O extrativismo apresenta-se como uma oportunidade de ação que contribui para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável. O extrativismo do jaborandi representa um recurso de natureza comum, governado por diversos atores e sob influência do mercado. O jaborandi, Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardlew, é um arbusto que ocorre no sub-bosque de florestas na região de transição entre os biomas Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga. Das suas folhas, é extraída a pilocarpina, usada, principalmente, no tratamento do glaucoma. As folhas do jaborandi são oriundas, em sua maioria, do extrativismo, no Piauí, Maranhão e Pará. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o sistema socioecológico (SES) e a governança do extrativismo do jaborandi e sua influência sobre a sustentabilidade da atividade na Amazônia e áreas de transição com o Cerrado e Caatinga. Já os objetivos específicos foram: 1) descrever os SESs do extrativismo do jaborandi; 2) caracterizar a governança dos SESs; 3) analisar a relação da governança dos diferentes SESs com a sustentabilidade do extrativismo do jaborandi. Para tanto, utilizou-se o Institutional Analysis & Development - IAD framework e os princípios de governança dos SESs robustos, analisando a governança e a sustentabilidade do SES do extrativismo do jaborandi. Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de análise institucional multiescalar, sendo a maior escala o Sistema Socioecológico “extrativismo do jaborandi”, considerada como toda a área de ocorrência do extrativismo. A escala mediana, regional, os dois subsistemas que correspondem à região amazônica e transição. O nível local foi caracterizado por quatro subsistemas socioecológicos: SES Agroextrativista Cocais, SES Agroextrativista Pluriétnico Transição, SES Expedicionário Pluriétnico Amazônia e SES Expedicionário Flona Carajás Amazônia. Os métodos constaram de análises qualitativas de dados secundários e dados primários - coletados em entrevistas realizadas com os atores do extrativismo do jaborandi. Observou-se a influência das políticas desenvolvimentistas sobre a devastação de parte da matriz florestal de ocorrência do jaborandi. Além disso, o mercado de pilocarpina teve larga influência sobre o extrativismo, com destaque para a domesticação da espécie e o desenvolvimento da pilocarpina sintética. Desde o ano de 2009, o Projeto de Valorização do Jaborandi também influencia o extrativismo, em busca de tornar a atividade mais sustentável. Identificou-se diferença de capacidade de suporte das populações de jaborandi entre o Subsistema Socioecológico Transição, que apresenta baixa capacidade, devido às condições edafoclimáticas mais severas, ao Subsistema Amazônia, onde as condições são mais favoráveis. Na região de transição, os extrativistas são agricultores familiares e residem próximos ao recurso, enquanto que, na Amazônia, os extrativistas, em sua maioria, são urbanos e, para acessarem o recurso, precisam organizar-se em equipes e fazerem uma expedição até as áreas de manejo, que são distantes e são áreas protegidas. Ao caracterizar a governança multiescalar dos SESs, encontrou-se um complexo arranjo institucional, composto por regras formais e informais de múltiplos níveis. Muitas das regras não são colocadas em uso, atribui-se esse fenômeno a não participação dos extrativistas na formulação dessas regras, à falta de monitoramento e sanções efetivas. Percebeu-se que quando os extrativistas participam de arenas de escolha coletiva, eles têm maiores ganhos. Evidenciou-se que onde há participação governamental, há maior governança. Ao analisar a relação da governança dos diferentes SES com a sustentabilidade, ficou evidente que o SES Expedicionário Flona Carajás Amazônia é mais sustentável do que os SES Agroextrativista Cocais e SES Agroextrativista Pluriétnico Transição, onde a capacidade de suporte e os arranjos institucionais são frágeis. Enquanto que o SES Expedicionário Pluriétnico Amazônia é parcialmente sustentável, por fragilidades de acesso ao recurso. Conclui-se que a governança, através das organizações e arranjos institucionais, bem como os SES, principalmente no que se refere à capacidade de suporte, atores envolvidos e organização social, influenciam na sustentabilidade das múltiplas escalas do extrativismo do jaborandi. / Forest management of non-wood products has the potential to contribute to sustainable rural development. The forest management of jaborandi is a common-pool resource, governed by different actors and under the influence of market. Jaborandi, Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardlew, is a scrub that occurs in the forest floor of forests in the transition region between the biomes of Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga. Pilocarpine, which is extracted from its leaves, is used mainly in the treatment of glaucoma. The jaborandi leaves come, mostly, from forest management in Piauí, Maranhão and Pará. The objective of this study was to understand the socio-ecological system (SES) and the governance of jaborandi’s management and its influence on the sustainability of the activity in the Amazon and transition areas of the Cerrado and Caatinga. The specific objectives were: 1) to describe the SES of jaborandi´s management; 2) to characterize the governance of the SESs; 3) to analyse the relationship of the governance of different SESs with the sustainability of jaborandi´s management. For this purpose, the IAD framework and the principles of governance of robust SESs were used, analysing the governance of SESs and the sustainability of jaborandi´s management. This research is a study of multiescalar institutional analysis, in which the major scale is the socio-ecological system “jaborandi´s management”, which covers the entire area of leaves collection. The median scale, regional, are the two subsystems that are the Amazon and Transition region. The local level was characterized by four socio-ecological subsystems: Agroextractivist Cocais, Agroextractivist Multiethnic Transition, Expeditionary Multiethnic Amazon and Expeditionary Flona Carajás Amazon. The methods consisted of qualitative analysis of secondary data and primary data - collected in interviews with the actors of the jaborandi´s management. The influence of developmentalism policies was observed over the devastation of part of the forest area of the jaborandi´s occurrence. In addition, the pilocarpine market had wide influence on the jaborandi´s management, highlighting the domestication of the species and the development of synthetic pilocarpine. Since year 2009, Projeto de Valorização do Jaborandi (Jaborandi Enhancement Project) has also influenced the management, seeking to make the activity more sustainable. There was a difference in the support capacity of populations between jaborandi Subsystem socioecological Transition, which has low capacity due to the most severe climate and soil conditions, and the Amazon subsystem, where conditions are more favorable. In the transition region, the leaves collectors are family farmers and reside near the resource, while in the Amazon, the leaves collectors are mostly urban dwellers and to access the resource they need to organize themselves into teams and make an expedition to the harvesting areas, which are distant and protected areas. To characterize the multiescalar governance of SES, a complex institutional arrangement has been identified, consisting of formal and informal rules of multiple levels. Many of the rules are not applied, which phenomenon is attributed to the non-participation of leaves collectors in the formulation of these rules, the lack of monitoring and effective sanctions. It has been observed that when the leaves collectors participate in collective choice arenas, they have greater benefits. It has been perceived that where there is government close participation, there is greater governance. By analysing the relationship of the governance of different SESs and sustainability, it became clear that the SES Expeditionary Flona Carajás Amazon is more sustainable than the SES Agroextrativist Cocais and SES Agroextrativist Multiethnic Transition, where the support capacity and institutional arrangements are fragile. While the SES Expeditionary Multiethnic Amazon is partially sustainable, there are weaknesses in access to the resource. The conclusion points out that the governance, through organizations and institutional arrangements, as well as the SES, especially with regard to support capacity, stakeholders involvement and social organization, influence the sustainability of multiple scales of jaborandi´s management.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-23T11:45:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacilene Bezerra da Silva.pdf: 466396 bytes, checksum: e4a20a011387f1aae912251ced3a6945 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T11:45:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacilene Bezerra da Silva.pdf: 466396 bytes, checksum: e4a20a011387f1aae912251ced3a6945 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Although the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is considered less harmful to ecosystems than timber extraction, there is evidence that these resources are exploited unsustainably, because they affect the dynamics of populations that are targeted in this activity. The latex and the stem bark of some plant species are NTFPs of medicinal and economic value, spread widely throughout the world. In areas of Cerrado and Moist Forests in Northeastern Brazil, local human populations extract the stem bark of Himatanthus drasticus [Mart.] Plumel (to collect the latex) and Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. for medicinal use. The removal of the bark of these species in the region is a very common activity locally, however there are no known consequences of this activity to the biology and ecology of these. The present study aims to verify the consequences of the extraction of stem bark of H. drasticus e S. rotundifolium on reproductive performance of these species. Our hypothesis is that such activity interferes negatively in their reproductive capacity. We selected 30 individuals without extraction of each species, with similar height and diameter, and half was subjected to the extraction of the bark. The dimensions of the extracted area were similar to those performed by extraction of the region in the study area. The dimensions of the extracted area were similar to those performed by extraction of the region in the study area. Compared between the two groups of individuals (extracted-treatment; non-extracted control) the number of inflorescences, buds, flowers, pollen, ovules, fruits and seeds, as well as characteristics of fruit and seed size and reproductive success preemergent. All reproductive parameters of H. drasticus were negatively affected by the extraction of the bark, except for the production of pollen and ovules. By contrast, the only reproductive parameters in S. rotundifolium negatively affected by the extraction of the bark were producing pollen and ovules. The extraction of the bark of the species undertakes its reproduction and hence the generation of new individuals, suggesting that this activity may not be sustainable extractive. / Embora a coleta de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) seja considerada menos impactante para os ecossistemas do que o extrativismo madeireiro, existem evidências de que esses recursos são explorados de maneira não sustentável, pois afetam a dinâmica das populações que são alvo dessa atividade. A casca do caule e o látex de algumas espécies vegetais constituem PFNMs de valor medicinal e econômico amplamente difundidos em todo o mundo. Em áreas de Cerrado e de Florestas Úmidas no Nordeste do Brasil, populações humanas locais extraem a casca do caule de Himatanthus drasticus [Mart.] Plumel (para coleta do látex) e de Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. para fins medicinais. A retirada da casca dessas espécies na região é uma atividade muito difundida localmente, no entanto não se conhecem os efeitos dessa atividade para a biologia e ecologia das mesmas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as consequências da retirada da casca do caule de H. drasticus e S. rotundifolium sobre o desempenho reprodutivo destas espécies. A nossa hipótese é de que tal atividade interfere negativamente em sua capacidade reprodutiva. Foram selecionados 30 indivíduos sem sinal de extração para cada espécie, com altura e diâmetro semelhantes, e metade destes foi submetida à extração da casca. As dimensões da área extraída foram baseadas naquelas realizadas por extrativistas locais na área de estudo. Comparamos entre os dois grupos de indivíduos (extraídos-tratamento; não extraídos-controle) o número de inflorescências, botões, flores, pólen, óvulos, frutos e sementes, bem como características das dimensões de frutos e sementes e o sucesso reprodutivo pré-emergente. Todos os parâmetros reprodutivos de H. drasticus foram afetados negativamente pela retirada da casca, exceto a produção de pólen e de óvulos. Em contra partida, os únicos parâmetros reprodutivos de S. rotundifolium afetados negativamente pela retirada da casca foram produção de pólen e de óvulos. A extração da casca das espécies estudadas compromete sua reprodução e, consequentemente, a geração de novos indivíduos, sugerindo que a referida atividade extrativista pode não ser sustentável.

Orientador: Arnaldo César da Silva Walter / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T06:47:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ravagnani_RachelMarini_M.pdf: 2891702 bytes, checksum: 4f634859cc84db4cdd1d466fcb2787d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em virtude do crescente reconhecimento dos impactos adversos que podem ser causados pelo uso intensivo dos derivados de petróleo, os biocombustíveis surgem com o fim de promover soluções para problemas relacionados à redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, segurança de suprimento energético e redução da dependência do petróleo e seus derivados. No entanto, em virtude do aumento do consumo dos biocombustíveis, a sustentabilidade na produção da matéria-prima e conversão do produto final passou a ser pressuposto para que o atendimento às questões mencionadas acima fossem, de fato, cumpridas. A preocupação quanto ao estabelecimento de barreiras comerciais em virtude da implementação de esquemas de certificação para atestar o cumprimento aos requisitos de sustentabilidade tem início neste ponto, para os biocombustíveis. Como o mercado internacional de combustíveis renováveis ainda é recente, a avaliação dos impactos econômicos originados por esquemas de certificação torna-se impraticável e, por esta razão foi proposta uma análise comparada à setores mais maduros e experientes em relação aos esquemas de certificação. A fim de realizar tal comparação artigos que descreviam impactos econômicos dos setores de alimentos e produtos florestais madeireiros foram analisados. Do exame realizado, os impactos econômicos havidos em virtude da certificação puderam ser analisados e classificados para que, posteriormente, um paralelo pudesse ser traçado em relação a identificação de potenciais impactos para os biocombustíveis. O potencial dos esquemas de certificação para criação de barreiras comerciais não tarifárias provou-se complexo para a análise e, também, para constatação. Verificou-se que sua formação não pode ser taxativamente definida, dado que diversos fatores e variáveis interferem para tanto. De forma a complementar o estudo conduzido algumas noções de Direito Internacional e Comércio Internacional foram apresentadas. A configuração das barreiras comerciais não tarifárias, no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio, a identificação de suas disposições nos diferentes acordos da OMC e o cabimento da discussão, no que concerne os biocombustíveis, são realizadas. Disputas envolvendo o estabelecimento ou exigência das avaliações de conformidade (certificados) também são apresentadas, tanto para os biocombustíveis quanto para os demais setores estudados, a fim de fornecer um panorama geral de tais exigências considerando o quadro regulatório internacional. As disputas envolvendo biocombustíveis são discutidas de forma mais profunda / Abstract: Due to the growing recognition of the adverse impacts caused by the intensive use of petroleum, biofuels emerge as alternatives to promote solutions to problems related to reducing of greenhouse gases emissions, security of energy supply and reducing dependence on oil and its derivatives. However, due to the increased consumption of biofuels, sustainability in the production of the feedstock and conversion of the final product became a requirement so that the issues mentioned above are fulfilled. The concern regarding the establishment of trade barriers for biofuels due to the settlement of certification schemes that attest compliance with sustainability requirements takes place at this point. As the international market for renewable fuels is still recent, the assessment of economic impacts originated by certification schemes becomes impractical and, for this reason, a compared analysis to more mature and experienced sectors in relation to certification schemes was proposed. In order to accomplish such comparison, articles related with the food and timber sectors, assessing economic impacts were analyzed. From the examination conducted, economic impacts due to certification schemes could be analyzed and classified so that, later, a parallel could be drawn considering the identification of probable impacts for biofuels. The potential of certification schemes to create non-tariff trade barriers proved complex for analysis and for verification. It was found that the creation of trade barriers cannot be categorically defined since many factors and variables interfere. To complement the conducted study some notions of International Law and International Trade are presented. The configuration of non-tariff trade barriers under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the identification of its provisions in several WTO agreements and the pertinence of the discussion regarding biofuels are carried out. Disputes involving the establishment or requirement of conformity assessments (certificates) are also presented for biofuels and for the other sectors studied, in order to provide an overview of these requirements, considering the international regulatory framework. The disputes involving biofuels are discussed in depth / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

This study was conducted in two rural villages in South Africa with the purpose of investigating the safety-net role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The use of NTFPs as a safety-net is reported as a common feature of rural livelihoods however empirical data supporting this function is limited. Therefore, policy makers and land-use planners underappreciate the probable role and consequent value of the safety-net function. The findings show that poor, rural households are vulnerable to a range of risks. Over a two year period 100% of households reported experiencing crises including unexpected idiosyncratic risks (e.g. illness, retrenchment, crop failure and death) as well as expected expenses and periods of vulnerability (e.g. the payment of school fees and seasonal crop shortfalls). Households are prone to these risks irrespective of wealth or gender of the de jure household head. To secure their livelihoods households in both villages rely on a variety of livelihood strategies including waged labour (53%), self-employment (30%), government grants (60%), arable agriculture (56%), animal husbandry (64%) and the use (100%) and sale (22%) of NTFPs. In terms of the proportion of households involved, the findings suggest land-based strategies make an important contribution. Formal employment and old-age pensions distinguish wealthy households from poor and allow for investments in assets and saving schemes (62%). In response to the risks experienced households employed a variety of coping strategies. Generally the most commonly used strategies were kinship (85%), reduced household spending (72%), changes to food consumption and saving (72%) and relying on NTFPs (70%). Kinship and NTFPs show no differences for wealth or gender of the de jure household head. The remaining strategies are influenced by wealth. The use of NTFPs as a safety-net manifested predominantly through the increased use of products, then the substitution of commercial goods by NTFPs and lastly through the sale. Of those using NTFPs as a rural safety-net 41.4% used of wild foods, 40% used medicinal plants, 25.7% substituted paraffin with fuelwood, 10% sold fuelwood and 8.6% sold other products.

The continued production of undifferentiated products in the B.C. forest industry has fascinated and divided provincial historians. The causes of this orientation of production are varied and complex. The provincial government and British Columbia's forest companies have each played a role in determining the orientation of production. The undifferentiated end products of these firms were the consequence of conscious government and business decisions made in British Columbia in the post-war period (1945 - 1979). B.C. forest resources were (and remain) owned and administrated by the government. Private access to these assets was (and is) determined by provincial statute. The government was instrumental in orienting the undifferentiated production undertaken by MacMillan Bloedel and B.C.F.P. in two fashions: by systematically subtracting value from the resource in order to attract capital to the industry; and, by adopting a variety of other policy initiatives that promoted the establishment of large-scale enterprises. Professor Michael E. Porter, in his book, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, argues that a firm's end products are the result of its competitive advantages and disadvantages. The two firms examined in this essay possessed two competitive advantages that promoted undifferentiated production: a high degree of productive integration from supply through to marketing: and large-scale production. Competitive disadvantages can allow a firm's products to become less advanced over time, or can preclude the advance to more differentiated production. Four competitive disadvantages prevented the development of differentiated products by Macmillan Bloedel and B.C.F.P. First, a super abundance of timber perpetuated undifferentiated production. With the continued supply of excellent quality timber protected by the government, competitive supply pressures were eliminated, and the resource was not evaluated or utilized to its maximum potential. Second, the integration of downstream supply networks by M.B. and B.C.F.P. impoverished lower levels of the industry. While this provided cost advantages to the producers, it limited the number of suppliers. Third, managerial incompetence at MacMillan Bloedel , and a narrowness of focus at B.C.F.P., limited the productive opportunities of these two firms. Finally, the collaboration of the two firms in marketing their undifferentiated products also diminished competitive pressures needed to promote differentiated production. Thus, contrary to some previous analytic approaches, the production orientation of these two firms can be explained with an historical analysis of their competitive advantages and disadvantages in the post-war period. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The forest products industry is a major part of British Columbia's economy, employing directly or indirectly about twenty percent of the province's workforce; and accounting for a significant percentage of the province's exports and government revenues. Historically, the industry has been characterized by highly centralized bargaining structures and formal pattern bargaining between the two regions, the Interior and the Coast, and between the two main industry sectors, pulp and paper and solid wood. Recent environmental changes however, have put considerable pressure on the current system. Because of these changes employers now desire less centralized structures and more local control over terms of the collective agreement. Pressures for decentralization have resulted from a combination of world wide trends and industry specific changes. The globalization of markets, increased volatility of currency exchange rates, and the increasing rate of technological change are examples of the former. Industry specific changes include the diversification of products and markets between regions and firms, and two major labour disputes in the 1980s. These changes however, have had little effect upon bargaining in the forest products industry. Some changes have occurred, but to date they have not been significant. Employers in the province's pulp and paper sector deaccredited their employer bargaining association in March 1985. Despite this change, bargaining in the last two rounds has been done jointly, as it has been done for the past four decades. The second change noted is the severing of ties between the Pulp Bureau and FIR, the Coastal solid wood employer association. Previously overseen by a common Chairman, these two bodies are now run independently to encourage the separation of bargaining outcomes in the two sectors. The final change of note is the role reversal between the pulp unions and the IWA. For many years it was the IWA who negotiated what would become the industry wide settlement. In the last two rounds of negotiations, however, the pulp unions have settled first. Despite what appear to be significant environmental changes, there has been relatively little change in bargaining in this industry. Clearly there are forces in the industry's industrial relations system that are preserving the status quo. Several organizational forces and one environmental force are identified which are preventing change in industry bargaining structures. Organizational forces include third party pressures (specifically threats of government intervention), industry tradition and past practice, and the unions' ability to resist unilateral changes in bargaining. The environmental force preventing employers from forcing change in industry bargaining structure is the economic health of product markets in the two sectors. Not until the pressures for change are great enough to overcome these inertial organizational forces will significant change occur in the bargaining structure and patterns of the B.C. forest products industry. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Vancouver Island's old growth temperate rainforest has been the focal point in the conflict between environmentalists and forestry workers. While a substantial body of sociological literature exists on participants in the environmental movement (EM), there is a dearth of literature on participants in anti-environmentalist countermovements. Share Our Resources of Port Alberni (Share) is a countermovement organization that emerged to act as a voice for forestry workers and resource dependent communities and to counter the 'misinformation' being spread by environmentalists. The conflict over forestry and conservation is fuelled as environmentalists become the "other" against which Share members mobilize and construct their collective identity - an collective identity characterized by a core of pro-industry, pro-community and anti-environmental sentiments. This thesis addresses two research questions: First, what are the underlying differences between members of the two movements with respect to their socio-demographics, values, networks, and collective identities? Second, if certain factors are important in explaining identification with the EM, then what factors are important in explaining identification with Share. Using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis, three sources of data are analyzed: self-administered questionnaires sent to both Share (N=129) and EM members (N=381); and a telephone survey of the general public of Port Alberni (N=100). My results show that Share respondents are predominantly older, working class men employed in the forest industry without a great deal of formal education. Share members more highly value anthropocentrism and are more politically conservative. Identification with the forest industry is the strongest and most significant predictor of identification with Share. The most theoretically interesting and surprising finding is that out-group ties or ties to environmentalists, is a positive and statistically significant predictor of identification with Share. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The pressure on corporations to manage their operations in an environmentally responsible manner has increased rapidly in the last decade. These pressures are especially intense for resource-based companies. In the province of British Columbia, environmental policy, which is the basis of many forms of intervention by the provincial government, constitutes a significant constraint on the operations of forest companies. Diverse environmental group campaigns addressing issues such as preservation of temperate coastal rainforest, forest management practices, and air and water pollution by pulp and paper mills, have contributed to intensifying the environmental pressures on companies. Yet it is apparent that forest companies in B.C. which face similar competitive conditions and are regulated by the same environmental policies have responded differently. The research question addressed in this study was "Why do corporate responses to government and environmental group actions designed to protect the environment differ between corporations?" The research question was examined through the use of a comparative case study research strategy. Two B.C.-based companies which showed prima facie evidence of having divergent responses to environmental pressures were chosen for the study. Data was collected on government and environmental group actions on environmental issues for the period 1983 to 1997 to determine the substantive nature of the issues faced by corporations and to trace their evolution over the period covered by the study. Data on corporate responses between 1983 and 1997 was collected through interviews, newspaper reports, and corporate documents. The data was analyzed through a framework based on four theories of organization. Four models were specified in terms of their unit of analysis, organizing concepts, dominant inference patterns, and propositions: the rational choice model; the institutional model; the bureaucratic model; and the leadership model. The case studies demonstrated that while some government actions had distinct effects on the companies, and though one was the target of interest group actions more intensively and frequently than the other, the general operating and regulatory environment of the companies was more similar than it was distinct. Analyzing organizational characteristics with the use of the theoretical framework accounted for much of the difference in response. The rational model was not generally supported except in limited decision-making situations. The institutional model explained corporate stance in terms of the content and sources of institutional pressures. The bureaucratic model explained organizational output by illustrating how structural characteristics affected issues of goal setting and implementation of responses. The leadership model explained the extent to which changes in corporate strategy resulted from different types of leadership behaviour, subject to situational constraints. The four models were then integrated to derive some theoretical implications for academic research and some managerial implications for corporate managers. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Ao longo das últimas décadas, os processos de liberalização da economia brasileira e avanço do ambientalismo geraram novas representações e políticas relativas à floresta e aos povos indígenas amazônicos. Dentro desse movimento, a comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros através, em alguns casos, de parcerias entre a Fundação Nacional do Índio e empresas passou a ser apresentada como uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento indígena e para a conservação ambiental. Sob a perspectiva do etnodesenvolvimento, entretanto, a questão central que fundamenta a dissertação é se os regimes de produção, circulação e consumo engendrados por esse \'indigenismo público-privado\' são compatíveis com as economias políticas nativas. Para responder a esta questão, o estudo está baseado no caso dos Asuriní do Xingu, grupo Tupi incluído na parceria para a comercialização de óleo de castanha-do-pará entre a cooperativa Amazoncoop e a empresa britânica The Body Shop. A pesquisa de campo foi estruturada em dois níveis. No primeiro, por meio de entrevistas e conversas informais, foram levantadas informações sobre a história e a economia política da parceria. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a parceria foi incapaz de romper com a assimetria de poder que caracteriza a relação entre os indígenas e a economia de mercado. No segundo nível, por meio de técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas, conversas informais, diagnóstico rural participativo) e quantitativas (surveys e observações de alocação de tempo), foram levantadas informações relativas à participação dos Asuriní na parceria, bem como os impactos da atividade sobre a economia doméstica. Nesse caso, a incompatibilidade entre o regime indígena e aquele fomentado pela parceria foi evidenciada pela escassez de alimentos no período da coleta; pela distribuição desigual dos recursos monetários entre os grupos familiares; pela acentuação do conflito entre dinheiro e reciprocidade e pelo incremento da dependência por bens industrializados. A diversidade, entretanto, das estratégias econômicas familiares, a incorporação do dinheiro pelas concepções indígenas de riqueza e a continuidade das atividades de subsistência são expressões de que a maior participação na economia de mercado tem como corolário não a \'aculturação\', mas uma transformação na forma como a sociedade indígena se reproduz. / In the last two decades, the synchronous processes of liberalisation of the Brazilian economy and the advancement of environmentalism generated new representations and policies regarding Amazonian rainforests and indigenous peoples. Within this movement, the commercialisation of non timber forest products, through, in a few cases, the implementation of partnerships between the National Indian Foundation of Brazil and companies, began to be presented as a tool for the development of indigenous societies, as well as for environmental conservation. Adopting an ethnodevelopment perspective, however, the central question posed by this dissertation is whether the regimes of production, circulation and consumption devised by this form of \'public-private indigenism are compatible with their political economies. To advance this question, this study is based on the case of the Asuriní do Xingu, a Tupi group included in the partnership for the commercialisation of Brazil-nut oil between the Amazoncoop cooperative and the UK-based company, The Body Shop. Field research was structured into two levels. At the first level, information about the history and the political economy of the partnership were gathered by means of informal interviews. Results at this level indicate the partnership has been unable of breaking down the historical asymmetry of power which characterises the relationship between indigenous societies and the market economy. At the second level, by means of qualitative and quantitative techniques of data gathering, we collected information regarding Asurinís participation in the partnership, as well as the impacts of the trade activity to their domestic economy. In this case, the incompatibility between the indigenous economic regime and that promoted by the partnership implementation was evidenced by food shortages during the harvesting period; by the unequal distribution of monetary incomes among households; by uprising conflicts as regards monetary incomes and reciprocal exchanges of goods, and by their increasing dependence on industrialised goods. Notwithstanding that, the diversity of household economic strategies, the incorporation of money into indigenous conceptualisations of wealth and the continuity of traditional subsistence practices are evidences supporting the argument that an increase in market participation is not a corollary of indigenous peoples \'acculturation\', but a transformation in their form of social reproduction.

abstract: Invasive plants harm the ecological properties of natural systems, human health, and local economies. However, the negative impacts of invasive species are not always immediately visible and may be disregarded by local communities if social benefits of control efforts are not clear. In this dissertation, I use a mixed-methods approach to investigate the drivers of invasive plant distribution, potential financially feasible management techniques to control invasion, and community forest user perceptions of those techniques. In this work, I aim to incorporate the diverse perspectives of local people and increase the long-term success of invasive species control activities in socio economically vulnerable populations. Integrating a spatially and temporally diverse data set, I explore the social and ecological drivers of invasive plant abundance across 21 buffer zone community forests in the Western Chitwan Valley of Nepal. I evaluate to what extent forest user and collective manager activities, the legacies of historic activities, and ecological properties influence present-day invasive plant abundance. I built upon this study to identify areas with critically high levels of invasion then initiated a three-year, community-based management intervention to evaluate traditional and adaptive land management approaches to control invasive plants. I found that both approaches reduced invasive plant abundance relative to the surrounding, untreated forest. I then interviewed focus groups to investigate their perceived efficacy of the various treatment types and found that almost all forest users and managers preferred the adaptive approach over the traditional management approach. Notably, forest users cited the importance of the availability of forest resources and lack of harmful plants in the plots that had undergone this method. Understanding how forest users relate to and experience invasive plants has been relatively understudied but can influence forest user engagement in different management approaches. For this reason, I performed in-depth ethnoecological interviews to explore how forest users perceive, how they utilize, and to what extent they value invasive plants. This mixed-methods approach contributes to a more holistic understanding of the role that local people play in invasive plant management and restoration activities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Environmental and Resource Management 2020