis presents a description of Terra do Meio network, its subnetworks and value chains, analyzing the functioning of the network as a whole in parallel to cooperation networks theories found in literature, seeking the understandin of governance processes and the influences on NTFP value chains. Complementarily, the research learnings are systematized as governance guidelines, which are intended to facilitate the understanding and improvement of cooperation processes at Terra do Meio and at territories with similar characteristics.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, os processos de liberalização da economia brasileira e avanço do ambientalismo geraram novas representações e políticas relativas à floresta e aos povos indígenas amazônicos. Dentro desse movimento, a comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros através, em alguns casos, de parcerias entre a Fundação Nacional do Índio e empresas passou a ser apresentada como uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento indígena e para a conservação ambiental. Sob a perspectiva do etnodesenvolvimento, entretanto, a questão central que fundamenta a dissertação é se os regimes de produção, circulação e consumo engendrados por esse \'indigenismo público-privado\' são compatíveis com as economias políticas nativas. Para responder a esta questão, o estudo está baseado no caso dos Asuriní do Xingu, grupo Tupi incluído na parceria para a comercialização de óleo de castanha-do-pará entre a cooperativa Amazoncoop e a empresa britânica The Body Shop. A pesquisa de campo foi estruturada em dois níveis. No primeiro, por meio de entrevistas e conversas informais, foram levantadas informações sobre a história e a economia política da parceria. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a parceria foi incapaz de romper com a assimetria de poder que caracteriza a relação entre os indígenas e a economia de mercado. No segundo nível, por meio de técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas, conversas informais, diagnóstico rural participativo) e quantitativas (surveys e observações de alocação de tempo), foram levantadas informações relativas à participação dos Asuriní na parceria, bem como os impactos da atividade sobre a economia doméstica. Nesse caso, a incompatibilidade entre o regime indígena e aquele fomentado pela parceria foi evidenciada pela escassez de alimentos no período da coleta; pela distribuição desigual dos recursos monetários entre os grupos familiares; pela acentuação do conflito entre dinheiro e reciprocidade e pelo incremento da dependência por bens industrializados. A diversidade, entretanto, das estratégias econômicas familiares, a incorporação do dinheiro pelas concepções indígenas de riqueza e a continuidade das atividades de subsistência são expressões de que a maior participação na economia de mercado tem como corolário não a \'aculturação\', mas uma transformação na forma como a sociedade indígena se reproduz. / In the last two decades, the synchronous processes of liberalisation of the Brazilian economy and the advancement of environmentalism generated new representations and policies regarding Amazonian rainforests and indigenous peoples. Within this movement, the commercialisation of non timber forest products, through, in a few cases, the implementation of partnerships between the National Indian Foundation of Brazil and companies, began to be presented as a tool for the development of indigenous societies, as well as for environmental conservation. Adopting an ethnodevelopment perspective, however, the central question posed by this dissertation is whether the regimes of production, circulation and consumption devised by this form of \'public-private indigenism are compatible with their political economies. To advance this question, this study is based on the case of the Asuriní do Xingu, a Tupi group included in the partnership for the commercialisation of Brazil-nut oil between the Amazoncoop cooperative and the UK-based company, The Body Shop. Field research was structured into two levels. At the first level, information about the history and the political economy of the partnership were gathered by means of informal interviews. Results at this level indicate the partnership has been unable of breaking down the historical asymmetry of power which characterises the relationship between indigenous societies and the market economy. At the second level, by means of qualitative and quantitative techniques of data gathering, we collected information regarding Asurinís participation in the partnership, as well as the impacts of the trade activity to their domestic economy. In this case, the incompatibility between the indigenous economic regime and that promoted by the partnership implementation was evidenced by food shortages during the harvesting period; by the unequal distribution of monetary incomes among households; by uprising conflicts as regards monetary incomes and reciprocal exchanges of goods, and by their increasing dependence on industrialised goods. Notwithstanding that, the diversity of household economic strategies, the incorporation of money into indigenous conceptualisations of wealth and the continuity of traditional subsistence practices are evidences supporting the argument that an increase in market participation is not a corollary of indigenous peoples \'acculturation\', but a transformation in their form of social reproduction.

No description available.

Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua) is a bamboo species native to South and Central America that has been widely used for structural applications in small and large-scale buildings, bridges and temporary structures. Currently, its structural use is regulated within seismic resistant building codes in countries such as Peru and Colombia. Nevertheless, Guadua remains a material for vernacular construction associated with high levels of manual labour and structural unpredictability. Guadua buildings are limited to two storeys due to the overall flexibility of the slender and hollow culms and its connection systems. Its axial specific stiffness is comparable to that of steel and hardwoods, but unlike wood, Guadua’s hollow structure and lack of ray cells render it prone to buckling along the grain and to transverse crushing. As a result, Guadua’s mainstream use in construction and transformation into standard sizes or engineered Guadua products is scarce. Therefore, this work focussed on the development of standardised flat industrial structural products from Guadua devising replicable manufacturing technologies and engineering methods to measure and predict their mechanical behaviour. Cross-laminated Guadua panels were developed using thermohydro-mechanically modified and laminated flat Guadua strips glued with a high performance resin. Guadua was subjected to thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) treatments that modified its microstructure and mechanical properties. THM treatment was applied to Guadua with the aim of tackling the difficulties in the fabrication of standardised construction materials and to gain a uniform fibre content profile that facilitated prediction of mechanical properties for structural design. Densified homogenous flat Guadua strips (FGS) were obtained. Elastic properties of FGS were determined in tension, compression and shear using small-clear specimens. These properties were used to predict the structural behaviour of G-XLam panels comprised of three and five layers (G-XLam3 and G-XLam5) by numerical methods. The panels were assumed as multi-layered systems composed of contiguous lamellas with orthotropic axes orientated at 0º and 90º. A finite element (FE) model was developed, and successfully simulated the response of G-XLam3 & 5 panels virtually loaded with the same boundary conditions as the following experimental tests on full-scale panels. G-XLam3 and G-XLam5 were manufactured and their mechanical properties evaluated by testing large specimens in compression, shear and bending. Results from numerical, FE predictions and mechanical testing demonstrated comparable results. Finally, design and manufacturing aspects of the G-XLam panels were discussed and examples of their architectural and structural use in construction applications such as mid-rise buildings, grid shells and vaults are presented. Overall, this research studies THM treatments applied to Guadua in order to produce standardised engineered Guadua products (EGP), and provides guidelines for manufacturing, testing, and for the structural analysis and design with G-XLam panels. These factors are of key importance for the use of Guadua as a mainstream material in construction.

O uso de Produtos Florestais Não Maderáveis (PFNM) têm se apresentado como alternativa para a conservação de ecossistemas e culturas tradicionais em relação a outros usos do solo. Entre os PFNM mais utilizados, destacam-se as folhas das palmeiras (Arecaceae). Apesar do crescente interesse e estímulo ao uso sustentável dos PFNM, o conhecimento sobre os níveis sustentáveis de coleta ainda é escasso, especialmente para as espécies da Mata Atlântica. A retirada desregulada de PFNM afeta não só os indivíduos, como também pode comprometer a permanência das populações e modificar drasticamente o ambiente das espécies de interesse. No Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul encontram-se densos agrupamentos da palmeira Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi, formando o ecossistema butiazal. Apesar de ser uma espécie chave para o ecossistema local e de seu uso tradicional há dezenas de anos, pouco se sabe sobre a ecologia e os impactos da desfolhação na performance dos indivíduos. O conhecimento sobre o ecossistema é ainda mais incipiente, o qual tem sido convertido continuamente em outros usos do solo, especialmente agropecuários. De 1974 a 2008 foram perdidos mais de 80% dos remanescentes de butiazais da região, restando hoje pequenos e isolados fragmentos desse ecossistema, outrora dominante na paisagem. A grande diversidade de formações vegetais onde ocorrem e o desconhecimento quanto ao estado de suas populações impedia a gestão adequada tanto da espécie B. catarinensis, quanto dos remanescentes do ecossistema butiazal. A fim de propor níveis sustentáveis de uso, este trabalho avaliou a resposta vegetativa e reprodutiva de indivíduos de B. catarinensis submetidos a quatro diferentes intensidades de desfolhação (baseadas no manejo tradicional), em quatro diferentes fisionomias vegetais, nas estações pré e pós-frutificação durante dois eventos de corte consecutivos. Buscando entender o estado atual das populações nos butiazais, foram descritas a estrutura populacional e vegetacional de dezoito áreas remanescentes de B. catarinensis localizadas entre os municípios de Osório à Torres, RS, representando diferentes fisionomias vegetais onde a espécie é encontrada. As áreas mais abertas e os tratamentos mais intensos apresentaram maior produção de folhas, porém esta foi menor no segundo ano. A produção de cachos apresentou interações entre os fatores, tendendo a ser menor no segundo ano e na estação pós-reprodutiva, e maior nas áreas mais abertas e nos tratamentos alternativos e controle. Nossos resultados sugerem que o butiazeiro é resistente ao manejo tradicional da folha em áreas savanóides. Entretanto, a desfolhação contínua combinada com outras perturbações, pode resultar em respostas negativas. Assim, nós sugerimos que o manejo ocorra em áreas alternadas, e seja proibido em áreas muito fechadas ou com intensos usos de solo, e a criação de áreas protegidas que permitam conciliar conservação e uso sustentável. De qualquer forma, é fundamental ter um monitoramento contínuo das respostas ao manejo, a fim de garantir a sustentabilidade do mesmo. Diferentemente do esperado, a estrutura da vegetação não foi fortemente correlacionada com a estrutura populacional, assim como a maioria das áreas estudadas apresentou maior proporção de indivíduos no estágio intermediário. Embora não seja possível predizer a distribuição normal e as tendências populacionais desta espécie, pois todas as áreas apresentaram um mosaico de perturbações, o pequeno tamanho populacional encontrado e os efeitos drásticos tanto no desenvolvimento dos indivíduos (pequena proporção de estágios finais), quanto na capacidade de regeneração da população (pequena proporção de estágios iniciais) indicam um sério risco para a permanência das populações. Os resultados desse trabalho resultaram numa Normativa pela Secretaria Estadual de Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul (SEMA RS) embasada pelo Instituto Curicaca e Centro de Ecologia da UFRS, para regularização da colheita de flores e frutos do Butia catarinensis (butiá-da-praia). É imperativo realizar novos estudos a fim de melhor entender a dinâmica populacional, embasando assim ações para conservar a espécie e o ecossistema butiazal, assim como estimular o manejo controlado de folha de B. catarinensis e a criação de uma ou mais Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável do ecossistema butiazal, antes do seu total desaparecimento. / Non-timber Forest Products (NTFP) are an alternative for conservation, cause minor ecosystems impacts and raise rural economy. The palm Butia catarinensis is a key resource to fauna and important NTFP for traditional populations, especially the leaves, but little is known about its harvest sustainability. This specie occurs in a very restricted area in southern Brazil, creating the unique butiazal vegetation, currently threatened by fast lost and fragmentation of the habitat. We tested the harvest sustainability, by vegetative and reproductive responses to four intensities of management (based to traditional harvest), in four vegetal physiognomies, in period pre and post-fructification, in two successive events of cutting (2009 and 2010). To analyze the status of populations in remnants, we described the population and vegetation structure of eighteen remnants with different types of plant physiognomy. The biggest intensity of defoliation raised significantly the production of leaves, even in open areas, and the first management. The factors have interacted in reproductive response, causing the decrease of the bunch production in the second year and in the post- fruiting season. Open areas, treatments control and alternative tended to bigger bunch production. B. catarinensis seems to be resistant to harvest, however, the continuous defoliation combined with another disorders, can result in negative responses to harvesting. We suggest rotation of areas; prohibition of harvest in closer and intense land uses areas, with constant monitoring and the creation of protect areas that allow the regulated harvest. Unlike expected, there was not a strong correlation between vegetation and population structure, even as most studied areas had a higher proportion of intermediate stages. The small population size and the negative effects in the development of individuals, shown by the small proportion of individuals in the late stage, as the regeneration capacity (small proportion early stage) indicated the high degree of threat level of the population.

Os Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros (PFNM) são entendidos como uma fonte importante de renda agregada às atividades de subsistência das populações moradoras de áreas protegidas. Porém, a governança de seus territórios e cadeias é complexa, contemplando diferentes pressões, ilegalidades, interesses e organizações. Com base nesse contexto, as teorias relacionadas à governança florestal e de cadeias de valor de PFNM apontam para a necessidade de criação de ambientes multistakeholders para promover parcerias e melhorias na governança de territórios e cadeias. A teoria de Redes de Cooperação trazem elementos de organização e estruturação de processos cooperativos para a promoção de setores econômicos em diferentes realidades, podendo contribuir também para o entendimento e melhoria de redes voltadas para a promoção de cadeias de valor de PFNM. O estudo de caso realizado na Rede Terra do Meio (RTM) possibilitou o entendimento das contribuições das redes de cooperação para a melhoria da governança das cadeias de valor de PFNM. Percebe-se que a organização em rede na Terra do Meio permitiu a estruturação de processos de melhoria e monitoramento de cadeias de valor de PFNM com base em subredes organizadas pelo tripé \"grupos extrativistas - grupos interinstitucionais - organizações de mercado\" em paralelo a ações direcionadas ao acesso a políticas públicas, proteção do território, educação e saúde. Essas subredes de operação de melhorias são ligadas a ambientes mais amplos de promoção da cooperação interinstitucional, como a RTM, que potencializam o diálogo, planejamento, monitoramento e coordenação de processos cooperativos no território. A cooperação interinstitucional em rede observada na Terra do Meio contribuiu para o ganho de confiança nas relações entre as comunidades, instituições, organizações de mercado e financiadores, potencializando laços, ações conjuntas e obtenção de recursos. A presente tese apresenta a descrição do funcionamento da Rede Terra do Meio, suas subredes e cadeias de valor, analisando o funcionamento da rede como um todo em paralelo às teorias de redes de cooperação encontradas na literatura, buscando entendimento sobre os processos de governança e as influências sobre as cadeias de valor de PFNM. De forma complementar os aprendizados da pesquisa são sistematizados como diretrizes de governança, que visam facilitar o entendimento e melhoria do processo de cooperação na Terra do Meio e em territórios com características semelhantes. / Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are seen as an important source of income combined with livelihood activities of protected areas population. However, the governance of their territories and chains is complex, beholding different pressures, illegalities, interests and organizations. Based on this context, theories related to forest governance and NTFP value chains point to the need to create environments to promote multi-stakeholder partnerships and improvements in governance of territories and chains. The Cooperation Networks theory brings organization and structuring elements of cooperative processes for the promotion of economic sectors in different realities, contributing also to the understanding and improvement of networks focused on the promotion of NTFP value chains. The case study in Rede Terra do Meio (RTM) enabled the understanding of the cooperation networks contributions to the NTFPs value chains governance. It is noticed that the network organization in Terra do Meio allowed the structuring of process improvement and monitoring of NTFP value chains based on subnetworks organized by the tripod \"extractivist groups - interinstitutional groups - market organizations\" in parallel with targeted actions to access public policies, territorial protection, education and health. These subnetworks directed to improvements operation are linked to broader environments of interinstitutional cooperation promotion, such as RTM, which enhance dialogue, planning, monitoring and coordination of cooperative processes in the territory. interinstitutional cooperation observed in Terra do Meio network contributed to gain trust among communities, institutions, market and financing organizations, enhancing ties, joint actions and resourcing. This thesis presents a description of Terra do Meio network, its subnetworks and value chains, analyzing the functioning of the network as a whole in parallel to cooperation networks theories found in literature, seeking the understandin of governance processes and the influences on NTFP value chains. Complementarily, the research learnings are systematized as governance guidelines, which are intended to facilitate the understanding and improvement of cooperation processes at Terra do Meio and at territories with similar characteristics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Ferreira de Mendonca Filho1.pdf: 2399711 bytes, checksum: 42c5d05bae5f15ae5ea5e67a77bacd13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-26 / The State of Rio de Janeiro is a great wood and non-wood product consumer from native or reforested areas, most of the time out of the state limits. This fact commits the participation of the state in the production, commercialization and export of forest products. The lack of managerial planning, the expenses with transports and taxes inflates the final cost of the products originated from forests, moving away investors and consumers and it turns the forest state sector participation not very expressive. The general objective was to analyze the fluminense forest sector and its insertion on the state economy with emphasis on the districts participation. Specific objectives were a state forest sector diagnosis and the social economic district layout to identify forest products consumption, commercialization and production tendencies. To reach the objectives, besides the collection of information it was made a simulation with different generated sceneries based on the forest products consumption. The State of Rio de Janeiro has a demand for quite expressive forest products, from firewood and vegetable coal to sawed wood, wood for paper and cellulose and also for the group other purposes. This fact is corroborated when is verified the total sawed wood volume that entered in the state, that only in the year of 2007 it surpassed the mark of the 300.000 cubic meters. However, the offer of these products is very low, because the reforestations don't surpass the 30,000 hectares and the native resource besides scarce get into legal impediments for its use. In spite of the little information on the offer and demand of forest products, especially the wood, sawed or round, it was possible to identify a consumption tendency that can be considered as a starting point for complementary studies on the subject. The State of Rio de Janeiro has an industry of pieces of furniture in conditions to compete in the national and international markets. The scenery II, proposes the reforestation inside of the state and expects that there will be an increase of the sector participation in state GDP. The wood volume that entered in the state, with values around the 180 million BRL, would pass for more than 5 billion BRL in the end of the second crop. Expressive it will also be the generation of direct and indirect employments starting from the settling of the economic forestation that will answer for more than 45,000 jobs. The collection of tributes will also increase reaching more than a one million BRL per crop. The use of pasture areas on the Northwest and North will also allow the development of those areas with the expectation of improvement of the index of human development (IDH). According to the proposed sceneries is possible to identify that reforestations in the state can bring new growth perspectives for the forest sector using non productive pasture areas. Facing this it can be said that the State of Rio de Janeiro forest industry is now on a latent stage just awaiting favorable conditions for a full development. / O Estado do Rio de Janeiro ? grande consumidor de madeira e produtos n?o-madeireiros provenientes de ?reas nativas ou reflorestadas, quase sempre fora dos limites estaduais. Este fato compromete a participa??o do estado na produ??o, comercializa??o e exporta??o de produtos florestais. A falta de planejamento empresarial, os gastos com transportes e impostos encarecem o custo final dos produtos oriundos das florestas, afastando investidores e consumidores e torna a participa??o do setor florestal do estado pouco expressiva. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar o atual setor florestal fluminense e sua inser??o dentro do estado, enfatizando a participa??o municipal. Os objetivos espec?ficos foram a elabora??o de um diagn?stico sobre o setor florestal do estado e o delineamento do perfil s?cio econ?mico dos munic?pios fluminenses, identificando tend?ncias de consumo, comercializa??o e produ??o de produtos florestais. Para alcance dos objetivos, al?m da coleta de informa??es foi feita uma simula??o com diferentes cen?rios gerados a partir do consumo de produtos florestais. O Estado do Rio de Janeiro tem uma demanda por produtos florestais bastante expressiva, desde lenha e carv?o vegetal at? madeira serrada, passando por madeira para papel e celulose e tamb?m para o grupo outras finalidades. Este fato ? corroborado quando se verifica o volume total de madeira serrada que ingressou no estado, que s? no ano de 2007 ultrapassou a marca dos 300.000 metros c?bicos. Entretanto, a oferta destes produtos ? m?nima, pois os reflorestamentos n?o ultrapassam os 30.000 hectares e o recurso nativo, al?m de escasso esbarra, em impedimentos legais para sua utiliza??o. Apesar das poucas informa??es sobre a oferta e demanda de produtos florestais, em especial a madeira, seja serrada ou em toras, foi poss?vel identificar uma tend?ncia de consumo que pode ser considerada como um ponto de partida para estudos complementares sobre o assunto. O Estado do Rio de Janeiro tem uma ind?stria de m?veis em condi??es para competir nos mercados nacional e internacional. No cen?rio experimental que prop?e o reflorestamento dentro do estado existe a expectativa que haja um aumento da participa??o do setor no PIB estadual. Atualmente, o volume de madeira que ingressou no estado, com valores em torno dos 180 milh?es de reais, passaria para mais de 5 bilh?es de reais no final da segunda colheita. Expressiva tamb?m ser? a gera??o de empregos diretos e indiretos a partir da implanta??o da silvicultura econ?mica que responder? por mais de 45.000 postos de trabalho. Tamb?m a arrecada??o de tributos aumentar? com valores acima de um milh?o de reais por colheita. A utiliza??o das ?reas de pastagens das regi?es Noroeste e Norte do estado permitir?o tamb?m o desenvolvimento destas regi?es com a expectativa de melhora do ?ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH). De acordo com os cen?rios propostos ? poss?vel identificar que a implanta??o de reflorestamentos no estado poder? trazer novas perspectivas de crescimento para o setor florestal com a utiliza??o de ?reas de pastagens atualmente improdutivas. Em face disto pode-se dizer que a ind?stria florestal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro est?, atualmente, em estado de dorm?ncia, somente aguardando condi??es favor?veis para um pleno desenvolvimento.

Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) can heavily rely on the functionality of the current innovation system in a given industry. An innovation system is composed of policies, companies, individuals, and other major actors that may play a role in the development and diffusion of an innovation into the marketplace. Historically, the forest products industry has faced numerous challenges in remaining innovative: outside forces provide few incentives or favorable policies while poor communication among industry sectors impedes creative growth from within. An in-depth analysis of why the forest sector innovation system is not performing at a higher level is therefore essential. This thesis outlines results gathered from personal interviews with industry professionals and an industry survey on key policies, incentives, organizations, and the condition of Oregon's forest sector innovation system in general. Ultimately, the research provides recommendations for an improved forest sector innovation system that can, in turn, increase competitiveness and synergies among forest sector companies, higher education, and other businesses in Oregon. / Graduation date: 2013

<p>Cellulosans tillgänglighet och reaktivitet är nyckelparametrar vid framställning av regenererad cellulosa och cellulosaderivat. Det är välkänt att på grund av cellulosans kristallina struktur är tillgängligheten begränsad för lösningsmedel och olika reagens. Till exempel kan en inhomogen substitution av hydroxylgrupperna i cellulosakedjan resultera i cellulosaderivat av sämre kvalitet. Baserat på detta har en del av arbetet i denna studie fokuserat på att förbättra cellulosans tillgänglighet och reaktivitet genom att studera effekten av olika enzymatiska behandlingar med monokomponent endoglukanaser. Resultaten visar att närvaron av en cellulosabindande domän fyller en viktig funktion för att öka cellulosans reaktivitet, men strukturen för den katalytiska domänen visade sig ha den största inverkan på cellulosans tillgänglighet. I kompletterande studier har även effekten av en mekanisk förbehandling i kombination med enzymatisk behandling utvärderats. Kombinationen av förbehandlingarna resulterade i en positiv effekt, cellulosans reaktivitet kunde ökas i större omfattning.</p><p>I dag används huvudsakligen dissolvingmassor som råvara vid framställning av cellulosaregenerat och cellulosaderivat. Kraven för dessa s.k. specialmassor är högt cellulosainnehåll samt lågt hemicellulosa- respektive lignininnehåll. På grund av dessa specifika krav är produktionskostnaderna för dessa massor högre än konventionella sulfatmassor. Den andra delen av studien har därför fokuserat på möjligheten att använda dessa sulfatmassor som dissolvingmassa. Det har visats att kombinationen av enzymatiska behandlingar med monokomponent endoglukanas och xylanas följt av ett alkaliskt steg kan resultera i massor där kraven uppfylls med avseende på cellulosans reaktivitet, och cellulosa- respektive hemicellulosainnehåll.</p> / <p>The accessibility and reactivity of cellulose are key parameters on the manufacturing of cellulose derivatives and regenerated cellulose. It is well known that, due to the crystalline structure of cellulose, the accessibility of solvents and reagents is limited. For instance, an inhomogeneous substitution of the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose chain might lead to the production of derivatives of low quality. As a consequence, part of this work has focused on improving the accessibility and reactivity on cellulose by studying the effect of different monocomponent endoglucanases. It has been demonstrated that the presence of the cellulose-binding domain plays an important role on the enhancement of cellulose reactivity; however, the structure of the catalytic domain has been showed to have the highest influence on this parameter. Furthermore, the influence of mechanical treatment prior to enzymatic treatment has been examined. The combination of pretreatments showed a positive effect enhancing to a larger extent the cellulose reactivity.</p><p>Currently, dissolving-grade pulps are commonly used for the production of cellulose derivatives and regenerated cellulose. The requirements for these so-called “special pulps” are a high cellulose content and a low hemicelluloses and lignin content. As a result of these specific demands, the production costs of these pulps are higher than those of common kraft pulps. The second part of this work, therefore, has been focused on the study on the viability of converting kraft pulps into dissolving pulps. It has been demonstrated that the combination of enzymatic treatments using a monocomponent endoglucanase and a xylanase together with the addition of an alkaline step could fulfil the requirements of a commercial dissolving pulp in terms of cellulose reactivity and cellulose and hemicellulose content.</p>